Designing a Dependency Representation and Grammar Definition Corpus for Finnish

We outline the design and creation of a syntactically and morphologically annotated corpora of Finnish for use by the research community. We motivate a definitional, systematic “grammar definition corpus” as a first step in an three-year annotation effort to help create higher-quality, better-documented extensive parsebanks at a later stage. The syntactic representation, consisting of a dependency structure and a basic set of dependency functions, is outlined with examples. Reference is made to double-blind annotation experiments to measure the applicability of the newgrammar definition corpus methodology.

Speech Enhancement using Intra-frame Dependency in DCT Domain

In this paper, we present a new speech enhancement approach, that is based on exploiting the intra-frame dependency of discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain coefficients. It can be noted that the existing enhancement techniques treat the transformdomain coefficients independently. Instead of this traditional approach of independently processing the scalars, we split the DCT domain noisy speech vector into sub-vectors and each sub-vector is enhanced independently. Through this sub-vector based approach, the higher dimensional enhancement advantage, viz. non-linear dependency, is exploited. In the developed method, each clean speech sub-vector is modeled using a Gaussian mixture (GM) density. We show that the proposed Gaussian mixture model (GMM) based DCT domain method, using sub-vector processing approach, provides better performance than the conventional approach of enhancing the transform domain scalar components independently. Performance improvement over the recently proposed GMM based time domain approach is also shown.

Increased time-dependent room temperature plasticity in metallic glass nanopillars and its size-dependency

Room temperature, uniaxial compression creep experiments were performed on micro-/nano-sized pillars (having diameters in the range of 250-2000 nm) of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) to investigate the influence of sample size on the time-dependent plastic deformation behavior in amorphous alloys. Experimental results reveal that plastic deformation indeed occurs at ambient temperature and at stresses that are well below the nominal quasi-static yield stress. At a given stress, higher total strains accrue in the smaller specimens. In all cases, plastic deformation was found to be devoid of shear bands, i.e., it occurs in homogeneous manner. The stress exponent obtained from the slope of the linear relation between strain rate and applied stress also shows a strong size effect, which is rationalized in terms of the amount of free volume created during deformation and the surface-to-volume ratio of the pillar. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Splicing Functions and Global Dependency on Fission Yeast Slu7 Reveal Diversity in Spliceosome Assembly

The multiple short introns in Schizosaccharomyces pombe genes with degenerate cis sequences and atypically positioned polypyrimidine tracts make an interesting model to investigate canonical and alternative roles for conserved splicing factors. Here we report functions and interactions of the S. pombe slu7(+) (spslu7(+)) gene product, known from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human in vitro reactions to assemble into spliceosomes after the first catalytic reaction and to dictate 3' splice site choice during the second reaction. By using a missense mutant of this essential S. pombe factor, we detected a range of global splicing derangements that were validated in assays for the splicing status of diverse candidate introns. We ascribe widespread, intron-specific SpSlu7 functions and have deduced several features, including the branch nucleotide-to-3' splice site distance, intron length, and the impact of its A/U content at the 5' end on the intron's dependence on SpSlu7. The data imply dynamic substrate-splicing factor relationships in multiintron transcripts. Interestingly, the unexpected early splicing arrest in spslu7-2 revealed a role before catalysis. We detected a salt-stable association with U5 snRNP and observed genetic interactions with spprp1(+), a homolog of human U5-102k factor. These observations together point to an altered recruitment and dependence on SpSlu7, suggesting its role in facilitating transitions that promote catalysis, and highlight the diversity in spliceosome assembly.

Context dependency of rewards and services in an Indian ant-plant interaction: southern sites favour the mutualism between plants and ants

Protection-based ant-plant mutualisms may vary in strength due to differences in ant rewards, abundance of protective ants and herbivory pressure. We investigated geographical and temporal variation in host plant traits and herbivory pressure at five sites spanning the distribution range of the myrmecophyte Humboldtia brunonis (Fabaceae) in the Indian Western Ghats. Southern siteshad, onaverage, 2.4 times greater abundance of domatia-bearing individuals, 1.6 times greater extrafloral nectary numbers per leaf, 1.2 times larger extrafloral nectary sizes, 2.2 times greater extrafloral nectar (EFN) volumes and a two-fold increase in total amino acid and total sugar concentrations in EFN compared with northern sites. Astrong protection-based mutualismwith ants occurred at only one southern site where herbivory was highest, suggesting that investments in attracting ants correlate with anti-herbivore benefits gained from the presence of protective ants. Our results confirm a temporally stable north-south gradient in myrmecophytic traits in this ant-plant as several of these traits were re-sampled after a 5-y interval. However, the chemical composition of EFN varied at both spatial and short-term temporal scales suggesting that only repeated measurements of rewards such as EFN can reveal the real spectrum of trait variation in an ant-plant mutualistic system.

Splicing Functions and Global Dependency on Fission Yeast Slu7 Reveal Diversity in Spliceosome Assembly

The multiple short introns in Schizosaccharomyces pombe genes with degenerate cis sequences and atypically positioned polypyrimidine tracts make an interesting model to investigate canonical and alternative roles for conserved splicing factors. Here we report functions and interactions of the S. pombe slu7(+) (spslu7(+)) gene product, known from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human in vitro reactions to assemble into spliceosomes after the first catalytic reaction and to dictate 3' splice site choice during the second reaction. By using a missense mutant of this essential S. pombe factor, we detected a range of global splicing derangements that were validated in assays for the splicing status of diverse candidate introns. We ascribe widespread, intron-specific SpSlu7 functions and have deduced several features, including the branch nucleotide-to-3' splice site distance, intron length, and the impact of its A/U content at the 5' end on the intron's dependence on SpSlu7. The data imply dynamic substrate-splicing factor relationships in multiintron transcripts. Interestingly, the unexpected early splicing arrest in spslu7-2 revealed a role before catalysis. We detected a salt-stable association with U5 snRNP and observed genetic interactions with spprp1(+), a homolog of human U5-102k factor. These observations together point to an altered recruitment and dependence on SpSlu7, suggesting its role in facilitating transitions that promote catalysis, and highlight the diversity in spliceosome assembly.

Parametric Study of the Device Angle Dependency of a Single Vortex Generator on a Flat Plate

Ponencia presentada en el 10th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM 2012), Sao Paulo (Brazil).Publicados los abstracts en documento con ISBN: 978-85-86686-69-6.

Patterns of scale-dependency and the influence of map resolution on the seascape ecology of reef fish

Detection and perception of ecological relationships between biota and their surrounding habitats is sensitive to analysis scale and resolution of habitat data. We measured strength of univariate linear correlations between reef fish and seascape variables at multiple spatial scales (25 to 800 m). Correlation strength was used to identify the scale that best associates fish to their surrounding habitat. To evaluate the influence of map resolution, seascape variables were calculated based on 4 separate benthic maps produced using 2 levels of spatial and thematic resolution, respectively. Individual seascape variables explained only 25% of the variability in fish distributions. Length of reef edge was correlated with more aspects of the fish assemblage than other features. Area of seagrass and bare sand correlated with distribution of many fish, not just obligate users. No fish variables correlated with habitat diversity. Individual fish species achieved a wider range of correlations than mobility guilds or the entire fish assemblage. Scales of peak correlation were the same for juveniles and adults in a majority of comparisons. Highly mobile species exhibited broader scales of peak correlation than either resident or moderately mobile fish. Use of different input maps changed perception of the strength and even the scale of peak correlations for many comparisons involving hard bottom edge length and area of sand, whereas results were consistent regardless of map type for comparisons involving area of seagrass and habitat diversity.

Copula-based Kernel Dependency Measures

The paper presents a new copula based method for measuring dependence between random variables. Our approach extends the Maximum Mean Discrepancy to the copula of the joint distribution. We prove that this approach has several advantageous properties. Similarly to Shannon mutual information, the proposed dependence measure is invariant to any strictly increasing transformation of the marginal variables. This is important in many applications, for example in feature selection. The estimator is consistent, robust to outliers, and uses rank statistics only. We derive upper bounds on the convergence rate and propose independence tests too. We illustrate the theoretical contributions through a series of experiments in feature selection and low-dimensional embedding of distributions.

Light dependency of the photosynthetic recovery of Nostoc flagelliforme

PS II photochemical efficiency (F-v/F-m) of Nostoc flagelliforme was examined after rewetting in order to investigate the light-dependency of its photosynthetic recovery. F-v/F-m was not detected in the dark, but was immediately recognized in the light. Different levels of light irradiation (4, 40 and 400 mu mol photon m(2) s(-1)) displayed different effects on the recovery process of photosynthesis. The intermediate level led to the best recovery of photochemical efficiency; the low light required longer and the high light inhibited the extent of the recovered efficiency. It was concluded that the photosynthetic recovery of N. flagelliforme is both light-dependent and influenced by photon flux density.