The Prediction of Creep and Shrinkage Properties of Concrete, HR-136, 1970

This report is concerned with the prediction of the long-time creep and shrinkage behavior of concrete. It is divided into three main areas. l. The development of general prediction methods that can be used by a design engineer when specific experimental data are not available. 2. The development of prediction methods based on experimental data. These methods take advantage of equations developed in item l, and can be used to accurately predict creep and shrinkage after only 28 days of data collection. 3. Experimental verification of items l and 2, and the development of specific prediction equations for four sand-lightweight aggregate concretes tested in the experimental program. The general prediction equations and methods are developed in Chapter II. Standard Equations to estimate the creep of normal weight concrete (Eq. 9), sand-lightweight concrete (Eq. 12), and lightweight concrete (Eq. 15) are recommended. These equations are developed for standard conditions (see Sec. 2. 1) and correction factors required to convert creep coefficients obtained from equations 9, 12, and 15 to valid predictions for other conditions are given in Equations 17 through 23. The correction factors are shown graphically in Figs. 6 through 13. Similar equations and methods are developed for the prediction of the shrinkage of moist cured normal weight concrete (Eq. 30}, moist cured sand-lightweight concrete (Eq. 33}, and moist cured lightweight concrete (Eq. 36). For steam cured concrete the equations are Eq. 42 for normal weight concrete, and Eq. 45 for lightweight concrete. Correction factors are given in Equations 47 through 52 and Figs., 18 through 24. Chapter III summarizes and illustrates, by examples, the prediction methods developed in Chapter II. Chapters IV and V describe an experimental program in which specific prediction equations are developed for concretes made with Haydite manufactured by Hydraulic Press Brick Co. (Eqs. 53 and 54}, Haydite manufactured by Buildex Inc. (Eqs. 55 and 56), Haydite manufactured by The Cater-Waters Corp. (Eqs. 57 and 58}, and Idealite manufactured by Idealite Co. (Eqs. 59 and 60). General prediction equations are also developed from the data obtained in the experimental program (Eqs. 61 and 62) and are compared to similar equations developed in Chapter II. Creep and Shrinkage prediction methods based on 28 day experimental data are developed in Chapter VI. The methods are verified by comparing predicted and measured values of the long-time creep and shrinkage of specimens tested at the University of Iowa (see Chapters IV and V) and elsewhere. The accuracy obtained is shown to be superior to other similar methods available to the design engineer.

Incompressibility of neutron-rich matter

The saturation properties of neutron-rich matter are investigated in a relativistic mean-field formalism using two accurately calibrated models: NL3 and FSUGold. The saturation properties density, binding energy per nucleon, and incompressibility coefficient are calculated as a function of the neutron-proton asymmetry α≡(N-Z)/A to all orders in α. Good agreement (at the 10% level or better) is found between these numerical calculations and analytic expansions that are given in terms of a handful of bulk parameters determined at saturation density. Using insights developed from the analytic approach and a general expression for the incompressibility coefficient of infinite neutron-rich matter, i.e., K0(α)=K0+Kτα2+ , we construct a hybrid model with values for K0 and Kτ as suggested by recent experimental findings. Whereas the hybrid model provides a better description of the measured distribution of isoscalar monopole strength in the Sn isotopes relative to both NL3 and FSUGold, it significantly underestimates the distribution of strength in 208Pb. Thus, we conclude that the incompressibility coefficient of neutron-rich matter remains an important open problem.

Symmetry coefficients and incompressibility of clusterized supernova matter

The symmetry energy coefficients, incompressibility, and single-particle and isovector potentials of clusterized dilute nuclear matter are calculated at different temperatures employing the S-matrix approach to the evaluation of the equation of state. Calculations have been extended to understand the aforesaid properties of homogeneous and clusterized supernova matter in the subnuclear density region. A comparison of the results in the S-matrix and mean-field approach reveals some subtle differences in the density and temperature region we explore.

Curving simulation and stability of a creep-controlled wheelset for high speed rail-vehicles

Higher travel speeds of rail vehicles will be possible by developing sophisticated top performance bogies having creep-controlled wheelsets. In this case the torque transmission between the right and the left wheel is realized by an actively controlled creep coupling. To investigate hunting stability and curving capability the linear equations of motion are written in state space notation. Simulation results are obtained with realistic system parameters from industry and various controller gains. The advantage of the „creep-controlled wheelset" is discussed by comparison the simulation results with the dynamic behaviour of the special cases „solid-axle wheelset" and „loose wheelset" (independent rotation of the wheels). The stability is also investigated with a root-locus analysis.

Creep show suivi de "Je est des autres" : de l'esthétique borderline chez Marie-Sissi Labrèche

Dans Creep show, un narrateur présente ses creeps, les malades de son entourage, des schizophrènes inadéquatement nommés, afin de les ramener à la vie par ses mots. En se souvenant de certains moments où la folie se manifestait à lui, il veut déterrer ses ensevelis, les faire parler en leur prêtant son écriture. Dans un récit morcelé pouvant évoquer une galerie de portraits en mouvement, les protagonistes sont présentés comme des monstres, des rêveurs ou des sources d’inspiration selon le moment relaté par un narrateur affecté qui se replonge littéralement dans un passé s’échelonnant entre l’enfance et l’âge de dix-huit ans. Portant autant sur la maladie mentale que sur la honte et la peur des mots, Creep show est un texte sur le silence et l’impuissance, sur l’incapacité de nommer adéquatement la folie ; il s’agit d’un court récit de dix-sept scènes encadrées par un prologue et un épilogue où l’écriture d’un traumatisme se vit comme une histoire d’amour. L’essai intitulé “Je est des autres.” De l’esthétique borderline chez Marie-Sissi Labrèche décrit la genèse d’une esthétique « borderline ». Dans une approche à la fois psychanalytique et narratologique, fondée sur les concepts de la mélancolie, du kitsch et de la crypte, l’analyse tente de montrer quel type de construction thématique et formelle soutient cette esthétique. À partir d’éléments représentatifs de l’univers de Marie-Sissi Labrèche (la question de la limite, la pulsion de mort, le rapport au corps et l’instabilité), l’essai s’intéresse à la façon dont la narratrice de Borderline (2000) donne à lire une identité sédimentaire, un autoportrait masqué-fêlé, où « Je est [des] autre[s] ». En regard de ces éléments, l’hypothèse d’une machine textuelle fonctionnant – thématiquement et formellement – dans et par l’instabilité et l’altérité oriente la réflexion vers l’idée d’une écriture du trauma qui pourrait représenter une tentative de réappropriation identitaire passant par l’esthétique dite « borderline ».

Nuclear incompressibility in the quasilocal density functional theory

We explore the ability of the recently established quasilocal density functional theory for describing the isoscalar giant monopole resonance. Within this theory we use the scaling approach and perform constrained calculations for obtaining the cubic and inverse energy weighted moments (sum rules) of the RPA strength. The meaning of the sum rule approach in this case is discussed. Numerical calculations are carried out using Gogny forces and an excellent agreement is found with HF+RPA results previously reported in literature. The nuclear matter compression modulus predicted in our model lies in the range 210230 MeV which agrees with earlier findings. The information provided by the sum rule approach in the case of nuclei near the neutron drip line is also discussed.

Quantifying the residual creep life of polyester mooring ropes

This paper assesses the ARELIS (Assured Residual Life Span) method for estimating residual creep life of polyester rope used in deepwater mooring lines. A statistical model has been developed to quantify the uncertainties in the method, such as the scatter in creep rupture test data and load sharing between sub-ropes. This model can be used to determine the required test load, duration and number of ARELIS tests, in order to guarantee a minimum creep life for a mooring line at its service load. Creep rupture tests have been performed to provide input for the statistical model.

Damage rate is a predictor of fatigue life and creep strain rate in fatigue of tensile human cortical bone samples

We present results on the growth of damage in 29 fatigue tests of human femoral cortical bone from four individuals, aged 53–79. In these tests we examine the interdependency of stress, cycles to failure, rate of creep strain, and rate of modulus loss. The behavior of creep rates has been reported recently for the same donors as an effect of stress and cycles (Cotton, J. R., Zioupos, P., Winwood, K., and Taylor, M., 2003, "Analysis of Creep Strain During Tensile Fatigue of Cortical Bone," J. Biomech. 36, pp. 943–949). In the present paper we first examine how the evolution of damage (drop in modulus per cycle) is associated with the stress level or the "normalized stress" level (stress divided by specimen modulus), and results show the rate of modulus loss fits better as a function of normalized stress. However, we find here that even better correlations can be established between either the cycles to failure or creep rates versus rates of damage than any of these three measures versus normalized stress. The data indicate that damage rates can be excellent predictors of fatigue life and creep strain rates in tensile fatigue of human cortical bone for use in practical problems and computer simulations.

Analysis of creep strain during tensile fatigue of cortical bone

During fatigue tests of cortical bone specimens, at the unload portion of the cycle (zero stress) non-zero strains occur and progressively accumulate as the test progresses. This non-zero strain is hypothesised to be mostly, if not entirely, describable as creep. This work examines the rate of accumulation of this strain and quantifies its stress dependency. A published relationship determined from creep tests of cortical bone (Journal of Biomechanics 21 (1988) 623) is combined with knowledge of the stress history during fatigue testing to derive an expression for the amount of creep strain in fatigue tests. Fatigue tests on 31 bone samples from four individuals showed strong correlations between creep strain rate and both stress and “normalised stress” (σ/E) during tensile fatigue testing (0–T). Combined results were good (r2=0.78) and differences between the various individuals, in particular, vanished when effects were examined against normalised stress values. Constants of the regression showed equivalence to constants derived in creep tests. The universality of the results, with respect to four different individuals of both sexes, shows great promise for use in computational models of fatigue in bone structures.

A stress relaxation model for the viscoelastic solids based on the steady-state creep equation

Creep and stress relaxation are inherent mechanical behaviors of viscoelastic materials. It is considered that both are different performances of one identical physical phenomenon. The relationship between the decay stress and time during stress relaxation has been derived from the power law equation of the steady-state creep. The model was used to analyse the stress relaxation curves of various different viscoelastic materials (such as pure polycrystalline ice, polymers, foods, bones, metal, animal tissues, etc.). The calculated results using the theoretical model agree with the experimental data very well. Here we show that the new mathematical formula is not only simple but its parameters have the clear physical meanings. It is suitable to materials with a very broad scope and has a strong predictive ability.

Creep and recovery of magnetorheological fluids: experiments and simulations

A direct comparative study on the creep-recovery behavior of conventional MR fluids is carried out using magnetorheometry and particle-level simulations. Two particle concentrations are investigated (ϕ=0.05 and 0.30) at two different magnetic field strengths (53 kA•m-1 and 173 kA•m-1) in order to match the yield stresses developed in both systems for easier comparison. Simulations are mostly started with random initial structures with some additional tests of using preassembled single chains in the low concentration case. Experimental and simulation data are in good qualitative agreement. The results demonstrate three regions in the creep curves: i) In the initial viscoelastic region, the chain-like (at ϕ=0.05) or percolated three-dimensional network (at ϕ=0.30) structures fill up the gap and the average cluster size remains constant; ii) Above a critical strain of 10 %, in the retardation region, these structures begin to break and rearrange under shear. At large enough imposed stress values, they transform into thin sheet-like or thick lamellar structures, depending on the particle concentration; iii) Finally in the case of larger strain values either the viscosity diverges (at low stress values) or reaches a constant low value (at high stress values), showing a clear bifurcation behavior. For stresses below the bifurcation point the MR fluid is capable to recover the strain by a certain fraction. However, no recovery is observed for large stress values.

Utilização do creep-feeding e seus efeitos no peso a desmama de terneiros e no desempenho reprodutivo de vacas de corte

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do creep-feeding no ganho de peso e comportamento ingestivo de concentrado dos terneiros e impacto no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas primíparas (Experimento I) e de vacas multíparas (Experimento II). Os tratamentos em cada experimento foram T1: vacas amamentando terneiros em sistema creep-feeding; T2: vacas amamentando terneiras em sistema creep-feeding; T3: vacas amamentando terneiros em sistema sem creep-feeding e T4: vacas amamentando terneiras em sistema sem creep-feeding. No Experimento I, o sistema creep-feeding promoveu nas vacas peso vivo (PV) e escore de condição corporal (CC) no final do experimento mais altos (P<0,01) em relação às vacas do sistema sem creep-feeding (412 kg e 3,94 vs. 399 kg e 3,77, respectivamente). Foi observado para as vacas do sistema creep-feeding ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) mais elevados (P<0,01) em relação ao grupo de vacas onde os terneiros (as) não receberam suplementação (0,549 vs. 0,449 kg/dia). O sistema de alimentação e o sexo dos terneiros (as) não influenciaram a porcentagem de repetição de prenhez das vacas primíparas (76,5%). O sistema creep-feeding proporcionou maior peso vivo ao desmame e maior GMD (P<0,01) para terneiros (as) em comparação a estas categorias no sistema sem creep-feeding (194 kg e 0,843 kg/dia vs. 174 kg e 0,701 kg/dia, respectivamente). Na avaliação do comportamento ingestivo de concentrado se observou maior (P<0,01) tempo médio de consumo de concentrado (TCT) para os terneiros em relação as terneiras. Não se encontrou diferença (P>0,05) para número diário de acesso ao cocho (NAT) e porcentagem de terneiros (as) consumindo concentrado (PAT). No Experimento II, não se observou diferença significativa (P>0,05) para GMD e CC das vacas durante o experimento, em função do sistema de alimentação e do sexo dos terneiros (0,265 kg/dia e 3,15, respectivamente). O sistema de alimentação e o sexo dos terneiros (as) não influenciaram a porcentagem de repetição de prenhez das vacas multíparas, apresentando média de 76,5%. O sistema de alimentação e o sexo dos terneiros apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,01) para PV ao desmame (195, 184, 172 e 165 kg para T1, T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente) e para GMD (0,849, 0,789, 0,705 e 0,637 kg/dia para T1, T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente). Na avaliação do comportamento ingestivo de concentrado dos terneiros (as) de vacas multíparas não se observou diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre sexo para TCT, NAT E PAT.

Forma física da ração e pesos de abate nas características de carcaça de cordeiros em creep feeding

Avaliaram-se 20 cordeiros machos ¾ mestiços Suffolk submetidos a dietas isoprotéicas (21% proteína bruta) e isoenergéticas (2,9 Mcal EM/kg MS), nas formas farelada e peletizada, e abatidos com 26 e 28 kg de peso vivo. Os cordeiros tiveram acesso ao creep feeding, permanecendo com as ovelhas até atingirem o peso de abate. A ração peletizada promoveu maior rendimento de carcaça quente (54,18% para ração peletizada e 52,04% para ração farelada) e maior rendimento verdadeiro (58,37% peletizada e 56,66% farelada). O peso vivo final não interferiu nos pesos das carcaças quente e fria (12,79 e 13,05 kg para 26 e 28 kg de peso vivo final, respectivamente). Não houve interferência da forma física da ração e do peso vivo final dos animais na área do olho de lombo e no comprimento do lombo. A largura do lombo e a máxima espessura de gordura foram maiores nas carcaças dos animais que receberam ração peletizada e a mínima espessura foi inferior nos animais abatidos com 26 kg de peso vivo (1,48 e 1,77 cm para os cordeiros abatidos com 26 e 28 kg, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que o uso da ração peletizada proporcionou aos cordeiros melhoria dos índices de rendimento de carcaça quente, rendimento biológico, profundidade do lombo e índice de compacidade da carcaça. O peso vivo de 26 kg apresentou-se como o mais satisfatório para o abate de cordeiros, por apresentar características de carcaça semelhantes àqueles abatidos com 28 kg.

Desempenho, características de carcaça e resultado econômico de cordeiros criados em creep feeding com silagem de grãos úmidos de milho

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, estudar níveis de substituição (0; 50 e 100%) do milho grão seco moído pela silagem de grãos úmidos de milho na ração de cordeiros alimentados em creep feeding. Vinte e quatro cordeiros Suffolk foram avaliados quanto ao desempenho, pesos e rendimentos das carcaças. Também foi realizada uma análise econômica. As rações foram fornecidas ad libitum, sendo suas sobras pesadas para o cálculo do consumo médio por animal. Ao atingirem 28 kg de peso vivo, os cordeiros foram submetidos a jejum por 16 horas e, então, novamente pesados para se obter o peso vivo ao abate. Após o abate, os animais foram eviscerados para se obterem os pesos e rendimentos de carcaça quente. As carcaças permaneceram por 24 horas em câmara de refrigeração, sendo novamente pesadas para se obterem os rendimentos de carcaça fria e as perdas por resfriamento. Os resultados revelaram que não houve efeito dos níveis de substituição sobre ganho médio diário de peso vivo, idade ao abate, pesos e rendimentos das carcaças quentes e frias, indicando que a silagem de grãos úmidos de milho pode ser utilizada em substituição ao milho moído na alimentação de cordeiros. Como o peso ao abate foi pré-fixado, as variações nas idades ao abate fizeram com que essa variável exercesse influência sobre os desempenhos, pesos e rendimentos e, quanto maiores essas idades, piores os resultados dos parâmetros avaliados. O tratamento com 50% de silagem de grãos úmidos apresentou os melhores resultados econômicos e o tratamento sem silagem de grãos úmidos foi o de menor rentabilidade.