340 resultados para Dissolução


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An enzymatic spectrophotometric method for the determination of methyldopa in a dissolution test of tablets was developed using peroxidase from radish (Raphanus sativus). The enzyme was extracted from radish roots using a phosphate buffer of pH 6.5 and partially purified through centrifugation. The supernatant was used as a source of peroxidase. The methyldopachrome resulting from the oxidation of methyldopa catalyzed by peroxidase was monitored at 480 nm. The enzymatic activity was stable for a period of at least 25 days when the extract was stored at 4 or -20 ºC. The method was validated according to RDC 899 and ICH guidelines. The calibration graph was linear in the range 200-800 µg mL-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The limits of detection and quantification in the dissolution medium were 36 and 120 µg mL-1, respectively. Recovery was greater than 98.9%. This method can be applied for the determination of methyldopa in dissolution tests of tablets without interference from the excipients.

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O setor automotivo é um dos mais competitivos e um grande consumidor de materiais ferrosos, que exigem uma eficiente proteção contra a corrosão. Esta proteção é alcançada aplicando revestimentos adequados. Para se aplicar revestimentos se requer uma cuidadosa preparação da superfície que pode ser feita por ataque químico. Neste trabalho, determinou-se a velocidade de reação do aço extra-doce, SAE-AISI 1005, laminado a frio (CFF) utilizando várias soluções ácidas, de baixo custo, baixa agressividade ao meio ambiente e que geram pouco hidrogênio. O estudo cinético foi realizado medindo-se a perda de massa (deltam/mg cm-2) de chapas de aço CFF em função do tempo (s) de reação nas diferentes soluções, com e sem agitação, a 30ºC. Os resultados foram interpretados considerando-se os efeitos de transporte de massa, o efeito oxidante dos íons Me3+ e inibidor dos íons Fe2+. Dentre as várias soluções estudadas a que apresentou maior velocidade de reação foi a solução de H2SO4 2 M + MeCl3 1 M, v = 15,44 x 10-6 g cm-2s-1 para tempos até 1800 s.

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Neste artigo é descrito a construção de um calorímetro simples para o desenvolvimento de um protocolo com o qual é possível determinar a entalpia de dissolução de sais. Para isto, foram utilizadas soluções de sais de carbonato de sódio, bicarbonato de sódio, sulfato de cobre e cloreto de sódio bem como termômetro e recipiente de poliestireno expandido (isopor). O experimento permite assimilar alguns conceitos sobre Termoquímica e pode ser aplicado em qualquer escola de ensino médio, visto que utiliza material de fácil aquisição e baixo custo.

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Embora os estudos mais recentes não confirmem a correlação entre a presença do alumínio no organismo humano e o Mal de Alzheimer, com freqüência esse assunto é trazido à tona. O presente trabalho foi realizado de forma a avaliar a ocorrência de migração significativa de alumínio proveniente de utensílios domésticos, durante o preparo de alimentos. Foram estudados sete tipos de alimentos com preparos diferenciados e três tipos de panela (caçarola, de pressão e frigideira), nas versões sem e com revestimento (Teflon). A análise do metal foi realizada em espectrômetro de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. Os resultados demonstraram transferência desprezível do Al para alguns alimentos, sendo que a maior transferência ocorreu no preparo de molho de tomate (baixo valor de pH), na panela sem revestimento. Um cardápio preparado com todos esses alimentos para as duas refeições diárias, mostrou que a massa de Al incorporada pelo alimento corresponde a 2% do limite de ingestão diária de Al (1 mg.kg -1 de peso corporal/dia), considerando-se um indivíduo de 60 kg. Assim, conclui-se que o uso de panelas de alumínio no preparo de alimentos praticamente não interfere na ingestão total do elemento para o ser humano.

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Estudou-se o comportamento eletroquímico do ferro em solução aquosa de acetato de sódio 1M em valores de pH próximos a neutralidade. Foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas de pertubação de potencial, quais sejam a voltametria cíclica e a impedância. Os ensaios foram realizados com eletrodos rotatórios de disco e eletrodos rotatórios de disco e anel. Observou-se o papel preponderante da concentração de acetato na dissolução do ferro que aliado ao pH da solução são os fatores determinantes da cinética deste processo. Evidenciou-se a ocorrência de reações consecutivas e paralelas neste estudo. O mecanismo catalítico presente na dissolução do ferro em meio de acetato cresce de importância a medida que os potenciais se tornam mais anódicos. E proposto que o mecanismo reacional apresenta quatro espécies adsorvidas,quais sejam: [FeOHAc]-ada, FeOHada [Fe(OH)2Ac]-ada e [Fe(OH)sAc]-2ada,sendo esta última a espécie precursora da passivação.

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This work describes the establishment of dissolution test conditions for 75 mg cinnarizine capsules using a multivariate approach. A 2³ full factorial design was carried out to achieve the best conditions and HCl 0.1 mol L-1 as dissolution medium, basket as apparatus at 100 rpm and collect time at 30 min were considered adequate. The quantification was carried out by spectrophotometry at 251 nm. Both dissolution procedure and analytical method were validated and all parameters were within the acceptable limits. Since there is no official monograph for this pharmaceutical product, this dissolution test could be applied for quality control routine.

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In Fazenda Belém oil field (Potiguar Basin, Ceará State, Brazil) occur frequently sinkholes and sudden terrain collapses associated to an unconsolidated sedimentary cap covering the Jandaíra karst. This research was carried out in order to understand the mechanisms of generation of these collapses. The main tool used was Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). This work is developed twofold: one aspect concerns methodology improvements in GPR data processing whilst another aspect concerns the geological study of the Jandaíra karst. This second aspect was strongly supported both by the analysis of outcropping karst structures (in another regions of Potiguar Basin) and by the interpretation of radargrams from the subsurface karst in Fazenda Belém. It was designed and tested an adequate flux to process GPR data which was adapted from an usual flux to process seismic data. The changes were introduced to take into account important differences between GPR and Reflection Seismic methods, in particular: poor coupling between source and ground, mixed phase of the wavelet, low signal-to-noise ratio, monochannel acquisition, and high influence of wave propagation effects, notably dispersion. High frequency components of the GPR pulse suffer more pronounced effects of attenuation than low frequency components resulting in resolution losses in radargrams. In Fazenda Belém, there is a stronger need of an suitable flux to process GPR data because both the presence of a very high level of aerial events and the complexity of the imaged subsurface karst structures. The key point of the processing flux was an improvement in the correction of the attenuation effects on the GPR pulse based on their influence on the amplitude and phase spectra of GPR signals. In low and moderate losses dielectric media the propagated signal suffers significant changes only in its amplitude spectrum; that is, the phase spectrum of the propagated signal remains practically unaltered for the usual travel time ranges. Based on this fact, it is shown using real data that the judicious application of the well known tools of time gain and spectral balancing can efficiently correct the attenuation effects. The proposed approach can be applied in heterogeneous media and it does not require the precise knowledge of the attenuation parameters of the media. As an additional benefit, the judicious application of spectral balancing promotes a partial deconvolution of the data without changing its phase. In other words, the spectral balancing acts in a similar way to a zero phase deconvolution. In GPR data the resolution increase obtained with spectral balancing is greater than those obtained with spike and predictive deconvolutions. The evolution of the Jandaíra karst in Potiguar Basin is associated to at least three events of subaerial exposition of the carbonatic plataform during the Turonian, Santonian, and Campanian. In Fazenda Belém region, during the mid Miocene, the Jandaíra karst was covered by continental siliciclastic sediments. These sediments partially filled the void space associated to the dissolution structures and fractures. Therefore, the development of the karst in this region was attenuated in comparison to other places in Potiguar Basin where this karst is exposed. In Fazenda Belém, the generation of sinkholes and terrain collapses are controlled mainly by: (i) the presence of an unconsolidated sedimentary cap which is thick enough to cover completely the karst but with sediment volume lower than the available space associated to the dissolution structures in the karst; (ii) the existence of important structural of SW-NE and NW-SE alignments which promote a localized increase in the hydraulic connectivity allowing the channeling of underground water, thus facilitating the carbonatic dissolution; and (iii) the existence of a hydraulic barrier to the groundwater flow, associated to the Açu-4 Unity. The terrain collapse mechanisms in Fazenda Belém occur according to the following temporal evolution. The meteoric water infiltrates through the unconsolidated sedimentary cap and promotes its remobilization to the void space associated with the dissolution structures in Jandaíra Formation. This remobilization is initiated at the base of the sedimentary cap where the flow increases its abrasion due to a change from laminar to turbulent flow regime when the underground water flow reaches the open karst structures. The remobilized sediments progressively fill from bottom to top the void karst space. So, the void space is continuously migrated upwards ultimately reaching the surface and causing the sudden observed terrain collapses. This phenomenon is particularly active during the raining season, when the water table that normally is located in the karst may be temporarily located in the unconsolidated sedimentary cap

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Discutem-se os primeiros resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o comércio costeiro e suas relações com o funcionamento do sistema colonial e com o contexto da Independência. A tese é de que em portos menores da costa da capitania de São Paulo, como em Santos, havia um grupo de comerciantes que atuava efetivamente no comércio costeiro e defendeu seus interesses de exclusividade de participação nesse setor contra a presença de comerciantes externos à vila. A discussão apoia-se em documentos da alfândega de Santos, como mapas de exportação-importação, mapas de embarcações, ofícios de governadores e juízes da alfândega e requerimentos de negociantes estrangeiros.

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La région formée par la ville de Beuningen et trois autres villages voisins regroupe 26 mil habitants. Cette région a déjà subit un premier cycle de croissance, promu par l´État, il y a vingt ans, et passe par une nouvelle expansion de l'immobilier dans le cadre d'un processus plus large de renforcement du marché, avec la production de maisons plus chères, ce qui a attiré une partie de la classe moyenne travaillant dans la ville voisine de Nijmegen, à la recherche d'un contact plus étroit avec la campagne et la nature. À partir d'une brève étude sur le terrain, j'analyse certains conflits sociaux présents, fondés essentiellement sur une critique du concept de communauté et sur les oppositions entre les plans rural et urbain, tout en discutant les sens que de telles notions acquièrent dans ce cas précis.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of compression force and humidity in the dissolution profile of tablets formulation. As hidroclorotyiazide presents real problems of bioavailability, it was incorporate as standard drug in a formulation of tablets to study the mechanical resistance, time of disintegration and dissolution profile in function of humidity and compression force. The time of disintegration was not affected by the compression force, but it was influenced by humidity. The dissolution profile was altered by the compression force and for the humidity as well. Both factors can alter the bioavailability of drugs dispensed in the form of tablets.

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This work aims to study the oxidation of a complex molybdenite mineral which contains pyrite and pyrrotite, by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. This study was performed by respirometric essays and bioleaching in shake flasks. Respirometric essays yielded the kinetics of mineral oxidation. The findings showed that sulfide oxidation followed classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Bioleaching in shake flasks allowed evaluation of chemical and mineralogical changes resulting from sulfide oxidation. The results demonstrated that pyrrotite and pyrite were completely oxidized in A. ferrooxidans cultures whereas molybdenite was not consumed. These data indicated that molybdenite was the most recalcitrant sulfide in the sample.