Taxa de desenvolvimento de Chrysomya albiceps(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) em dieta artificial acrescida de tecido animal para uso forense

Forensic entomology uses biological and ecological aspects of necrophagous insects to help in criminal investigations to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI) or to determine the cause of death. Recent papers demonstrated that the presence of toxins in decomposing tissues may alter the insect developmental rate of insects exploiting such tissues as food. Thus, preliminary tests with artificial diets in laboratory are necessary to create a database to investigate and quantify the modifications that can occur with the collected insects from a criminal scene, avoiding any errors on the PMI estimates. The present study aimed to evaluate the developmental rate of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) reared on: a) artificial diets containing animal tissues: bovine liver (D1), raw muscle (D2), stomach (D3), and chicken heart (D4); b) artificial diet without animal tissue (D5); and c) a control group (C), which had only meat. The efficiency of each substrate was assessed by immature weight gain (mg), larval developmental time, larval and pupal survival, emergence interval and adult size. D1 to D4 diets did not restrict C. albiceps development; however, larvae reared on D1 and D2 diets presented a lower adult emergence rate. D3 and control group showed similarities regarding the efficiency parameters (rate and emergence interval). Thus, the use of diet D3, artificial diet with stomach, is the most recommended.

Postfeeding radial dispersal in larvae of Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera : Calliphoridae): implications for forensic entomology

Blowflies utilize discrete and ephemeral breeding sites for larval nutrition. After the exhaustion of food, larvae begin dispersing in search of sites to pupate or additional food sources, a process referred as postfeeding larval dispersal. Some of the most important aspects of this process were investigated in the blowfly Chrysomya albiceps, employing a circular arena to allow radial dispersion of larvae from the center. The results showed a positive correlation between burial depth and distance, and a negative correlation between distance and pupal weight. These results can be used in forensic entomology for the postmortem interval estimation of human corpses in medico-criminal investigations. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

Estudo da dispersão larval radial pós-alimentar em Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dispersão larval radial pós-alimentar em Lucilia cuprina (Diptera, Calliphoridae): profundidade, peso e distância de enterramento para pupação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito do tipo de substrato para pupação na dispersão larval pós-alimentar de Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Illegal hunting cases detected with molecular forensics in Brazil

Background: Illegal hunting is one of the major threats to vertebrate populations in tropical regions. This unsustainable practice has serious consequences not only for the target populations, but also for the dynamics and structure of tropical ecosystems. Generally, in cases of suspected illegal hunting, the only evidence available is pieces of meat, skin or bone. In these cases, species identification can only be reliably determined using molecular technologies. Here, we reported an investigative study of three cases of suspected wildlife poaching in which molecular biology techniques were employed to identify the hunted species from remains of meat.Findings: By applying cytochrome b (cyt-b) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) molecular markers, the suspected illegal poaching was confirmed by the identification of three wild species, capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) and Pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus). In Brazil, hunting is a criminal offense, and based on this evidence, the defendants were found guilty and punished with fines; they may still be sentenced to prison for a period of 6 to 12 months.Conclusions: The genetic analysis used in this investigative study was suitable to diagnose the species killed and solve these criminal investigations. Molecular forensic techniques can therefore provide an important tool that enables local law enforcement agencies to apprehend illegal poachers. © 2012 Sanches et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Análise faunística de dípteros necrófagos: ecologia e aplicação forense

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

A efetivação do direito humano à paz por intermédio da Defensoria Pública: atuação em favor da vítima na presecução penal

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Human identification by means of conventional and digital Cheiloscopy: a study of the literature

One of the areas of human identification is Cheiloscopy, the name given to the study of the lips, their characteristics (such as thickness, position of the grooves and grooves) and the record of the impressions left by them. There are variations in the layout of the lines and fissures of the lips, which are unique to each individual, permanent and unchanging. The lip print rarely changes, enduring minor traumas such as inflammation or sores. In criminal investigations, lip prints, visible through the presence of lipstick, can be found on glasses, napkins, clothes, cigarettes, indicating a relationship between the subject and the scene of the crime. Latent impressions may be revealed employing specific chemicals such as powder of silver and aluminum nitrate. Although it is not a very common method, Cheiloscopy may become very useful in forensics due to the extensive amount of valuable information that it brings. The objective of this study was to review the literature on the use of Cheiloscopy in human identification, using traditional and digital methods. It was found that the literature is still in need of studies in this area. The advent of new digital technologies can facilitate the implementation of technical expertise, generating speed and objectivity. New research studies are necessary, especially in the development of digital methods. The application of Cheiloscopy can greatlyhelp with Law, in the identification of living suspects and dead individuals. In the end the benefit will fall to society as a whole.

L'utilizzabilità degli atti nella fase investigativa. La prova per le indagini preliminari

The doctorate’s theme of research - Abstract My doctorate’s theme of research is about the Investigation in the Italian criminal proceedings. The Italian Code of criminal procedure of 1988 is the fruit of a new ideology that marks a departure from Italy’s prior inquisitorial tradition. According to criminal procedure Code of 1988, an accusatorial system separates the investigation and trial stages and the judge’s decision is based only on evidence collected in oral form in his presence in a public trial containing adversarial dynamics. The Italian Code of 1988 created a separation between criminal investigations and trial. Investigations are conducted by Public Prosecutor: he conducts the investigation phase in order to deem whether to file a formal charge against the defendant or to dismiss the case and the investigative evidence collected should serve only for this purpose. According to so called “inutilizzabilità fisiologica”’s rule, the evidence collected during investigations by prosecutor is not usable during trial by the judge: the results of the investigative efforts displayed by the parties should be kept outside of court. If the proceedings go on to trial, the case shall be deemed with only evidence collected in front of the judge. To create the separation of the trial phase from the investigation stage, there is the double-dossier system. During the investigations, evidence are collected in an investigation dossier. The trial judge will never see the investigation dossier and the trial judge’s decision is based on a new dossier, the trial dossier, with the evidence collected during the trial. The issue of my research is about the investigation, the so called “inutilizzabilità fisiologica”’s rule and also the exclusionary rules that concern the investigative phase and the decisions pronounced during the investigations (for example, the decisions concerning pre-trial confinement). 2 In fact, the exclusionary rule system (so called “inutilizzabilità patologica”) provides that evidence cannot be used in Italian criminal proceedings if it was the result of illegal inquiry.

Tecniche investigative ed aspetti criminologici nelle indagini giudiziarie relative ai suicidi ed alle morti equivoche. L'autopsia psicologica

La ricerca è strutturata in due sezioni: nella prima, dopo una premessa storica sul suicidio ed una lettura dei relativi dati statistici italiani integrata dall’analisi delle principali teorie sociologiche e dei principali aspetti psicopatologici e di psicologia clinica, vengono esaminati i risultati forniti da numerosi studi scientifici sul tema complementare delle morti equivoche, con particolare riferimento alle categorie a rischio rappresentate da anziani, carcerati, piloti di aerei, soggetti dediti a pratiche di asfissia autoerotica o roulette russa, istigatori delle forze di polizia e suicida stradali. Successivamente sono esaminati gli aspetti investigativi e medico-legali in tema di suicidi e morti equivoche con particolare riferimento alla tecnica dell’autopsia psicologica analizzandone le origini ed evoluzioni, il suo ambito di utilizzo ed i relativi aspetti metodologici. Nella seconda sezione del lavoro il tema dei suicidi e delle morti equivoche viene approfondito grazie all’apporto di professionisti di discipline diverse esperti in materia di autopsia psicologica ed indagini giudiziarie. A questi è stata presentata, con l’utilizzo della tecnica qualitativa “Dephi, una iniziale ipotesi di protocollo di autopsia psicologica, con le relative modalità applicative, al fine di procedere ad una sua revisione ed adattamento alle esigenze operative italiane grazie alle specifiche esperienze professionali e multidisciplinari maturate dagli esperti. I dati raccolti hanno permesso di giungere alla formulazione di un protocollo di autopsia psicologica, basato sulla elaborazione di domande generali, specifiche e conclusive, a risposta aperta, che possono esser formulate, secondo le modalità previste, alle persone affettivamente significative per la vittima nei confronti della quale si intende procedere con tale strumento investigativo.

Forensic veterinary radiology: ballistic-radiological 3D computertomographic reconstruction of an illegal lynx shooting in Switzerland

The lynx, which was reintroduced to Switzerland after being exterminated at the beginning of the 20th century, is protected by Swiss law. However, poaching occurs from time to time, which makes criminal investigations necessary. In the presented case, an illegally shot lynx was examined by conventional plane radiography and three-dimensional multislice computertomography (3D MSCT), of which the latter yielded superior results with respect to documentation and reconstruction of the inflicted gunshot wounds. We believe that 3D MSCT, already described in human forensic-pathological cases, is also a suitable and promising new technique for veterinary pathology.

Search, Seizure and (False?) Arrest: An Analysis of Fourth Amendment Remedies when Police can Plant Evidence

The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures in criminal investigations. The Supreme Court has interpreted this to require that police obtain a warrant prior to search and that illegally seized evidence be excluded from trial. A consensus has developed in the law and economics literature that tort liability for police officers is a superior means of deterring unreasonable searches. We argue that this conclusion depends on the assumption of truth-seeking police, and develop a game-theoretic model to compare the two remedies when some police officers (the bad type) are willing to plant evidence in order to obtain convictions, even though other police (the good type) are not (where this type is private information). We characterize the perfect Bayesian equilibria of the asymmetric-information game between the police and a court that seeks to minimize error costs in deciding whether to convict or acquit suspects. In this framework, we show that the exclusionary rule with a warrant requirement leads to superior outcomes (relative to tort liability) in terms of truth-finding function of courts, because the warrant requirement can reduce the scope for bad types of police to plant evidence

Estimación del coste de almacenamiento de una solución de preservación de la privacidad en archivos BAM reales

A menudo los científicos secuencian el ADN de un gran número de personas con el objetivo de determinar qué genes se asocian con determinadas enfermedades. Esto permite meóon del genoma humano. El precio de un perfil genómico completo se ha posicionado por debajo de los 200 dólares y este servicio lo ofrecen muchas compañías, la mayor parte localizadas en EEUU. Como consecuencia, en unos pocos a~nos la mayoría de las personas procedentes de los países desarrollados tendrán los medios para tener su ADN secuenciado. Alrededor del 0.5% del ADN de cada persona (que corresponde a varios millones de nucleótidos) es diferente del genoma de referencia debido a variaciones genéticas. Así que el genoma contiene información altamente sensible y personal y representa la identidad biológica óon sobre el entorno o estilo de vida de uno (a menudo facilmente obtenible de las redes sociales), sería posible inferir el fenotipo del individuo. Multiples GWAS (Genome Wide Association Studies) realizados en los últimos a~nos muestran que la susceptibilidad de un paciente a tener una enfermedad en particular, como el Alzheimer, cáncer o esquizofrenia, puede ser predicha parcialmente a partir de conjuntos de sus SNP (Single Nucleotide Polimorphism). Estos resultados pueden ser usados para medicina genómica personalizada (facilitando los tratamientos preventivos y diagnósticos), tests de paternidad genéticos y tests de compatibilidad genética para averiguar a qué enfermedades pueden ser susceptibles los descendientes. Estos son algunos de los beneficios que podemos obtener usando la información genética, pero si esta información no es protegida puede ser usada para investigaciones criminales y por compañías aseguradoras. Este hecho podría llevar a discriminaci ón genética. Por lo que podemos concluir que la privacidad genómica es fundamental por el hecho de que contiene información sobre nuestra herencia étnica, nuestra predisposición a múltiples condiciones físicas y mentales, al igual que otras características fenotópicas, ancestros, hermanos y progenitores, pues los genomas de cualquier par de individuos relacionados son idénticos al 99.9%, contrastando con el 99.5% de dos personas aleatorias. La legislación actual no proporciona suficiente información técnica sobre como almacenar y procesar de forma segura los genomas digitalizados, por lo tanto, es necesaria una legislación mas restrictiva ---ABSTRACT---Scientists typically sequence DNA from large numbers of people in order to determine genes associated with particular diseases. This allows to improve the modern healthcare and to provide a better understanding of the human genome. The price of a complete genome profile has plummeted below $200 and this service is ofered by a number of companies, most of them located in the USA. Therefore, in a few years, most individuals in developed countries will have the means of having their genomes sequenced. Around 0.5% of each person's DNA (which corresponds to several millions of nucleotides) is diferent from the reference genome, owing to genetic variations. Thus, the genome contains highly personal and sensitive information, and it represents our ultimate biological identity. By combining genomic data with information about one's environment or lifestyle (often easily obtainable from social networks), could make it possible to infer the individual's phenotype. Multiple Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) performed in recent years have shown that a patient's susceptibility to particular diseases, such as Alzheimer's, cancer, or schizophrenia, can be partially predicted from sets of his SNPs. This results can be used for personalized genomic medicine (facilitating preventive treatment and diagnosis), genetic paternity tests, ancestry and genealogical testing, and genetic compatibility tests in order to have knowledge about which deseases would the descendant be susceptible to. These are some of the betefts we can obtain using genoma information, but if this information is not protected it can be used for criminal investigations and insurance purposes. Such issues could lead to genetic discrimination. So we can conclude that genomic privacy is fundamental due to the fact that genome contains information about our ethnic heritage, predisposition to numerous physical and mental health conditions, as well as other phenotypic traits, and ancestors, siblings, and progeny, since genomes of any two closely related individuals are 99.9% identical, in contrast with 99.5%, for two random people. The current legislation does not ofer suficient technical information about safe and secure ways of storing and processing digitized genomes, therefore, there is need for more restrictive legislation.

The Ukrainian government's strategy towards the opposition. OSW Commentary No. 47, 2011-09-02

In recent months in Ukraine, there has been a toughening of measures targeted at opposition leaders, in particular the former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and the former interior minister Yuri Lutsenko. These two have been charged with abuses of office when in power. The way in which the criminal investigations are being conducted shows that these measures are actually meant to prevent the two politicians from conducting regular political activities, or at least to make this practically impossible for them. These actions are an element of the Party of Regions’ long-term strategy, as it tries during the pre-election period to eliminate Yulia Tymoshenko from political life and weaken or even destroy her powerbase. Similar measures, although to a more limited extent, are being taken against other opposition groups. These actions are leading to the lowering of democratic standards in Ukraine, although these are still much higher than in Belarus or Russia; this has been proved, among other things, by the militia’s more restrained behaviour towards the protesters, and the fact that abuses of the law during the current investigations have not yet slipped into actual violations. The Ukrainian opposition is fragmented and disorganised; even the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc is unable to stage a major campaign in defence of its leader. This allows the authorities to feel free to tighten their policy towards the opposition.