American supremacy; the rise and progress of the Latin American republics and their relations to the United States under the Monroe doctrine,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Monroe doctrine in its relation to the republic of Haiti,

"The general substance of this little book is contained in an address delivered at Philadelphia, April 3, 1914, before the American academy of political and social science."--Pref.

The Holy alliance : the European background of the Monroe doctrine /

Bibliography: p. 139-141.

El origen, significado y valor internacional de la doctrina de Monroe,

Mode of access: Internet.

La doctrina Monroe.

"Cooperación, enero de 1923, no. 2."

El mito de Monroe.

"Bibliografia": p. [465]-467.

La nueva interpretación de la Doctrina de Monroe.

Mode of access: Internet.

La doctrina Monroe : su evolución histórica /

"De los Anales de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales, tomo XX, página 65 y siguientes."

El derecho de intervención y la doctrina de Monroe : (antecedentes históricos).

Mode of access: Internet.

TRADOC, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command : preparing for the future /

Mode of access: Internet.

The doctrine of double effect

• The doctrine of double effect is an exception to the general rule that taking active steps that end life is unlawful. • The essence of the doctrine at common law is intention. • Hastening a patient’s death through palliative care will be lawful provided the primary intention is to relieve pain, and not cause death, even if that death is foreseen. • Some States have enacted legislative excuses that deal with the provision of palliative care. • These statutory excuses tend to be stricter than the common law as they impose other requirements in addition to having an appropriate intent, such as adherence to some level of recognised medical practice.

Beware the doctrine of election!

The operation of the doctrine of election, as it applies in a conveyancing context, was recently considered by the Queensland Court of Appeal (McMurdo P and White and Fryberg JJ) in Barooga Projects (Investments) Pty Ltd v Duncan [2004] QCA 149.

Israel's airstrike on Syria's Al-Kibar facility : a test case for the doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence?

This article analyses the legality of Israel’s 2007 airstrike on an alleged Syrian nuclear facility at Al-Kibar—an incident that has been largely overlooked by international lawyers to date. The absence of a threat of imminent attack from Syria means Israel’s military action was not a lawful exercise of anticipatory self-defence. Yet, despite Israel’s clear violation of the prohibition on the use of force there was remarkably little condemnation from other states, suggesting the possibility of growing international support for the doctrine of pre-emptive self-defence. This article argues that the muted international reaction to Israel’s pre-emptive action was the result of political factors, and should not be seen as endorsement of the legality of the airstrike. As such, a lack of opinio juris means the Al-Kibar episode cannot be viewed as extending the scope of the customary international law right of self-defence so as to permit the use of force against non-imminent threats. However, two features of this incident—namely, Israel’s failure to offer any legal justification for its airstrike, and the international community’s apparent lack of concern over legality—are also evident in other recent uses of force in the ‘war on terror’ context. These developments may indicate a shift in state practice involving a downgrading of the role of international law in discussions of the use of force. This may signal a declining perception of the legitimacy of the jus ad bellum, at least in cases involving minor uses of force.