Phytochemicals in Australian papaya cultivars: the effect of maturity and cooking

To measure the effect of maturity and cooking on phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of fruit and leaves of four commercially available Australian papaya cultivars (RB1, RB2, RB4 and YB1).

Optimization and design of energy transport system for solar cooking application

This paper proposes a hybrid solar cooking system where the solar energy is transported to the kitchen. The thermal energy source is used to supplement the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) that is in common use in kitchens. Solar energy is transferred to the kitchen by means of a circulating fluid. Energy collected from sun is maximized by changing the flow rate dynamically. This paper proposes a concept of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar thermal collector. The diameter of the pipe is selected to optimize the overall energy transfer. Design and sizing of different components of the system are explained. Concept of MPPT is validated with simulation and experimental results. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hybrid Solar Cooking

In the existing traditional solar cookers, the cooking is performed near the collector which may be at an inconvenient location for cooking purposes. This paper proposes a hybrid solar cooking system where the solar energy is brought to the kitchen. The energy source is a combination of the solar thermal energy and the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) that is very common in kitchens. The solar thermal energy is transferred to the kitchen by means of a circulating fluid like oil. The transfer of solar heat is a two fold process wherein the energy from the collector is transferred first to an intermediate energy storage tank and then the energy is subsequently transferred from the tank to the cooking load. There are three parameters that are controlled in order to maximize the energy transfer from the collector to the load viz. the fluid flow rate from collector to tank, fluid flow rate from tank to load and the diameter of the pipes. The entire system is modeled using the bond graph approach. This paper discusses the implementation of such a system.

Modeling and design of a solar thermal system for hybrid cooking application

This paper proposes a hybrid solar cooking system where the solar energy is brought to the kitchen. The energy source is a combination of the solar thermal energy and the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) that is in common use in kitchens. The solar thermal energy is transferred to the kitchen by means of a circulating fluid. The transfer of solar heat is a twofold process wherein the energy from the collector is transferred first to an intermediate energy storage buffer and the energy is subsequently transferred from the buffer to the cooking load. There are three parameters that are controlled in order to maximize the energy transfer from the collector to the load viz, the fluid flow rate from collector to buffer, fluid flow rate from buffer to load and the diameter of the pipes. This is a complex multi energy domain system comprising energy flow across several domains such as thermal, electrical and hydraulic. The entire system is modeled using the bond graph approach with seamless integration of the power flow in these domains. A method to estimate different parameters of the practical cooking system is also explained. Design and life cycle costing of the system is also discussed. The modeled system is simulated and the results are validated experimentally. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Producción de granos del Kudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides) en tres distancias de siembra en la zona seca de Managua

El presente trabajo investigativo se llevo a cabo en la finca Santa Rosa, del Recinto Universitario Tania Beteta In-Memoriam, de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), ubicada al norte de la comunidad de Sabana Grande, municipio de Managua, durante el periodo de julio 2005 a mayo 2006. Se evaluó el efecto de tres distancias de siembra: (T1:50 x 50 cm.; T2: 60 x 60 cm.; T3: 70 x 70 cm. entre surcos y plantas, para obtener 40,000; 25,000; y 14,583 plantas ha-1 respectivamente.) en Kudzú tropical ( Pueraria phaseoloides)en la producción de granos en la zona seca de Managua. El diseño experimental utilizado fue en bloques completamente al azar (BCA), dispuestos en tres bloques con tres repeticiones. Las variables estudiadas fueron; altura promedio de la planta (cm.), número de vainas, largo de vainas (cm.), número de semillas por vainas, producción de semillas (Kg.ha-1). Los resultados del análisis de varianza no determino que hubieran diferencias significativas con una P>0.05 para todas las variables en estudio. Sin embargo, la mayor producción de granos fue de 2,258.3. ha-1 y correspondió al T2 que a su vez supero a T3 y T1 respectivamente.

Produccion de semilla de kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) a diferentes densidades de siembra

Se llevó a cabo un estudio durante el período junio 2008 – marzo 2009, finca “Santa Rosa” de la Universidad Nacional Agraria Managua, Nicaragua. El objetivo fue determinar la producción de semilla del Kudzu Tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides) a diferentes densidades de siembra en sistema de espalderas. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con tres repeticiones. Las densidades de siembra fueron; 1, 3 y 5 kg de semilla pura/ha. Las variables de estudio fueron; Número de vainas por plantas (conteo visual), Longitud de la vaina (cm), Número de semillas por vaina (conteo visual), Producción de semilla cruda (kg/ha). Se realizaron análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separaciones de medias, usando Duncan (P<0.05). Las variables con números dígitos se transformaron, según, arcsen X cuando no existen valores de cero y, arcsen 0.5 + X, con valores cero. Los resultados indican diferencias (p<0.05), para la variable longitud de vainas con 8.25; 8.00 y 7.60 cm, para las densidades de 1, 3 y 5 kg de semilla/ha. La densidad de 3 kg de semilla pura/ha no fue diferente a 1 y 5 kg de semilla/ha. En las otras variables no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (P>0.05). A pesar de no haberse encontrado diferencias estadísticas en cuanto a producción de semilla cruda/ha, número de vainas y número de granos por vaina, la densidad de 3 kg de semilla pura/ha es la más adecuada para la producción de semilla (189.25 kg de semilla cruda/ha) de Kudzu Tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides), cuando se utilice algún método de tutoreo (individual, espalderas) bajo las condiciones de trópico seco de Nicaragua.

Cooking Stardust

Cooking Stardust es una aplicación Android de recetas de cocina. Con sólo introducir algunos de los ingredientes que haya en la nevera, se abrirá todo un abanico de posibilidades culinarias, teniendo en cuenta el estado de salud o simplemente los gustos a la hora de sentarse a la mesa. Una forma cómoda y sencilla de intentar facilitar una de las tareas diarias más difíciles y que tantos quebraderos de cabeza puede causar. Además de mostrársele las diferentes recetas de comida que cumplan con lo introducido, así como la dificultad y tiempos de elaboración, también tendrá la opción de puntuar esa receta, ver las puntuaciones obtenidas por otros usuarios, calcular una lista de la compra para dicha receta, consultar las recetas cercanas a su ubicación, o incluso, activar el “modo cocina”, mediante el cual el usuario podrá interactuar con la aplicación gracias al reconocimiento de voz para ejecutar cada uno de los pasos de la receta sin tener que utilizar las manos.

Effect of cooking and drying on carbonyls of oil sardine

Changes in the total as well as major individual carbonyls of oil sardine during steam cooking, oven drying, sun drying and freeze drying are presented. Carbonyls extracted with hexane were converted to their 2:4 dinitro phenyl hydrazone (DNPH) derivatives and were separated into major classes by column chromatography on celite/magnesia. Individual carbonyls were then identified by capillary gas chromatography of the DNPH derivatives. Dehydration and heating increase the carbonyl production from highly unsaturated fish lipids. The carbonyls produced react with other muscle constituents leading to complex changes. The influence of the mode of dehydration on these different aspects and their net effect on flavour are discussed.

Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using immobilized lipase in fixed bed reactor

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is the residue from the kitchen, restaurants, food factories and even human and animal waste which not only harm people's health but also causes environmental pollution. The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil to partially substitute petroleum diesel is one of the measures for solving the twin problems of environment pollution and energy shortage. In this project, synthesis of biodiesel was catalyzed by immobilized Candida lipase in a three-step fixed bed reactor. The reaction solution was a mixture of WCO, water, methanol and solvent (hexane). The main product was biodiesel consisted of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), of which methyl oleate was the main component. Effects of lipase, solvent, water, and temperature and flow of the reaction mixture on the synthesis of biodiesel were analyzed. The results indicate that a 91.08% of FAME can be achieved in the end product under optimal conditions. Most of the chemical and physical characters of the biodiesel were superior to the standards for 0(#)diesel (GB/T 19147) and biodiesel (DIN V51606 and ASTM D-6751).

Analysis of the estrogenic components in kudzu root by bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography

The estrogenic activity of the Chinese herb kudzu root was investigated by a recombinant yeast screening assay (YES). Isoflavones are the main components in the plant, of which puerarin is the most abundant one. The kudzu root extract was separated into four fractions according to the polarity. The crude extract and its sub-fractions, except the water fraction, showed clear estrogenic activity and the potencies were in the range of 10(-3) to 10(-1) g/l. The ligand potency was used to compare the estrogenic activity of these fractions. The crude extract and its sub-fractions were further analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to correlate the activity and the active components. Bioassay and chemical analysis showed that theoretical estrogenic activity expressed as equivalent 17 beta-estradiol concentration or the cumulative effects are comparable to that experimentally determined by YES. The results showed that the high content of isoflavones as well as the high estrogenic activity could make kudzu root extract an interesting candidate for hormone replacement therapy. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for identification of isoflavones and description of the biotransformation of kudzu root

High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been used to identify isoflavone aglycones and glycosides in kudzu root. Fourteen isoflavones were detected. Among these, six were identified by comparison with authentic standards. Tentative identifications of the other isoflavones are based on UV spectra, mass spectra of protonated and deprotonated molecules, and MS-MS data. Several are reported for the first time in kudzu root. The bioactivity and bioavailability of isoflavone aglycones are usually greater than those of their glycosides. To improve the bioavailability of kudzu root isoflavones, crude beta-glycosidases prepared from microbes were used to hydrolyze the isoflavone glycosides. Several MS modes are combined not only to identify the isoflavones in kudzu root, but also to describe the biotransformation of kudzu root isoflavone glycosides. It is also proved that crude beta-glycosidases have high selectivity toward the O-glycosides of isoflavones.