Underground leaves of Philcoxia trap and digest nematodes

The recently described genus Philcoxia comprises three species restricted to well lit and low-nutrient soils in the Brazilian Cerrado. The morphological and habitat similarities of Philcoxia to those of some carnivorous plants, along with recent observations of nematodes over its subterranean leaves, prompted the suggestion that the genus is carnivorous. Here we report compelling evidence of carnivory in Philcoxia of the Plantaginaceae, a family in which no carnivorous members are otherwise known. We also document both a unique capturing strategy for carnivorous plants and a case of a plant that traps and digests nematodes with underground adhesive leaves. Our findings illustrate how much can still be discovered about the origin, distribution, and frequency of the carnivorous syndrome in angiosperms and, more generally, about the diversity of nutrient-acquisition mechanisms that have evolved in plants growing in severely nutrient-impoverished environments such as the Brazilian Cerrado, one of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots.

Communium opinionum syntagma, siue, Receptarum I.V. sententiarum : in quibus varia prudentum selecta responsa, pulcherrimæq[ue] Iuris quæstiones, ... digestæ, decentiq[ue] ordine collocatæ habentur : aliàs quidem quatuor in tomos diuisum / summo studio, maximaq[ue] diligentia à nobis illustratum, vt iuris studioso nihil ultra desiderari possit ... ; tomus primus

Marca tip. de la Compagnie des libraires en port. (Baudrier. VI, p. 285-285 bis)

Communium opinionum syntagma, siue, Receptarum I.V. sententiarum : in quibus varia prudentum selecta responsa, pulcherrimæq[ue] Iuris quæstiones, ... digestæ, decentiq[ue] ordine collocatæ habentur : aliàs quidem quatuor in tomos diuisum / summo studio, maximaq[ue] diligentia à nobis illustratum, vt iuris studioso nihil ultra desiderari possit ... ; tomus primus

Marca tip. de la Compagnie des libraires en port. (Baudrier. VI, p. 285-285 bis)

Euangelicae historiae imagines : ex ordine Euangeliorum, quæ toto anno in Missæ sacrificio recitantur, in ordinem temporis vitæ Christi digestæ / auctore Hieronymo Natali Societatis Iesu ...

Imp. tomado de: Belgica Typographica, 8786-8789

Multiple-complete-digest restriction fragment mapping: Generating sequence-ready maps for large-scale DNA sequencing

Multiple-complete-digest mapping is a DNA mapping technique based on complete-restriction-digest fingerprints of a set of clones that provides highly redundant coverage of the mapping target. The maps assembled from these fingerprints order both the clones and the restriction fragments. Maps are coordinated across three enzymes in the examples presented. Starting with yeast artificial chromosome contigs from the 7q31.3 and 7p14 regions of the human genome, we have produced cosmid-based maps spanning more than one million base pairs. Each yeast artificial chromosome is first subcloned into cosmids at a redundancy of ×15–30. Complete-digest fragments are electrophoresed on agarose gels, poststained, and imaged on a fluorescent scanner. Aberrant clones that are not representative of the underlying genome are rejected in the map construction process. Almost every restriction fragment is ordered, allowing selection of minimal tiling paths with clone-to-clone overlaps of only a few thousand base pairs. These maps demonstrate the practicality of applying the experimental and software-based steps in multiple-complete-digest mapping to a target of significant size and complexity. We present evidence that the maps are sufficiently accurate to validate both the clones selected for sequencing and the sequence assemblies obtained once these clones have been sequenced by a “shotgun” method.