Estudio preliminar de ensilaje de Pennisetum purpureum cv. Taiwán A-144 mas pulpa de jícaro (Crescentia alata HBK)

Se está desarrollando el cultivo de jícaro (Crescentia alata) y el procesamiento de sus frutos provee un subproducto: la Pulpa. Se vio necesario verificar el efecto que esta ejerce sobre el cambio químico y fermentativo en el proceso de ensilaje al mezclarla con forraje Taiwán. En la hacienda “las Mercedes” ubicada en el kilómetro once y medio de la carretera norte, Managua, se estableció un ensayo que duró 101 días, el que consistió en analizar el efecto de mezclar Taiwán con pulpa de jícaro a diferentes proporciones, sobre los cambios químicos y fermentativos que éste ejerce durante el proceso de ensilaje. Las porciones utilizadas fueron A-100% Taiwán, B 95% Taiwán más 5%, C-90% mas 10% pulpa y D 85% mas 15% pulpa. Se utilizaron solo de tipo trinchera a escala experimental con capacidad de 41.6 kg., los que fueron muestreados a los 30, 40, y 50 días para sus respectivos análisis bromatológicos. Los resultados reportaron que el valor nutritivo de los ensilajes fue superior al encontrado en el material antes de ensilar: El alto contenido de proteína bruta encontrada en la proporción D, no favoreció un mejor comportamiento de los A:G:V:, ya que esta condujo a un cambio del patrón fermentativo en relación con las demás proporciones, predominantes en esta la fermentación acética: este cambio se debió al efecto temporizaste que las proteínas ejercen sobre el ensilaje dificultando la estabilidad del mismo. La proporción que mostró mejor comportamiento en los parámetros fermentativos fue la B, la que también registro un contenido de proteínas bruta por encima del 10%. Se requiere continuar estudios con el fin de encontrar un valor proporcional óptimo de Taiwán, mas pulpa de jícaro en el rango comprendido entre 5 y 10%.

Estudio de las cualidades nutricionales e industriales del crescentia alata HBK. en Nicaragua

El árbol de Crescentic alata H.B.K encontrado en las sabanas de nuestro país, alcanza un tamaño de 4 a 8 metros, diámetro de tallo de 0.1 a 0.25 metros, corteza gris, hojas trifoliadas, flores color amarillo, hermafroditas y colocadas en ramas y tallo principal, comienzan a salir de Abril a Noviembre. de flor a fruto hay un termino de tiempo de 240 a 270 días. Los frutos tienen largo y diámetro que oscilan entre 8 a 15 cms. y sus formas son múltiples de acuerdo a la variedad. Con excepción de una variedad de fruto que tiene parte de su pulpa endurecida y que al campesino nomina "garabatillo", el resto es consumida normalmente en el campo por el ganado vacuno, equino, porcino, aves de corral y el hombre que utiliza la pulpa como medicamento. La semilla se utiliza para refrescos, confituras y manjares. Para fines industriales existe una variedad de fruto conocida por el campesino como "mediana"; esta tiene largo y diámetro de 10 cms. y un promedio de semillas de 800, que es una cifra no alcanzada por otras variedades que como máximo llegan a 500. La variedad mediana es la que mas rinde al procesador de semillas y por tanto es la preferida al cosecharse. La cantidad de frutos por planta va de acuerdo al tamaño de ellas, oscilando entre 300 a 1000, pero cuando existe la competencia de otras especies de planta y el terreno es pedregoso la cosecha disminuye considerablemente, también disminuye cuando el árbol es parasitado por plantas epifitas e insectos como hormigas y comejenes. Todas las sabanas de nuestro país están localizadas en la región del pacifico y pertenecen al tipo de sabana de Crescentia alata H.B.K. Se observo en todas las zonas visitadas que ademas del Crescentia alata H.B.K. existen en la sabana otras especies de plantas de tipo espinoso que compiten por las condiciones de vida con Crescentia alata K.B.K. y hacen difícil su uso para ganadería. Dada la importancia que en Nicaragua se ha dado al fruto de Crescentia alata H.B.K. por sus variados usos, se efectuo analisis nutritivas son excelentes, pues su pulpa entera y semilla tienen niveles de nutrientes que justifican el empleo en dieteticos humana y animal. Estas cualidades nutricionales del fruto son explotadas actualmente por el ganadero quien lo proporciona maduro a su ganado, previo almacenamiento de 22 días para que alcance un grado particular que lo hace mas apetecido. Los campesinos de la zona conocida como "Jicote" en el departamento de Chinandega, explotan la industria de la semilla para lo cual se usan implementos rusticos fabricados por el procesador. La semilla se comercializa en el mismo lugar de proceso o en Chinandega, y el costo de producción, estimado para un quintal es de 71.60 dejando utilidades hasta de un 60%, sobre este costo.

An investigation into the value of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) peels as energy source in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus fry fed in indoor glass aquaria

The study was designed to investigate the value of the peels of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) as energy source in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus fry and to investigate the level of inclusion of this peels that will give optimum growth performance. Four diets, three levels of yam peels and a control, was prepared and tested on O. niloticus fry (mean weight of 0.27g) for ten weeks. Fifteen (15) O. niloticus fry were grouped in each of the glass aquaria, measuring 60x30x3Ocm and with a maximum capacity of 52 liters of water. The fry were fed twice daily at 10% biomass. The fry were weighed weekly to determine weight increment or otherwise and the quality of feed was adjusted accordingly. DTl (70% yam peels and 30% yellow maize) in the carbohydrate mixture gave the best performance. The fry fed this diet, gained a mean weight of 1.20g for the period of the experiment. The poorest performance in terms of growth was from fry fed the control diet (100% yellow maize in the carbohydrate mixture). Fry fed this diet gained mean weight of 0.80g for the duration of the experiment. Analysis of the various growth indices like SGR, PER, FCR and NPU shows that DTl was the overall best diet with an SGR value of I. 92 and FCR of 54.10. The difference in weight gain by fry fed the three levels of yam peels diet and the control diet (100% yellow maize) was not statistically significant (P>0.05)

Cultura de tecidos e análise do potencial antioxidante de Passiflora alata Curtis

Passiflora alata Curtis, comumente conhecida como maracujá-doce, é uma das espécies do gênero Passiflora cultivadas comercialmente, sendo consumida in natura devido ao seu gosto adocicado. Ela também é utilizada em todo o mundo como ornamental e na medicina popular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estabelecimento de diferentes estratégias para a cultura in vitro de P. alata e a análise da produção de substâncias antioxidantes nos materiais obtidos in vitro, em comparação com as plantas in vivo. Diferentes tratamentos visando à quebra da dormência das sementes foram avaliados para a germinação in vitro ou in vivo, além da incubação das sementes sob tipos distintos de luz. Para o estabelecimento das culturas primárias, apices caulinares e segmentos nodais das plântulas derivadas da germinação in vitro foram cultivados em meio MSM . A taxa de alongamento dos brotos e o número de nós por brotos das culturas primárias foram aumentados pela adição de água de coco ao meio. Plantas derivadas dessas culturas foram utilizadas como fontes de explantes nodais, internodais e foliares. O potencial morfogênico de sementes sem tegumento foi também avaliado. Calos friáveis foram induzidos a partir de segmentos nodais e foliares na presença de PIC, e aqueles obtidos a partir de folhas em meio suplementado com PIC a 28,9 μM foram selecionados para o estabelecimento de culturas de células em suspensão. Após o desenvolvimento de diferentes estratégias in vitro para P. alata, folhas de plantas in vivo foram utilizadas para a avaliação de parâmetros que afetam a extração de substâncias antioxidante. O potencial antioxidante foi determinado pelo ensaio DPPH e o conteúdo de fenóis totais foi determinado utilizando o método Folin-Ciocalteau. Após o desenvolvimento do protocolo de extração, a atividade antioxidante dos diferentes materiais in vitro foi também avaliada. A eficiência antirradicalar variou entre os sistemas de cultura estudados, sendo diretamente proporcional ao conteúdo de fenóis totais dos extratos. Esses resultados indicam que as estratégias para cultura in vitro de P. alata desenvolvidas neste trabalho representam alternativas para a multiplicação de plantas e produção de substâncias fenólicas com ação antioxidante.

Ocorrência de Phoma multirostrata em baru (Dipteryx alata) no Cerrado.

2008

Can we trust mass spectrometry for determination of arsenic peptides in plants:comparison of LC-ICP-MS and LC-ES-MS/ICP-MS with XANES/EXAFS in analysis of Thunbergia alata

The weakest step in the analytical procedure for speciation analysis is extraction from a biological material into an aqueous solution which undergoes HPLC separation and then simultaneous online detection by elemental and molecular mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/ES-MS). This paper describes a study to determine the speciation of arsenic and, in particular, the arsenite phytochelatin complexes in the root from an ornamental garden plant Thunbergia alata exposed to 1 mg As L(-1) as arsenate. The approach of formic acid extraction followed by HPLC-ES-MS/ICP-MS identified different As(III)-PC complexes in the extract of this plant and made their quantification via sulfur (m/z 32) and arsenic (m/z 75) possible. Although sulfur sensitivity could be significantly increased when xenon was used as collision gas in ICP-qMS, or when HR-ICP-MS was used in medium resolution, the As:S ratio gave misleading results in the identification of As(III)-PC complexes due to the relatively low resolution of the chromatography system in relation to the variety of As-peptides in plants. Hence only the parallel use of ES-MS/ICP-MS was able to prove the occurrence of such arsenite phytochelatin complexes. Between 55 and 64% of the arsenic was bound to the sulfur of peptides mainly as As(III)(PC(2))(2), As(III)(PC(3)) and As(III)(PC(4)). XANES (X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy) measurement, using the freshly exposed plant root directly, confirmed that most of the arsenic is trivalent and binds to S of peptides (53% As-S) while 38% occurred as arsenite and only 9% unchanged as arsenate. EXAFS data confirmed that As-S and As-O bonds occur in the plants. This study confirms, for the first time, that As-peptides can be extracted by formic acid and chromatographically separated on a reversed-phase column without significant decomposition or de-novo synthesis during the extraction step.

Flowering intensity in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata)

White or Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata), grown for its underground tubers, is an important food in West Africa. Progress in yam breeding is constrained by variable flowering behaviour, making hybridization difficult. Yam clones may be dioecious, monoecious or hermaphrodite with variable sex ratios. The proportion of plants that flower and the flowering intensity also vary with season and location. The objective of the present work was to investigate whether variation in flowering behaviour was related to factors determining rate of development (photoperiod and temperature through sowing date, location and year) or growth (cumulative solar radiation and temperature). Sex ratios, the proportion of plants that had flower buds and open flowers, and the number of flowers or spikes was recorded in one male (TDr 131) and one female (TDr 99-9) clone of white yam grown in the field in Nigeria at three locations and at different sowing dates. Clone TDr 131 was uniformly male flowering, while clone TDr 99-9 exhibited a number of sex types with gynoecious, monoecious and trimonoecious plants observed. The proportion of flowering plants was low in both clones, averaging 0.34 in clone TDr 131 and 0.13 in clone TDr 99-9. Day of vine emergence had a significant and contrasting effect on the proportion of flowering plants and on flowering intensity in the two clones. In clone TDr 131, the proportion of flowering plants and flowering intensity declined with later vine emergence at all locations (r=0.43-0.53, P<0.05), whereas in clone TDr 99-9 the proportion of flowering plants increased with later emergence (r=0.46, P<0.01). In clone TDr 131, this response was strongly associated with warmer temperatures (r=0.49-0.50; P<0.05) and greater cumulative radiation (r=0.85-0.93; P<0.001) between vine emergence and flowering, rather than photoperiod at vine emergence. This suggests that flowering behaviour in the male clone TDr 131 is strongly influenced by factors that affect growth rather than development. Clone TDr 99-9, on the other hand, exhibited no clear relations between flowering and growth or developmental factors, though the proportion of flowering plants and flowering intensity was greatest at planting dates close to the longest day and at temperatures of 25-26 degrees C. This might suggest that flowering behaviour in clone TDr 99-9 is controlled by photothermal responses.

Duration from vine emergence to flowering suggests a long-day or rate of change of photoperiod response in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.)

The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of photoperiod on the duration from vine (shoot) emergence to flowering in white or Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata). The duration from vine emergence to flowering in two clonal varieties of yam (TDr 131 and TDr 99-9) was recorded at 10 different sowing dates/locations in Nigeria. Durations to flowering varied from 40 to > 88 days. Mean daily temperature and photoperiod between vine emergence and flowering varied from 25 to 27 degrees C and 13.1 to 13.4 h day(-1), respectively. Both clones had similar responses to temperature, with base and optimum temperatures of 12 and 25-27 degrees C, respectively. Thermal durations to flowering were strongly related (r(2) > 0.75-0.83) to absolute photoperiod (h) at vine emergence as well as to rate of change of photoperiod (s day(-1)) at vine emergence. The response to absolute photoperiod suggests that white yams are quantitative LDPs, flowering sooner in long than short days. Yams also flowered earlier when the rate of change of photoperiod was positive but small, or was negative. It is suggested that yams may use a combination of photoperiod and rate of change in order to fine tune flowering time. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phases of dormancy in yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata)

center dot Background and Aims The control of dormancy in yam (Disocorea spp.) tubers is poorly understood and attempts to shorten the long dormant period (i.e. cause tubers to sprout or germinate much earlier) have been unsuccessful. The aim of this study was to identify and define the phases of dormancy in Dioscorea rotundata tubers, and to produce a framework within which dormancy can be more effectively studied. center dot Methods Plants of 'TDr 131' derived from tissue culture were grown in a glasshouse simulating temperature and photoperiod at Ibadan (7 degrees N), Nigeria to produce tubers. Tubers were sampled on four occasions: 30 d before shoot senescence (149 days after planting, DAP), at shoot senescence (179 DAP), and twice during storage at a constant 25 degrees C (269 and 326 DAP). The development of the apical shoot bud was described from tissue sections. In addition, the responsiveness of shoot apical bud development to plant growth regulators (gibberellic acid, 2-chloroethanol and thiourea) applied to excised tuber sections was also examined 6 and 12 d after treatment. center dot Key Results and Conclusions Three phases of tuber dormancy are proposed: Phase I, from tuber initiation to the appearance of the tuber germinating meristem; Phase II, from the tuber germinating meristem to initiation of foliar primordium; and Phase III, from foliar primordium to appearance of the shoot bud on the surface of the tuber. Phase I is the longest phase (approx. 220 d in 'TDr 131'), is not affected by PGRs and is proposed to be an endo-dormant phase. Phases II and III are shorter (< 70 d in total), are influenced by PGRs and environmental conditions, and are therefore endo-/eco-dormant phases. To manipulate dormancy to allow off-season planting and more than one generation per year requires that the duration of Phase I is shortened.

Effect of harvest date on the dormancy period of yam (Dioscorea rotundata)

Tuber dormancy enables yams to survive in the ground during the dry season and post-harvest storage. Three clones of Dioscorea rotundata were harvested after five intervals and then stored in a cooler (20.6°C) or at ambient temperature (27.8°C). The time from harvest to sprouting was shorter as harvest was delayed. The period from sowing to sprouting for each clone was similar for tubers harvested from 140 days after planting, but tubers harvested earlier took longer to sprout. The cooler temperature delayed sprouting. Tubers of two clones sprouted after only 70 days of crop growth. If the dormancy period of these young tubers can be broken, the generation time of yam crop improvement programmes could be considerably reduced.

Duration from vine emergence to flowering suggests a long-day or rate of change of photoperiod response in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.)

The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of photoperiod on the duration from vine (shoot) emergence to flowering in white or Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata). The duration from vine emergence to flowering in two clonal varieties of yam (TDr 131 and TDr 99-9) was recorded at 10 different sowing dates/locations in Nigeria. Durations to flowering varied from 40 to > 88 days. Mean daily temperature and photoperiod between vine emergence and flowering varied from 25 to 27 degrees C and 13.1 to 13.4 h day(-1), respectively. Both clones had similar responses to temperature, with base and optimum temperatures of 12 and 25-27 degrees C, respectively. Thermal durations to flowering were strongly related (r(2) > 0.75-0.83) to absolute photoperiod (h) at vine emergence as well as to rate of change of photoperiod (s day(-1)) at vine emergence. The response to absolute photoperiod suggests that white yams are quantitative LDPs, flowering sooner in long than short days. Yams also flowered earlier when the rate of change of photoperiod was positive but small, or was negative. It is suggested that yams may use a combination of photoperiod and rate of change in order to fine tune flowering time. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phases of dormancy in yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata)

Background and Aims The control of dormancy in yam (Disocorea spp.) tubers is poorly understood and attempts to shorten the long dormant period (i.e. cause tubers to sprout or germinate much earlier) have been unsuccessful. The aim of this study was to identify and define the phases of dormancy in Dioscorea rotundata tubers, and to produce a framework within which dormancy can be more effectively studied. center dot Methods Plants of 'TDr 131' derived from tissue culture were grown in a glasshouse simulating temperature and photoperiod at Ibadan (7 degrees N), Nigeria to produce tubers. Tubers were sampled on four occasions: 30 d before shoot senescence (149 days after planting, DAP), at shoot senescence (179 DAP), and twice during storage at a constant 25 degrees C (269 and 326 DAP). The development of the apical shoot bud was described from tissue sections. In addition, the responsiveness of shoot apical bud development to plant growth regulators (gibberellic acid, 2-chloroethanol and thiourea) applied to excised tuber sections was also examined 6 and 12 d after treatment. center dot Key Results and Conclusions Three phases of tuber dormancy are proposed: Phase I, from tuber initiation to the appearance of the tuber germinating meristem; Phase II, from the tuber germinating meristem to initiation of foliar primordium; and Phase III, from foliar primordium to appearance of the shoot bud on the surface of the tuber. Phase I is the longest phase (approx. 220 d in 'TDr 131'), is not affected by PGRs and is proposed to be an endo-dormant phase. Phases II and III are shorter (< 70 d in total), are influenced by PGRs and environmental conditions, and are therefore endo-/eco-dormant phases. To manipulate dormancy to allow off-season planting and more than one generation per year requires that the duration of Phase I is shortened.