Investigação de conhecimento teórico: aceitação/rejeição ao behaviorismo radical entre professores

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

A Questão da Diferença: um estudo com imigrantes japoneses e seus descendentes

Os objetivos deste estudo são: investigar a percepção que estudantes universitários descendentes de imigrantes japoneses têm a seu próprio respeito; identificar as imagens que estudantes universitários brasileiros, cujos ascendentes não são japoneses, têm sobre os descendentes de japoneses, comparar estas representações as que os estudantes japoneses acreditam que descendentes de outras etnias tenham a seu respeito. Para tanto, realizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas com estudantes universitários descendentes de japoneses e foi aplicada uma escala tipo Likert de 5 pontos em estudantes universitários não descendentes de japoneses. Os dados analisados não permitem concluir sobre a existência de preconceitos em relação aos descendentes de japoneses, mas evidencia que os japoneses e seus descendentes são percebidos como diferentes pelos próprios descendentes de japoneses e por seus colegas, o que aponta para a importância do aprofundamento da discussão da formação identitária dos imigrantes e seus descendentes na sociedade brasileira.

A organização escolar para a integração das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação ao processo de ensino e aprendizagem

Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

THE MEASUREMENT OF HUMANISTIC AND DEHUMANISTIC BEHAVIORS IN HOSPITAL NURSING ENVIRONMENTS

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a reliable scale to measure the social environment of hospital nursing units according to the degree of humanistic and dehumanistic behaviors as perceived by nursing staff in hospitals. The study was based on a conceptual model proposed by Jan Howard, a sociologist. After reviewing the literature relevant to personalization of care, analyzing interviews with patients in various settings, and studying biological, psychological, and sociological frames of reference, Howard proposed the following necessary conditions for humanized health care. They were the dimensions of Irreplaceability, Holistic Selves, Freedom of Action, Status Equality, Shared Decision Making and Responsibility, Empathy, and Positive Affect.^ It was proposed that a scale composed of behaviors which reflected Howard's dimensions be developed within the framework of the social environment of nursing care units in hospitals. Nursing units were chosen because hospitals are traditionally organized around nursing care units and because patients spend the majority of their time in hospitals interacting with various levels of nursing personnel.^ Approximately 180 behaviors describing both patient and nursing staff behaviors which occur on nursing units were developed. Behaviors which were believed to be humanistic as well as dehumanistic were included. The items were classified under the dimensions of Howard's model by a purposively selected sample of 42 nurses representing a broad range of education, experience, and clinical areas. Those items with a high degree of agreement, at least 50%, were placed in the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 169 items including six items from the Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Short Form).^ The questionnaire, the Social Environment Scale, was distributed to the entire 7 to 3 shift nursing staff (603) of four hospitals including a public county specialty hospital, a public county general and acute hospital, a large university affiliated hospital with all services, and a small general community hospital. Staff were asked to report on a Likert type scale how often the listed behaviors occurred on their units. Three hundred and sixteen respondents (52% of the population) participated in the study.^ An item analysis was done in which each item was examined in relationship to its correlation to its own dimension total and to the totals of the other dimensions. As a result of this analysis, three dimensions, Positive Affect, Irreplaceability, and Freedom of Action were deleted from the scale. The final scale consisted of 70 items with 26 in Shared Decision Making and Responsibility, 25 in Holistic Selves, 12 in Status Equality, and seven in Empathy. The alpha coefficient was over .800 for all scales except Empathy which was .597.^ An analysis of variance by hospital was performed on the means of each dimension of the scale. There was a statistically significant difference between hospitals with a trend for the public hospitals to score lower on the scale than the university or community hospitals. That the scale scores should be lower in crowded, understaffed public hospitals was not unexpected and reflected that the scale had some discriminating ability. These differences were still observed after adjusting for the effect of Social Desirability.^ In summary, there is preliminary evidence based on this exploratory investigation that a reliable scale based on at least four dimensions from Howard's model could be developed to measure the concept of humanistic health care in hospital settings. ^

PROFILE AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF LOGGERS

RESUMO – Objetivou-se com este estudo caracterizar o perfil e avaliar o nível de satisfação que reflete na qualidade de vida no trabalho (QVT) de trabalhadores da colheita de madeira de duas contratadas (C1 e C2), por duas grandes empresas do setor florestal, sendo uma do segmento de papel e celulose (PC) e, a outra, do segmento de carvão vegetal (CV). A avaliação ocorreu a partir da percepção dos trabalhadores das contratadas em questão, utilizando um modelo pré-concebido que contempla 11 blocos ou dimensões referentes a variáveis intervenientes e definidores da QVT, englobando 48 trabalhadores em três categorias funcionais: operador de motosserra (7 trabalhadores da C1 PC e 10 da C2 CV), ajudante de motosserrista (7 trabalhadores da C1 PC e 8 da C2 CV) e operador de carregador florestal (11 trabalhadores da C1 PC e 5 da C2 CV). Os dados referentes às variáveis intervenientes na QVT foram obtidos a partir de escala fechada do tipo Likert, com os escores variando de 1 a 7, em que 1 correspondeu ao nível "bastante insatisfeito" e 7, ao nível "bastante satisfeito". O perfil dos trabalhadores é de pessoa jovem, baixo nível de escolaridade e pouco tempo de serviço na empresa. Quanto ao nível de satisfação no trabalho, constatou-se que os trabalhadores da C1 PC se encontravam "satisfeitos" e os da C2 CV, "mediamente satisfeitos" com o trabalho e as condições proporcionadas pelas respectivas empresas, apesar de estatisticamente não ter sido detectada diferença entre os valores médios encontrados nas duas situações, pelo teste de Mediana (P>0,01). Os fatores que mais contribuíram para esses resultados favoráveis foram os benefícios extras oferecidos pelas prestadoras de serviços, as condições de segurança no trabalho e o contentamento com o emprego formal. ABSTRACT – The objective of this study was to characterize profile and satisfaction level, which reflects the quality of life (QOL) of forest workers of two contracts for harvest activities, one in the pulp and paper industry (PI) and another in charcoal industry (CI). The evaluation of the satisfaction indexes was carried out according to the workers perception by using a model including 11 parameters to reflect these workers QOL. The group study of 48 workers encompassed three functional categories: chainsaw operators (7 from C1 and 10 from C2), chainsaw operator's assistant (7 from C1 and 8 from C2), and log loader operators (11 from C1 and 5 from C2). Data regarding the factors involved in QOL were collected from a closed, Likert-type scale with scores ranging from 1-7, in which level 1 corresponded to "very dissatisfied" and level 7 to "very satisfied". The general profile of the group shows that most of them are young, with low level of education and employed in the companies for a short time. Overall, the employees of contractors of the paper and pulp industry are "satisfied" and those working for the charcoal company are only "moderately satisfied" with the work and policies offered by the respective companies, although no significant statistical difference was detected between the two groups, for the median test (P> 0.01). The main reasons behind these results are the general beneficts offered by the companies, the safety measurements and the overall satisfaction for been employed.

La participación de los jóvenes universitarios en la planificación urbana. Estudios de caso de Lisboa, Madrid y Fortaleza

La participación de los jóvenes en los procesos de planificación urbana en Lisboa, Madrid y Fortaleza ha sido tema central de la presente tesis. Los principales objetivos perseguidos consisten en: caracterizar y analizar críticamente las dimensiones más importantes de la participación de jóvenes universitarios en los procesos participativos; aportar características de interés juvenil para un “modelo” de planificación urbana; elaborar directrices para el diseño de actuaciones en un proceso urbano participativo desde la perspectiva de los jóvenes; establecer el alcance de un instrumento urbano participativo reglamentado por el gobierno local entre los jóvenes; determinar si la percepción de los jóvenes universitarios acerca de las acciones del gobierno local tiene influencia en los procesos participativos. El universo estadístico de la muestra lo conforman la totalidad de 737 jóvenes universitarios encuestados en Lisboa, Madrid y Fortaleza. Que se distribuye en 104 encuestados en Lisboa, 329 en Madrid, y 304 en la ciudad de Fortaleza. El cuestionario contiene preguntas: abiertas, cerradas y mixtas. La mayor parte de las cuestiones son cerradas, y en cuanto a las opciones de respuesta: en muchas preguntas se ha aplicado, una escala tipo Likert, entre 1 y 4, siendo 4 el grado más alto (totalmente de acuerdo), y 1 el grado más bajo (nada de acuerdo), y para otras, una opción múltiple, con solamente una opción de respuesta. Se realizó un cuestionario de 31 preguntas en Lisboa, y tras su aplicación y obtención de resultados se revisó y mejoró obteniendo un cuestionario de 23 preguntas que fue aplicado en Madrid y Fortaleza. Se realizan análisis descriptivos, y algún análisis factorial en diversas preguntas del cuestionario, y se estudian diferencias en función de las variables sociodemográficas planteadas. Los resultados constatan que es muy baja la participación en los procesos institucionalizados por el gobierno local, en contrapartida es bastante alta en los procesos organizados por los ciudadanos. La información limita la participación de los jóvenes y ya que estos reconocen como motivación estar más y mejor informados y controlar y acompañar las acciones de su gobierno local. Por otra parte, desean participar en grupo en foros y debates presenciales. Los jóvenes madrileños consideran que las etapas más importantes en un proceso urbano participativo son: información, seguimiento y evaluación, mientras que para los jóvenes de Fortaleza son: Fiscalización, concienciación e información. Se ha verificado que desde la percepción de los jóvenes de Lisboa los ciudadanos son consultados en los procesos urbanos participativos y de acuerdo con los jóvenes de Madrid y Fortaleza los ciudadanos son dirigidos, influenciados y manipulados. Los problemas de carácter urbano no tienen una conceptualización clara y precisa entre los jóvenes universitarios y los problemas urbanos que más afectan la vida de los jóvenes universitarios son aparcamientos, contaminación y seguridad urbana. Sin embargo, los transportes son apuntados por los jóvenes universitarios de Lisboa, Madrid y Fortaleza. Además no saben identificar los problemas de su barrio. Así como de las causas y consecuencias y soluciones de los problemas urbanos. Eligen como mejor estrategia para desarrollar un proceso urbano participativo el acuerdo entre técnicos, población y el gobierno local. Los jóvenes universitarios de Fortaleza apuntan directrices para una planificación urbana con énfasis en la seguridad urbana, la sostenibilidad y la investigación, tecnología e innovación. Por otro lado, los jóvenes universitarios de Madrid perfilan tres “modelos” de planificación urbana: un “Modelo” socio-económica, un “Modelo” sostenible e innovadora y un “Modelo” de Planificación Urbana con énfasis en espacios públicos, entretenimiento, seguridad urbana y deporte. Los jóvenes universitarios rechazan la idea que la planificación urbana lleva en cuenta sus perspectivas y opiniones. Respeto al Presupuesto Participativo, el alcance de dicho proceso entre los jóvenes universitarios es extremamente bajo. Sin embargo, opinan que la aproximación entre ciudadanos, técnicos y gobierno en los procesos de Presupuesto Participativo mejora la rendición de cuentas. Además los jóvenes creen que dichos procesos conceden un poder moderado a los ciudadanos, y consideran que el poder concedido en los procesos urbanos influye directamente en el interés y empeño en participar. ABSTRACT Youth participation in urban planning processes in Lisbon, Madrid and Fortaleza is the main subject of this thesis. Our key goals are the following: characterising and critically analysing the most important dimensions of young university students’ participation in participative processes; providing features of interest for the young for an urban planning “model”; developing a variety of guidelines for designing actions in a participative urban process from the perspective of young people; analysing the impact upon the young of a participative urban instrument implemented by the local government; determining whether young university students’ perception of local government actions influences participative processes. The statistical universe of the sample comprises a total of 737 young university students who were surveyed in Lisbon, Madrid and Fortaleza, distributed as follows: 104 respondents in Lisbon, 329 in Madrid, and 304 in Fortaleza. The survey is made up of open-ended, closed-ended and mixed questions. Most questions are closed-ended. Regarding the answer options, a Likert-type scale has been used in many questions. The scale ranges from 1 to 4, 4 being the highest value (completely agree) and 1 the lowest (completely disagree). Besides, there are multiple-choice questions with only one possible answer. A 31- question survey was conducted in Lisbon. After the survey was run and the results were obtained, it was reviewed and improved. The improved version was a 23- question survey which was conducted in Madrid and Fortaleza. Descriptive analyses as well as some factorial analyses are carried out in several questions, and differences are studied depending on the socio-demographic variables involved. The results show that participation in processes implemented by local governments is very low. In contrast, participation is quite high in processes organised by citizens. Information limits youth participation, as young people point out that they are motivated by more and better information and by the possibility of monitoring and keeping track of their local government actions. They also wish to take part in face-to-face group forums and discussions. Young people from Madrid think that the most important stages in participative urban processes are information, follow-up and assessment, whereas young people from Fortaleza highlight tax matters, awareness and information. It has been confirmed that Lisbon youth perceive that citizens are consulted in participative urban processes. Youth from Madrid and Fortaleza, on the other hand, state that citizens are directed, influenced and manipulated. Young university students do not have a clear, precise concept of urban problems. Among these, they are most affected by car parks, pollution and urban safety, but the transport problem is pointed out by young university students from Lisbon, Madrid and Fortaleza. Furthermore, they cannot identify the problems in their neighbourhoods, nor are they able to specify the causes, consequences and solutions of urban problems. Their preferred strategy for developing a participative urban process is an agreement between technicians, the population and the local government. Young university students from Fortaleza suggest guidelines for an urban planning approach emphasising urban safety, sustainability and research, technology and innovation. Those from Madrid, for their part, outline three urban planning “models”: a socioeconomic “model”, a sustainable and innovative “model”, and an urban planning “model” with a focus on public areas, entertainment, urban safety and sport. Young university students disagree that urban planning takes their perspectives and views into account. Moreover, the impact of the Participative Budget upon their lives is extremely low. In their opinion, however, closer collaboration between citizens, technicians and governments in Participative Budget processes promotes accountability. The young also think that these processes give moderate power to citizens, and in their view the power that can be exerted in urban processes directly influences the interest in participating and the will to do so.

Aspects of the learner's dictionary with special reference to advanced Pakistani learners of English

The present work is an empirical investigation into the lq`reference skills' of Pakistani learners and their language needs on semantic, phonetic, lexical and pragmatic levels in the dictionary. The introductory chapter discusses the relatively problematic nature of lexis in comparison with the other aspects in EFL learning and spells out the aim of this study. Chapter two provides an analytical survey of the various types of research undertaken in different contexts of the dictionary and explains the eclectic approach adopted in the present work. Chapter three studies the `reference skills' of this category of learners in the background of highly sophisticated information structure of learners' dictionaries under evaluation and suggests some measures for improvement in this context. Chapter four considers various criteria, eg. pedagogic, linguistic and sociolinguistic for determining the macro-structure of learner's dictionary with a focus on specific Ll speakers. Chapter five is concerned with various aspects of the semantic information provided in the dictionaries matched against the needs of Pakistani learners with regard to both comprehension and production. The type, scale and presentation of grammatical information in the dictionary is analysed in chapter six with the object of discovering their role and utility for the learner. Chapter seven explores the rationale for providing phonological information, the extent to which this guidance is vital and the problems of phonetic symbols employed in the dictionaries. Chapter eight brings into perspective the historical background of English-Urdu bilingual lexicography and evalutes the currently popular bilingual dictionaries among the student community, with the aim of discovering the extent to which they have taken account of the modern tents of lexicography and investigating their validity as a useful reference tool in the learning of English language. The final chapter concludes the findings of individual aspects in a coherent fashion to assess the viability of the original hypothesis that learners' dictionaries if compiled with a specific set of users in mind would be more useful.

Adiamento da aposentadoria e o significado do trabalho para servidores de uma universidade federal

This study investigated the intention of the older workers to continue working after state pension age/time. On this way, it explores the relation between this intention and factors related with the meanings of the work and retirement. Specifically, it was examined that factors related to work and non-work are predictors of the intention to continue working, and it was explored if meanings of retirement are linked to this decision. It is a crosssectional mixed methods study, using a survey conducted with 283 federal civil servants of a federal Northeastern University which were near retirement. It envolved an on-line questionnaire, with open-ended questions and the likert-type scale "Older Worker's Intention to Continue Working" (OWICW) of Shacklock and Brunneto (2011), which was validated to the Brazilian version. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate statistics, specifically procedures for comparing means and coefficients of multiple logistic regression. The qualitative data were analyzed using the lexicographical technique Descending Hierarchical Classification. The findings indicate that most participants want to continue in paid work, and that perception of personal autonomy at work, interpersonal relationships at work, interests outside of work, and flexible working arrangements are significant predictors of intention to continue working. Furthermore, the perception of personal autonomy at work, flexible working arrangements, and the financial incentives are predictors of decision to postpone retirement and remain in the organization. The analysis revealed five patterns of meanings of retirement: "worker's right", "resting", "idle time at home", "new stage in the life course", and "enjoy the use of time”. The decision to postpone retirement is linked to idleness and lack of substitutionary activities work, and the decision to stop working linked to retirement as a life with more quality. The study provides information that can contribute with management policies before the process of retirement decision.

Stochastically forced dislocation density distribution in plastic deformation

The dynamical evolution of dislocations in plastically deformed metals is controlled by both deterministic factors arising out of applied loads and stochastic effects appearing due to fluctuations of internal stress. Such type of stochastic dislocation processes and the associated spatially inhomogeneous modes lead to randomness in the observed deformation structure. Previous studies have analyzed the role of randomness in such textural evolution but none of these models have considered the impact of a finite decay time (all previous models assumed instantaneous relaxation which is "unphysical") of the stochastic perturbations in the overall dynamics of the system. The present article bridges this knowledge gap by introducing a colored noise in the form of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise in the analysis of a class of linear and nonlinear Wiener and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes that these structural dislocation dynamics could be mapped on to. Based on an analysis of the relevant Fokker-Planck model, our results show that linear Wiener processes remain unaffected by the second time scale in the problem but all nonlinear processes, both Wiener type and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type, scale as a function of the noise decay time τ. The results are expected to ramify existing experimental observations and inspire new numerical and laboratory tests to gain further insight into the competition between deterministic and random effects in modeling plastically deformed samples.

A comparison of the symptomatic profile between two consecutive depressive episodes in patients with bipolar disorder type I

Objective: To compare the variability of patterns of depressive symptoms between two consecutive depressive episodes in patients with bipolar disorder type I. Methods: Review of prospectively collected data from 136 subjects of an out-patient bipolar unit from 1997 to 2007. Binomial statistics was used for the analysis of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)-31 items of the first and second episodes, and the correlation of the HDRS-31 item scores of both episodes was determined using the Spearman coefficient. Results: Ten depressive symptoms showed a significant correlation between index and subsequent episodes: psychological anxiety, somatic anxiety, somatic symptoms, diurnal variation, paranoid symptoms, obsessive and compulsive symptoms, hypersomnia, loss of appetite and helplessness. Only four symptoms were stable in both statistical tests: paranoid symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, loss of appetite and hypersomnia. Conclusions: Paranoid and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, loss of appetite and hypersomnia tended to be found in successive episodes. However, the moderate correlations of the symptoms across two depressive recurrences suggested that clinical presentations in bipolar depression may not be predicted by symptom profiles presented in previous episodes.

Risk of type 2 diabetes according to traditional and emerging anthropometric indices in Spain, a Mediterranean country with high prevalence of obesity: results from a large-scale prospective cohort study.

Background: Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A proper anthropometric characterisation of T2DM risk is essential for disease prevention and clinical risk assessement. Methods: Longitudinal study in 37 733 participants (63% women) of the Spanish EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) cohort without prevalent diabetes. Detailed questionnaire information was collected at baseline and anthropometric data gathered following standard procedures. A total of 2513 verified incident T2DM cases occurred after 12.1 years of mean follow-up. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios of T2DM by levels of anthropometric variables. Results: Overall and central obesity were independently associated with T2DM risk. BMI showed the strongest association with T2DM in men whereas waist-related indices were stronger independent predictors in women. Waist-to-height ratio revealed the largest area under the ROC curve in men and women, with optimal cut-offs at 0.60 and 0.58, respectively. The most discriminative waist circumference (WC) cut-off values were 99.4 cm in men and 90.4 cm in women. Absolute risk of T2DM was higher in men than women for any combination of age, BMI and WC categories, and remained low in normal-waist women. The population risk of T2DM attributable to obesity was 17% in men and 31% in women. Conclusions: Diabetes risk was associated with higher overall and central obesity indices even at normal BMI and WC values. The measurement of waist circumference in the clinical setting is strongly recommended for the evaluation of future T2DM risk in women.

Clinical usefulness of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) scale in patients with type I bipolar disorder

Background: The relevance of persistent cognitive deficits to the pathogenesis and prognosis of bipolar disorders (BD) is understudied, and its translation into clinical practice has been limited by the absence of brief methods assessing cognitive status in Psychiatry. This investigation assessed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) for the detection of cognitive impairment in BD. Methods: After short training, psychiatrists at 40 outpatient clinics administered the SCIP three times over two weeks to a total of 76 consecutive type I BD admissions. Experienced psychologists also administered a comprehensive battery of standard neuropsychological instruments to clinical sample and 45 healthy control subjects. Results: Feasibility was supported by a brief administration time (approximately 15 minutes) and minimal scoring errors. The reliability of the SCIP was confirmed by good equivalence of forms, acceptable stability (ICC range 0.59 to 0.87) and adequate internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha of 0.74). Construct validity was granted by extraction of a single factor (accounting 52% of the variance), acceptable correlations with conventional neuropsychological instruments, and a clear differentiation between bipolar I and normal samples. Efficiency was also provided by the adequate sensitivity and specificity. Limitations: The sample size is not very large. The SCIP and the neurocognitive battery do not cover all potentially relevant cognitive domains. Also, sensitivity to change remains unexplored. Conclusion: With minimal training, physicians obtained a reliable and valid estimate of cognitive impairment in approximately 15 minutes from an application of the SCIP to type I BD patients.

Clinical usefulness of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) scale in patients with type I bipolar disorder

Background: The relevance of persistent cognitive deficits to the pathogenesis and prognosis of bipolar disorders (BD) is understudied, and its translation into clinical practice has been limited by the absence of brief methods assessing cognitive status in Psychiatry. This investigation assessed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S) for the detection of cognitive impairment in BD. Methods: After short training, psychiatrists at 40 outpatient clinics administered the SCIP three times over two weeks to a total of 76 consecutive type I BD admissions. Experienced psychologists also administered a comprehensive battery of standard neuropsychological instruments to clinical sample and 45 healthy control subjects. Results: Feasibility was supported by a brief administration time (approximately 15 minutes) and minimal scoring errors. The reliability of the SCIP was confirmed by good equivalence of forms, acceptable stability (ICC range 0.59 to 0.87) and adequate internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha of 0.74). Construct validity was granted by extraction of a single factor (accounting 52% of the variance), acceptable correlations with conventional neuropsychological instruments, and a clear differentiation between bipolar I and normal samples. Efficiency was also provided by the adequate sensitivity and specificity. Limitations: The sample size is not very large. The SCIP and the neurocognitive battery do not cover all potentially relevant cognitive domains. Also, sensitivity to change remains unexplored. Conclusion: With minimal training, physicians obtained a reliable and valid estimate of cognitive impairment in approximately 15 minutes from an application of the SCIP to type I BD patients.

Exploring the factorial structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 : invariance across language, gender, age and type of sport

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On the dependence of boundary-layer ventilation on frontal type

Case study simulations with idealized tracers have been used to determine the relationship between the dynamics and conceptual representations of different midlatitude frontal systems and the amount, distribution, and time scale of boundary layer ventilation by these systems. The key features of ventilation by a kata– and ana–cold frontal system are found to be quantitatively and also often qualitatively similar to the main ventilation pathways, which are the conveyor belts, cloud head, and other convection. The conveyor belts and cloud head occur within cloud, implying that they can be identified using satellite imagery. Differences in the transport by the two systems can be related to their conceptual representations and include a sensitive dependence on the diurnal cycle for the kata- but not the ana-cold frontal case.