967 resultados para Deschampsia antarctica


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Este trabajo se centra en la inmovilización de la lipasa B de Candida antarctica en nanopartículas magnéticas y la posterior caracterización cinética de su actividad sintética en medios orgánicos para la pr oducción de biodiesel. La historia del biodiesel comienza en 1893, cuando Rudolph Diesel, el padre del motor diésel, puso en marcha el primer motor de este tipo. Más tarde, en 1900, Diesel ganó el Grand Prix en la Feria Mundial de París con su m otor impulsado por un biodiesel de aceite de cacahuete. En 1903, además, comenzó la producción del Modelo T de Henry Ford, diseñado para utilizar etanol como combustible. Diesel creía que la utilización de biodiesel era el futuro de la automoción: “ el uso de aceites vegetales como combustibles para motor puede parecer insignificante hoy en día, pero estos aceites puede n convertirse, con el transcurso del tiempo, en combustibles tan importantes como el petróleo y el carbón lo son hoy en día ” Sin embargo, a p artir de 1920, los fueles basados en petróleo comenzaron a ganar terreno, debido a su mayor eficiencia, menor precio y mejor disponibilidad. De esta forma, el mercado de los biofueles quedó relegado hasta que las distintas crisis del petróleo (1973, 1979, 19 90) unidas a la creciente preocupación por la polución y la c onservación del medio ambiente, además de al aumento de la población y por tanto de la demanda de combustibles , llevaron a devolve r la mirada a estos fueles . Fue en esta época cuando comenzó, p rincipalmente en EEUU y Brasil, la producción a gran escala de biocombustibles de primera generación, basados en la utilización de excedentes agrícolas como el maíz y la caña de azúcar para la producción de bioetanol y aceites de maíz y grasas animales par a la producción de biodiesel .

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Enzyme-catalyzed production of biodiesel is the object of extensive research due to the global shortage of fossil fuels and increased environmental concerns. Herein we report the preparation and main characteristics of a novel biocatalyst consisting of Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) which are covalently bound to magnetic nanoparticles, and tackle its use for the synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible vegetable and waste frying oils. For this purpose, insolubilized CALB was covalently cross-linked to magnetic nanoparticles of magnetite which the surface was functionalized with –NH2 groups. The resulting biocatalyst combines the relevant catalytic properties of CLEAs (as great stability and feasibility for their reutilization) and the magnetic character, and thus the final product (mCLEAs) are superparamagnetic particles of a robust catalyst which is more stable than the free enzyme, easily recoverable from the reaction medium and reusable for new catalytic cycles. We have studied the main properties of this biocatalyst and we have assessed its utility to catalyze transesterification reactions to obtain biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oils including unrefined soybean, jatropha and cameline, as well as waste frying oil. Using 1% mCLEAs (w/w of oil) conversions near 80% were routinely obtained at 30°C after 24 h of reaction, this value rising to 92% after 72 h. Moreover, the magnetic biocatalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused for at least ten consecutive cycles of 24 h without apparent loss of activity. The obtained results suggest that mCLEAs prepared from CALB can become a powerful biocatalyst for application at industrial scale with better performance than those currently available.

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In adaptation to new environments, organisms may accumulate mutations within encoding sequences to modify protein characteristics or acquire mutations within regulatory sequences to alter gene expression levels. With the development of antifreeze capability as the example, this study presents the evidence that change in gene expression level is probably the most important mechanism for adaptive evolution in a green alga Chlorella vulgaris. C. vulgaris NJ-7, an isolate from Antarctica, possesses an 18S rRNA sequence identical to that of a temperate isolate, SAG211-11b/UTEX259, but shows much higher freeze tolerance than the later isolate. The chromosomal DNA/cDNA of four antifreeze genes, namely hiC6, hiC12, rpl10a and hsp70, from the two isolates of C. vulgaris were cloned and sequenced, and very few variations of deduced amino acid sequences were found. In contrast, the transcription of hiC6, hiC12 and rpl10a was greatly intensified in NJ-7 compared to that in UTEX259, which is correlated to the significantly enhanced freeze tolerance of the Antarctica isolate. (C) 2009 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.

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Chlorella was known to show enhanced antifreeze capability after cold hardening. We isolated Chlorella strains NJ-7 and NJ-18, which display alternative cold response modes from rock surfaces in Antarctica. On the basis of 18S ribosomal (rRNA) sequences, NJ-7 is an Antarctic type of Chlorella vulgaris; NJ-18 is also a 'true' Chlorella species but differs from any previously reported species in structure. NJ-7 partially retained the enhancing effects of low temperature cultivation on freeze tolerance, which correlates with an increase of C18:3-fatty acid content and up-regulation of two antifreeze protein genes. NJ-18, however, showed stable freeze tolerance regardless of the precultivation temperature. We propose that cold response modes vary widely in Chlorella and that the adaptation of C. vulgaris to Antarctica may serve as a model system for the evolution of antifreeze mechanisms in a single species of photosynthetic microorganism.

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Studies of Erebus volcano's active lava lake have shown that many of its observable properties (gas composition, surface motion and radiant heat output) exhibit cyclic behaviour with a period of ~10 min. We investigate the multi-year progression of the cycles in surface motion of the lake using an extended (but intermittent) dataset of thermal infrared images collected by the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory between 2004 and 2011. Cycles with a period of ~5-18 min are found to be a persistent feature of the lake's behaviour and no obvious long-term change is observed despite variations in lake level and surface area. The times at which gas bubbles arrive at the lake's surface are found to be random with respect to the phase of the motion cycles, suggesting that the remarkable behaviour of the lake is governed by magma exchange rather than an intermittent flux of gases from the underlying magma reservoir. © 2014 The Authors.

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Grazing of dominant zooplankton copepods (Calanoides acutus. and Metridia gerlachei), salps (Salpa thompsoni) and microzooplankton was determined during the austral summer of 1998/1999 at the seasonal ice zone of the Prydz Bay region. The objective was to measure the ingestion rates of zooplankton at the seasonal ice zone, so as to evaluate the importance of different groups of zooplankton in their grazing impact on phytoplankton standing stock and primary production. Grazing by copepods was low, and accounted for less than or equal to 1% of phytoplankton standing stocks and 3.8-12.5% of primary production for both species during this study, even the ingestion rates of individuals were at a high level compared with previous reports. S. thompsoni exhibited a relatively high grazing impact on primary production (72%) in the north of our investigation area. The highest grazing impact on phytoplankton was exerted by microzooplankton during this investigation, and accounted for 10-65% of the standing stock of phytoplankton and 34-100% of potential daily primary production. We concluded that microzooplankton was the dominant phytoplankton consumer in this study area. Salps also played an important role in control of phytoplankton where swarming occurred. The grazing of copepods had a relatively small effect on phytoplankton biomass development.

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Nothofagus antarctica (ñire) ocupa una importante superficie de los bosques de Patagonia Sur, siendo ampliamente usado como sistemas silvopastoriles con ganadería ovina y bovina. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos el uso de estos bosques se realiza sin un manejo que permita optimizar la sustentabilidad del sistema. En esta tesis se estudió el efecto de distintas variables ambientales (temperatura, humedad del suelo, radiación) sobre la productividad y concentración de Proteína bruta (PB) de gramíneas en distintas situaciones de calidad forestal y coberturas de copas de bosques de ñire, así como también procesos asociados: descomposición y dinámica de nutrientes (mineralización-inmovilización) de residuos del estrato arbóreo y graminoso y mineralización de nitrógeno del suelo. La productividad de materia seca (MS) aérea de gramíneas (rango entre 135 a 1863 kg MS ha-1) estuvo positivamente asociada a la calidad forestal de los sitios, mientras que el efecto de las coberturas de copa dependió de la interacción con otras variables ambientales. Los valores de PB variaron principalmente según la cobertura de copa encontrándose los mayores valores en lugares más sombreados (transmisividades menor al 70 por ciento). La descomposición, tanto en hojas de ñire como en gramíneas, varió según el nivel de radiación, siendo mayores en los lugares con menor cobertura. Por otro lado, la dinámica de nutrientes no fue afectada por la CS o alguna variable estudiada. La mineralización de nitrógeno del suelo fue mayormente afectada por la humedad del suelo y el efecto de la cobertura de copa según la calidad del sitio forestal. Finalmente con los datos obtenidos e información de bibliografía se generó un modelo de simulación de productividad de MS y concentración de PB de gramíneas creciendo en bosques de ñire. El modelo generado después de ser sometido a diferentes pruebas se considera aceptable para ser usado como una herramienta de manejo sustentable en estos sistemas, aportando además nuevos conocimientos sobre las causales en la variación productiva y de calidad de los pastizales en bosques de ñire.