Characterization of precursors to methanol synthesis catalysts Cu/ZnO system

The composition of a series of hydroxycarbonate precursors to copper/zinc oxide methanol synthesis catalysts prepared under conditions reported as optimum for catalytic activity has been studied. Techniques employed included thermogravimetry (TG), temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. Evidence was obtained for various structural phases including hydrozincite, copper hydrozincite, aurichalcite, zincian malachite and malachite (the concentrations of which depended upon the exact Cu/Zn ratio used). Significantly, previously reported phases such as gerhardite and rosasite were not identified when catalysts were synthesized at optimum solution pH and temperature values, and after appropriate aging periods. Calcination of the hydroxycarbonate precursors resulted in the formation of catalysts containing an intimate mixture of copper and zinc oxides. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) revealed that a number of discrete copper oxide species were present in the catalyst, the precise concentrations of which were determined to be related to the structure of the catalyst precursor. Copper hydrozincite decomposed to give zinc oxide particles decorated by highly dispersed, small copper oxide species. Aurichalcite appeared to result ultimately in the most intimately mixed catalyst structure whereas zincian malachite decomposed to produce larger copper oxide and zinc oxide grains. The reason for the stabilization of small copper oxide and zinc oxide clusters by aurichalcite was investigated by using carefully selected calcination temperatures. It was concluded that the unique formation of an 'anion-modified' oxide resulting from the initial decomposition stage of aurichalcite was responsible for the 'binding' of copper species to zinc moieties.

Synthesis of Cu@ZnO Core−Shell Nanocomposite through Digestive Ripening of Cu and Zn Nanoparticles

The synthesis of colloids of copper and zinc nanoparticles by solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) is described. The as-prepared colloids with a large size distribution of the particles are transformed into colloidal nanoparticles of a narrow size distribution by the digestive ripening process which involves refluxing the colloid at or near the boiling point of the solvent in the presence of a passivating ligand. The copper nanoparticles of 2.1 ± 0.3 nm and zinc nanoparticles of 3.9 ± 0.3 nm diameters have thus been obtained. Digestive ripening of the as-prepared copper and zinc colloids together in the presence of a passivating agent gave Cu@ZnO core−shell nanoparticles, with an average diameter of 3.0 ± 0.7 nm. Particles synthesized in this manner were characterized by UV−visible spectroscopy, high-resolution electron microscopy, energy-filtered electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction methods which confirm the core−shell structure.

Oxidation of methanol on the surfaces of model Cu/ZnO catalysts containing Cu1+ and Cu-0 species

Interaction of CH3OH with Cu clusters deposited on ZnO films grown on a Zn foil as well as on a ZnO(0001)Zn crystal, has been examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On clean Cu clusters, reversible molecular adsorption or formation of CH3O is observed. However if the Cu clusters are pretreated with oxygen, both CH3O and HCOO- species are produced. Model Cu/ZnO catalyst surfaces, containing both Cu1+ and Cu-0 species, show interesting oxidation properties. On a Cu-0-rich catalyst surface, only CH3O species is formed on interaction with CH3OH. On a Cu1+-rich surface, however, HCOO- ion is the predominant species.

Influence of HZSM-5 catalyst on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) in solution

The kinetics of thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in solution was investigated at various temperatures (210-250degreesC). The degradation rate coefficients were determined from the time evolution of the molecular weight distribution (MWD). The energy of activation, determined from the temperature dependence of the rate coefficient, was 26.6 kcal/mol. The degradation of PVC was also studied in the presence of a catalyst (HZSM-5 zeolite). The results indicated that increase of the degradation rate of PVC is first order with the HZSM-5 concentration up to 50 g/L and zero order at higher concentrations. The thermal degradation kinetics of PVC in the presence of 50 g/L of the catalyst was studied at various temperatures. The temperature dependency of the rate coefficient was used to calculate the activation energy (21.5 kcal/mol). This is consistent with the observation that the presence of a catalyst generally decreases the activation energy and promotes degradation. (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Estudio de catalizadores basados en zeolitas HZSM-5 sometidas a tratamiento in situ con vapor de agua para la transformación de 1-buteno a propileno

El propileno es un monómero muy versátil y es la materia prima para una amplia gama de polímeros, intermedios y productos químicos. Esta versatilidad se debe a su estructura química: al igual que el etileno, el propileno contiene un doble enlace carbono - carbono, pero a diferencia de éste, el propileno contiene también un grupo metil - alílico (un grupo metilo adyacente a un doble enlace), otorgando a los químicos, diseñadores catalíticos e ingenieros dos distintas alternativas para llevar a cabo las trasformaciones químicas, por lo que son más numerosos los derivados del propilen o que del etileno (Plotkin, 2005).

Transformação de metanol em olefinas leves catalisada por zeólitas HZSM-5

A reação de transformação de MeOH em olefinas leves foi investigada sobre zeólitas HZSM-5 com razões SiO2/Al2O3 (SAR) iguais a 30, 80 e 280. As propriedades ácidas e texturais da amostra com SAR 30 foram modificadas por impregnação com ácido fosfórico. A caracterização físico-química das amostras foi realizada empregando-se as técnicas de FRX, fisissorção de N2, DRX, DTP de NH3 e IV com adsorção de piridina. O desempenho catalítico das mesmas foi comparado tanto em condições reacionais similares (mesma T, pressão parcial de MeOH e WHSV) como em condições de isoconversão. Verificou-se, que quanto maior a SAR da zeólita, menor a densidade total e a força dos sítios ácidos presentes, sendo este efeito mais significativo para os sítios de Brönsted. O efeito do aumento da SAR favoreceu a estabilidade catalítica e a formação de olefinas leves, principalmente propeno. No caso das amostras contendo fósforo, foi observada uma redução linear na área específica BET e no volume de microporos com o aumento do teor de fósforo. Estes resultados, aliados aos obtidos por DRX, sugerem que a redução mais significativa na área específica e no volume de microporos pode ser associada à redução na cristalinidade e à formação de espécies amorfas contendo fósforo, que bloqueariam a estrutura porosa da zeólita. Não se observou alteração significativa na força dos sítios fracos, enquanto a força dos sítios fortes diminuiu significativamente. As amostras apresentando menor SAR e menor teor de fósforo foram mais ativas. Por outro lado, em condições de isoconversão de 916%, a amostra mais seletiva à formação de olefinas foi aquela com maior SAR. Dentre as amostras impregnadas, aquela contendo 4% de fósforo foi a mais seletiva a propeno, enquanto a que continha 6% foi mais seletiva a eteno. A amostra com SAR igual a 280 foi investigada variando-se a temperatura de reação (400, 500 e 540C) e a pressão parcial de metanol (0,038; 0,083 e 0,123 atm), através de um planejamento experimental do tipo Box-Benhnken (32). O rendimento otimizado em olefinas leves foi alcançado a 480C e 0,08 atm. O modelo proposto descreveu bem os dados experimentais e evidenciou a existência de uma faixa ótima de temperatura para maximização do rendimento em propeno e eteno, o qual foi também afetado pela pressão parcial de MeOH na faixa estudada. Palavras-chave: ZSM-5, olefinas, propeno, eteno, processo MTO, fósforo.

Effect of Ru addition to CO/SiO2/HZSM-5 catalysts on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of gasoline-range hydrocarbons

Microporous HZSM-5 zeolite and mesoporous SiO2 supported Ru-Co catalysts of various Ru adding amounts were prepared and evaluated for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) of gasoline-range hydrocarbons (C-5-C-12). The tailor-made Ru-Co/SiO2/HZSM-5 catalysts possessed both micro- and mesopores, which accelerated hydrocracking/hydroisomerization of long-chain products and provided quick mass transfer channels respectively during FTS. In the same time. Ru increased Cor reduction degree by hydrogen spillover, thus CO conversion of 62.8% and gasoline-range hydrocarbon selectivity of 47%, including more than 14% isoparaffins, were achieved simultaneously when Ru content was optimized at 1 wt% in Ru-Co/SiO2/HZSM-5 catalyst.

Gasoline-range hydrocarbon synthesis over cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts supported onSiO2/HZSM-5

Two types of SiO2 with different mesopore size and HZSM-5 zeolite were used to prepare hybrid supported cobalt-based catalysts. The textual and structural properties of the catalysts were studied using N-2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and H-2 temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) techniques. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) performances of the catalysts were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The combination effects of the meso- and micropores of the supports as well as the interaction between supports and cobalt particles on FTS activity are discussed. The results indicate that the catalyst supported on the tailor-made SiO2 and HZSM-5 hybrid maintained both meso- and micropore pores during the preparation process without HZSM-5 particles agglomerating. The mesopores provided quick mass transfer channels, while the micropores contributed to high metal dispersion and accelerated hydrocracking/hydroisomerization reaction rate. High CO conversion of 83.9% and selectivity to gasoline-range hydrocarbons (C-5-C-12) of 55%, including more than 10% isoparaffins, were achieved simultaneously on this type of catalyst.

Hzsm-5和Y沸石中Se链的吸收和喇曼光谱

用扩散的方法,在HZSM-5和Y沸石中制备了具有不同Se组分的Se链样品,并对样品进行了吸收和喇曼光谱测试.结果表明:制备的样品均为非晶Se链结构,随制备条件的不同,非晶Se链的混乱度有所不同.