The Role of the European Imperial Powers throughout the Armenian Schism in the 1870s

The Bull "Reversurus" (1867) and its dogmatic legitimization at the First Vatican Council in 1870 caused not only ecclesiastical controversy and Schism in the Armenian Catholic Church, but it had also wide political consequences for the Armenian Catholics in the Ottoman Empire. The conflict originally between the Armenian Catholics and Rome attracted very soon the attention of the European imperial Powers. France, the British Empire, the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Russia were the main political powers who were involved in the Armenian affair. A full picture of the role of all these powers for the course of the Armenian Schism is missing. Mostly the role of France is foregrounded in the printed sources, as the main power, which supported the papacy to win during the Armenian affair. The role and the motives of the other imperial powers is almost missing. This article will try to describe as completely as possible the historical and political background, which brought to the escalation of the Armenian conflict beyond the national frontiers and led to number of conflicts at the international and transnational level. It will be shown that the imperial policy in Europe in the 19th century have played an enormous role throughout the Armenian Schism. It will be explained that several historical circumstances in Europe, especially the relation of the European imperial powers to each other as well as their expectations from the Ottoman Empire and its Armenian subjects were decisive for the duration and conclusion of the Armenian Schism.

Recent Armenian Developments

The War has brought us into a close relation with Armenia. The annihilation of her people in 1915 and 1916 aroused universal sympathy. For the most of us Armenia, hitherto, had been relegated to a position of partial obscurity in the Near East. We were acquainted with the fact that they had suffered persecution beore at Turkish hands but an indifference born of unfamiliarity with her history, customs and people still continued with us. However much the gulf separating ourselves and these people has been narrowed by the war it is only by an actual journey into their life past and present that we can ever come into a full appreciation of a people who despite persecution and oppression are potentially fine citizens.

Wilson's meat cookery /

Includes index.

The encyclopaedia of practical cookery : a complete dictionary of all pertaining to the art of cookery and table service : including original modern reciepts for all kinds of dishes for general, occasional, and exceptional use, the making of every description of table confectionery, the home manufacture of wines, liqueurs, and table waters, the laying, decorating, and preparing of banquets, wedding breakfasts, luncheons, teas, celebration and ball suppers, picnics, garden-party refreshments, race and boating baskets, &c. : the care and good management of the cellar, butler's pantry, larder, ice rooms and chests, &c. /

[Division I. A to Cak] -- Division II. Cak to Cro -- Division III. Cro to Gri -- Division IV. Gri to Mus -- Division V. Mus to Pin -- Division VI. Pin to Ser -- Division VII. Sha to Tut -- Division VIII. Twe to Zwe.

The young woman's companion, or, Frugal housewife : containing the most approved methods of pickling, preserving, potting, collaring, confectionary, managing and colouring foreign wines and spirits, making English wines, compounds, &c., &c. : also, the art of cookery containing directions for dressing all kinds of butchers' meat, poultry, game, fish, &c., &c. : with the complete art of carving, illustrated and made plain by engravings : likewise instructions for marketing : with the theory of brewing malt liquor : to which are added directions for letter writing, drawing, painting, &c., and several valuable miscellaneous pieces.

Includes index

A manual of homoeopathic cookery : designed chiefly for the use of such persons as are under homoeopathic treatment /

Includes index.

The complete economical cook and frugal housewife : an entirely new system of domestic cookery : containing approved directions for purchasing, preserving, and cooking : also, trussing and carving, preparing soups, gravies, sauces, made dishes, potting, pickling, &c. : with directions for pastry and confectionery : likewise the art of making British wines, brewing, baking, &c. /

"Bills of fare": p. 63-90; "Table of income and wages": p. 426; "Marketing tables": p. [427]-432.

The practical American cook book, or, Practical and scientific cookery /

Publisher's advertisements on p. [1]-[12] (2nd group).

The American cottage cookery-book, or, Housekeeping made easy, pleasant and economical in all its departments : the result of many years' practical experience and observation, and designed as a reliable aid to those who study economy of time and materials /

Includes sections on food preparation, cooking for the sick, and household hints; some recipes include wine or liquor as an ingredient. Sample recipes: Alamode beef, Cold slaw, Little plum cakes that will keep a year, Currant jelly.

Every-day cookery for every family : containing nearly 1,000 receipts adapted to moderate incomes and comprising the best and most economical methods of roasting, boiling, broiling, and stewing all kinds of meats, fish, poultry, game and vegetables : simple inexpensive instructions for making pies, puddings, tarts and all other pastry : how to pickle and preserve fruits and vegetables : suitable cookery for invalids and children : food in season and how to choose it : the best ways to make domestic wines and syrups : and ample receipts for bread, cake, soups, gravies, sauces, desserts, jellies, brandied fruits, soaps, perfumes, etc., etc. : and ample directions for carving /

"Domestic wines and liquors": p. 226-236.

An easy and economical book of Jewish cookery : upon strictly orthodox principles /

Advertisements at beginning and end.

Invalid cookery : a manual of recipes for the preparation of food for the sick and convalescent, to which is added a chapter of practical suggestions for the sickroom, by Mrs. Julia A. Pye /

Some recipes include wine or liquor as an ingredient. Sample recipes: Beef tea, with oatmeal or rice; Poached eggs on toast; Isinglass wine jelly.

First principles of household management and cookery : a text-book for schools and families /

Includes sections on household cleaning and nutrition. Sample recipes: Beef stew, Oyster soup, Custard.

Modern cookery in all its branches : embracing a series of plain and simple instructions to private families and others, for the careful and judicious preparation of every variety of food as drawn from practical observation and experience /

Publisher's advertisements at end.