Genomewide association study using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array and case-control design identifies a novel essential hypertension susceptibility locus in the promoter region of endothelial NO synthase.

Essential hypertension is a multifactorial disorder and is the main risk factor for renal and cardiovascular complications. The research on the genetics of hypertension has been frustrated by the small predictive value of the discovered genetic variants. The HYPERGENES Project investigated associations between genetic variants and essential hypertension pursuing a 2-stage study by recruiting cases and controls from extensively characterized cohorts recruited over many years in different European regions. The discovery phase consisted of 1865 cases and 1750 controls genotyped with 1M Illumina array. Best hits were followed up in a validation panel of 1385 cases and 1246 controls that were genotyped with a custom array of 14 055 markers. We identified a new hypertension susceptibility locus (rs3918226) in the promoter region of the endothelial NO synthase gene (odds ratio: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.37-1.73]; combined P=2.58 · 10(-13)). A meta-analysis, using other in silico/de novo genotyping data for a total of 21 714 subjects, resulted in an overall odds ratio of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.25-1.44; P=1.032 · 10(-14)). The quantitative analysis on a population-based sample revealed an effect size of 1.91 (95% CI: 0.16-3.66) for systolic and 1.40 (95% CI: 0.25-2.55) for diastolic blood pressure. We identified in silico a potential binding site for ETS transcription factors directly next to rs3918226, suggesting a potential modulation of endothelial NO synthase expression. Biological evidence links endothelial NO synthase with hypertension, because it is a critical mediator of cardiovascular homeostasis and blood pressure control via vascular tone regulation. This finding supports the hypothesis that there may be a causal genetic variation at this locus.

Common genetic variation and the control of HIV-1 in humans.

To extend the understanding of host genetic determinants of HIV-1 control, we performed a genome-wide association study in a cohort of 2,554 infected Caucasian subjects. The study was powered to detect common genetic variants explaining down to 1.3% of the variability in viral load at set point. We provide overwhelming confirmation of three associations previously reported in a genome-wide study and show further independent effects of both common and rare variants in the Major Histocompatibility Complex region (MHC). We also examined the polymorphisms reported in previous candidate gene studies and fail to support a role for any variant outside of the MHC or the chemokine receptor cluster on chromosome 3. In addition, we evaluated functional variants, copy-number polymorphisms, epistatic interactions, and biological pathways. This study thus represents a comprehensive assessment of common human genetic variation in HIV-1 control in Caucasians.

Difference in the homocysteine-lowering effect of folic acid in haemodialysis patients with and without occlusive vascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Hyperhomocysteinaemia has been identified as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and is found in more than 85% of patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Previous studies have shown that folic acid can lower circulating homocysteine in dialysis patients. We evaluated prospectively the effect of increasing the folic acid dosage from 1 to 6 mg per dialysis on plasma total homocysteine levels of haemodialysis patients with and without a history of occlusive vascular artery disease (OVD). METHODS: Thirty-nine stable patients on high-flux dialysis were studied. Their mean age was 63 +/-11 years and 17 (43%) had a history of OVD, either coronary and/or cerebral and/or peripheral occlusive disease. For several years prior to the study, the patients had received an oral post-dialysis multivitamin supplement including 1 mg of folic acid per dialysis. After baseline determinations, the folic acid dose was increased from 1 to 6 mg/dialysis for 3 months. RESULTS: After 3 months, plasma homocysteine had decreased significantly by approximately 23% from 31.1 +/- 12.7 to 24.5 +/- 9 micromol/l (P = 0.0005), while folic acid concentrations had increased from 6.5 +/- 2.5 to 14.4+/-2.5 microg/l (P < 0.0001). However, the decrease of homocysteine was quite different in patients with and in those without OVD. In patients with OVD, homocysteine decreased only marginally by approximately 2.5% (from 29.0 +/- 10.3 to 28.3 +/- 8.4 micromol/l, P = 0.74), whereas in patients without OVD there was a significant reduction of approximately 34% (from 32.7+/-14.4 to 21.6+/-8.6 micromol/l, P = 0.0008). Plasma homocysteine levels were reduced by > 15% in three patients (18%) in the group with OVD compared with 19 (86%) in the group without OVD (P = 0.001), and by > 30% in none of the patients (0%) in the former group compared with 13 (59%) in the latter (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the homocysteine-lowering effect of folic acid administration appears to be less effective in haemodialysis patients having occlusive vascular disease than in those without evidence of such disease.

Silencing of c-Fos expression by microRNA-155 is critical for dendritic cell maturation and function.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate target mRNAs by binding to their 3' untranslated regions. There is growing evidence that microRNA-155 (miR155) modulates gene expression in various cell types of the immune system and is a prominent player in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. To define the role of miR155 in dendritic cells (DCs) we performed a detailed analysis of its expression and function in human and mouse DCs. A strong increase in miR155 expression was found to be a general and evolutionarily conserved feature associated with the activation of DCs by diverse maturation stimuli in all DC subtypes tested. Analysis of miR155-deficient DCs demonstrated that miR155 induction is required for efficient DC maturation and is critical for the ability of DCs to promote antigen-specific T-cell activation. Expression-profiling studies performed with miR155(-/-) DCs and DCs overexpressing miR155, combined with functional assays, revealed that the mRNA encoding the transcription factor c-Fos is a direct target of miR155. Finally, all of the phenotypic and functional defects exhibited by miR155(-/-) DCs could be reproduced by deregulated c-Fos expression. These results indicate that silencing of c-Fos expression by miR155 is a conserved process that is required for DC maturation and function.

The circadian PAR-domain basic leucine zipper transcription factors DBP, TEF, and HLF modulate basal and inducible xenobiotic detoxification.

The PAR-domain basic leucine zipper (PAR bZip) transcription factors DBP, TEF, and HLF accumulate in a highly circadian manner in several peripheral tissues, including liver and kidney. Mice devoid of all three of these proteins are born at expected Mendelian ratios, but are epilepsy prone, age at an accelerated rate, and die prematurely. In the hope of identifying PAR bZip target genes whose altered expression might contribute to the high morbidity and mortality of PAR bZip triple knockout mice, we compared the liver and kidney transcriptomes of these animals to those of wild-type or heterozygous mutant mice. These experiments revealed that PAR bZip proteins control the expression of many enzymes and regulators involved in detoxification and drug metabolism, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes, carboxylesterases, and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Indeed, PAR bZip triple knockout mice are hypersensitive to xenobiotic compounds, and the deficiency in detoxification may contribute to their early aging.

A la croisée des modèles du fédéralisme fiscal et coopératif : les résultats des réformes de répartition des tâches cantons-communes en Suisse

Les réformes de répartition des tâches entre cantons et communes appartiennent aux grandes réformes de politique locale en Suisse, c'est pourquoi elles font l'objet d'une thèse réalisée dans le cadre du programme de recherche ProDoc du Fonds national suisse sur la gouvernance locale (2009-2012). Lancées de manière périodique depuis les années 1970, ces réformes sont organisées pour clarifier le système d'allocation des tâches qui se modifie au coup par coup, avec l'évolution des politiques publiques. Ce thème actuel a été jusqu'à ce jour mis à l'écart des recherches en Suisse. Cette thèse comble cette lacune. Elle analyse sous quatre aspects (les références théoriques des réformes, leur processus de mise en oeuvre, leurs résultats, et leurs effets sur le système fédéraliste) douze grandes réformes canton-communes effectuées entre 1994-2007. Elle s'interroge notamment sur les mouvements de centralisation/décentralisation et de désenchevêtrement des tâches, en se référant à la littérature classique sur le fédéralisme et à deux modèles politico-économiques: le fédéralisme fiscal et le fédéralisme coopératif. Au niveau empirique, l'analyse se fonde sur une analyse documentaire des réformes Confédération - cantons, cantons- communes, sur un inventaire de compétences décisionnelles, financières et de mise en oeuvre transférées au cours de douze réformes cantonales, sur une enquête nationale menée auprès des secrétaires communaux en Suisse ainsi que sur des entretiens conduits auprès de responsables cantonaux chargés des affaires communales. L'étude met en évidence des similitudes entre les réformes conduites entre la Confédération et les cantons et les cantons et les communes notamment en ce qui concerne le cadre de référence soit : une répartition des tâches qui privilégie des tâches exclusives (self-rules) si possible décentralisées. Dans cet esprit, c'est pour l'ensemble des réformes que le principe du décideur payeur a été utilisé de sorte à supprimer les enchevêtrements et à assurer une coïncidence entre responsabilités décisionnelles et financières. Ceci a permis pour les douze réformes étudiées d'atteindre un important désenchevêtrement, en particulier au niveau financier. Sur ce plan, les réformes sont un succès. Ce désenchevêtrement s'accompagne d'une tendance à la centralisation des compétences principalement financières et de mise en oeuvre. Les domaines concernés relèvent particulièrement des politiques publiques fédérales mises en oeuvre par les cantons. Le cadre légal fédéral exerce donc une influence prépondérante sur la répartition des tâches canton-communes. Pour les tâches de compétences principalement cantonales, le mouvement vers la centralisation s'explique par plusieurs facteurs que l'analyse met en évidence. Parmi eux, le principal est le facteur culturel. Ainsi les cantons romands et les cantons plutôt à gauche optent plutôt pour des tâches centralisées et conjointes, alors que les cantons alémaniques préfèrent des arrangements décentralisés et des tâches menées exclusivement par un niveau. Outre une culture politique qui favorise la décentralisation, les réformes de Nouvelle gestion publique auxquels ont recouru plus fréquemment les cantons alémaniques expliquent la recherche d'un plus fort désenchevêtrement. La capacité administrative des communes (mesurée par la taille des communes) influence également la direction des transferts. Dans les douze réformes, on observe que lorsqu'un canton est formé de grandes communes, celles-ci obtiennent plus de compétences parce qu'elles ont la capacité de les assumer. Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour les communes de plus de 20'000 habitants qui bénéficient de délégation de compétences spécifiques, ce qui confirme l'existence d'un fédéralisme asymétrique. Ces points sont confirmés pas la perception des acteurs. De manière générale, les réformes n'ont pas bouleversé l'allocation des compétences décisionnelles canton-communes dans les douze cantons étudiés, sauf dans quelques cantons de Suisse centrale et orientale et à Bâle-Ville, où les réformes ont permis de décentraliser et de désenchevêtrer davantage de compétences, cette tendance est corroborée dans ces cantons par une augmentation de la perception de l'autonomie communale. Les réformes ne sont finalement pas parvenues à instaurer un changement de paradigme dans le système d'allocation des tâches canton-communes où les communes auraient vu leurs compétences renforcées.

Potential detrimental effects of a phytoestrogen-rich diet on male fertility in mice.

Soy and soy-based products are widely consumed by infants and adult individuals. There has been speculation that the presence of isoflavone phytoestrogens in soybean cause adverse effects on the development and function of the male reproductive system. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of dietary soy and phytoestrogens on testicular and reproductive functions. Male mice were fed from conception to adulthood with either a high soy-containing diet or a soy-free diet. Although adult mice fed a soy-rich diet exhibited normal male behaviour and were fertile, we observed a reduced proportion of haploid germ cells in testes correlating with a 25% decrease in epididymal sperm counts and a 21% reduction in litter size. LH and androgens levels were not affected but transcripts coding for androgen-response genes in Sertoli cells and Gapd-s, a germ cell-specific gene involved in sperm glycolysis and mobility were significantly reduced. In addition, we found that dietary soy decreased the size of the seminal vesicle but without affecting its proteolytic activity. Taken together, these studies show that long-term exposure to dietary soy and phytoestrogens may affect male reproductive function resulting in a small decrease in sperm count and fertility.

Comparative transcriptomics of extreme phenotypes of human HIV-1 infection and SIV infection in sooty mangabey and rhesus macaque.

High levels of HIV-1 replication during the chronic phase of infection usually correlate with rapid progression to severe immunodeficiency. However, a minority of highly viremic individuals remains asymptomatic and maintains high CD4+ T cell counts. This tolerant profile is poorly understood and reminiscent of the widely studied nonprogressive disease model of SIV infection in natural hosts. Here, we identify transcriptome differences between rapid progressors (RPs) and viremic nonprogressors (VNPs) and highlight several genes relevant for the understanding of HIV-1-induced immunosuppression. RPs were characterized by a specific transcriptome profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells similar to that observed in pathogenic SIV-infected rhesus macaques. In contrast, VNPs exhibited lower expression of interferon-stimulated genes and shared a common gene regulation profile with nonpathogenic SIV-infected sooty mangabeys. A short list of genes associated with VNP, including CASP1, CD38, LAG3, TNFSF13B, SOCS1, and EEF1D, showed significant correlation with time to disease progression when evaluated in an independent set of CD4+ T cell expression data. This work characterizes 2 minimally studied clinical patterns of progression to AIDS, whose analysis may inform our understanding of HIV pathogenesis.