1000 resultados para Conexão a rede


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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Apresenta-se neste trabalho uma análise da qualidade da tensão no Ponto de Acoplamento Comum (PAC) entre uma indústria de alumínio e o sistema interligado nacional, de modo a avaliar o impacto produzido por esta instalação na rede básica no que diz respeito aos fenômenos de flutuação de tensão, desequilíbrio de tensão e distorção harmônica de tensão. Os dados dos distúrbios da qualidade da energia citados anteriormente foram coletados através de uma campanha de medição com duração de 7 dias consecutivos, solicitada pelo Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (ONS) em casos de cargas conectadas à rede básica que apresentem características não-lineares, como é o caso das indústrias de alumínio. Adicionalmente, um estudo computacional visando determinar os valores máximos de distorção harmônica de tensão no PAC é apresentado com o intuito de completar as análises via campanha de medição. Os programas computacionais utilizados para a realização do estudo foram o HarmZs do CEPEL e o Matlab 7.0.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma solução para o problema de controle admissão de conexão e alocação dinâmica de recursos em redes IEEE 802.16 através da modelagem de um Processo Markoviano de Decisão (PMD) utilizando o conceito de degradação de largura de banda, o qual é baseado nos requisitos diferenciados de largura de banda das classes de serviço do IEEE 802.16. Para o critério de desempenho do PMD é feita a atribuição de diferentes retornos a cada classe de serviço, fazendo assim o tratamento diferenciado de cada fluxo. Nesse sentido, é possível avaliar a política ótima, obtida através de um algoritmo de iteração de valores, considerando aspectos como o nível de degradação médio das classes de serviço, utilização dos recursos e probabilidades de bloqueios de cada classe de serviço em relação à carga do sistema. Resultados obtidos mostram que o método de controle markoviano proposto é capaz de priorizar as classes de serviço consideradas mais relevantes para o sistema.

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Ce document présente l'analyse de la qualité de l'énergie dans une centrale solaire photovoltaïque - avec une capacité installée de 1 MWpico, relié au réseau de distribution d’électricité en 11,9 kV, qui a comme but connaître et également de comparer à la norme nationale actuelle, les effets de la qualité de l'énergie électrique résultant de l'utilisation de cette type matrice génératrice. Le rapport a été basé sur des niveaux spécifiés dans le module 8 des Procédures de distribution d'électricité dans le réseau national d'électricité - PRODIST, qui précise les directrices sur la question de la qualité de l'énergie électrique sur le territoire brésilien. Il a été considéré aussi les recommandations internationales 929 et 1547, qui proposent des pratiques recommandées concernant des systèmes de génération de l'énergie solaire PV (photovoltaïque), et également des normes pour le raccordement de ces types de sources au réseau de distributions d'électricité, tous deux établis par l'Institut des ingénieurs électriciens et électroniciens, largement connu comme IEEE. Le développement et le travail sur le terrain a eu lieu de manière continué, et non dans des moments spécifiques, assurant de cette manière, la fiabilité des données obtenues

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This paper shows the modeling and control of a single-phase full-bridge inverter with high-frequency transformer that may be used as part of a two-stage converter with transformerless DC-DC side or as a single-stage converter (simple DC-AC converter) for grid-connected PV applications. The inverter is modeled in order to obtain a small-signal transfer function used to design the P+Resonant current controller. A highfrequency step-up transformer results in reduced voltage switches and better efficiency compared with converters in which the transformer is used on the DC-DC side. Simulations and experimental results with a 200 W prototype are shown. 1

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Esta dissertação é resultado de uma pesquisa-intervenção cuja produção de dados ocorreu com o Grupo Condutor Regional da Rede Cegonha (GCR) no DRS III de Araraquara - SP, parte do Projeto de Pesquisa para o Sistema Único de Saúde (PPSUS): O processo de implantação da rede de atenção à saúde materno infantil no DRS III de Araraquara: a atenção básica como ordenadora da atenção em rede. Nosso objetivo foi compreender este coletivo como espaço de Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS) para a institucionalização dessa Rede, e também caracterizar a EPS no território de abrangência deste DRS, compreender suas fragilidades-potencialidades e também os processos de EPS produzidos no interior do GCR para a implementação da Rede Cegonha (RC), diante de desafios como a redução da morbimortalidade materno infantil e o atendimento integral e humanizado a mulheres e crianças. Esta pesquisa qualitativa compreendeu a análise de documentos e a pesquisa-intervenção, utilizando método cartográfico, e a produção dos dados ocorreu no ano de 2014 com os integrantes do GCR e outros pesquisadores PPSUS. As análises tiveram como referenciais o Processo de Trabalho em Saúde e conceitos do movimento institucionalista, das correntes da Análise Institucional e da Esquizoanálise. Esta pesquisa de cunho cartográfico explorou o contexto sócio-histórico da EPS e da RC no DRS III e paisagens que compõem o mapa do aprendizado no que chamamos Rede-rizoma, entremeadas por análises de implicações e aprendizados na experiência, tanto de construção da pesquisa como da RC. Nos planos do rizoma houve momentos de aprendizado significativo, ecos nos municípios, interferências da pesquisa-intervenção, dentre outros componentes de tessitura da rede que envolveram seus atores, seus pontos de conexão, de tensão, de apoio. Nesse emaranhado quente e frio, interessou-nos explorar as singularidades do encontro e os movimentos de forças instituintes e do instituído com o compromisso de entender a EPS como ferramenta de trabalho para a institucionalização da RC. Percebemos a existência de microprocessos de institucionalização disparados no cotidiano do GCR, caracteristicamente paralisantes e mobilizadores, como a importância da participação social, ainda tímida, as tensões com a imobilidade municipal, as fragilidades-potencialidades dos recursos humanos e financeiros, e também resultados que refletem em alargamento e participação de novos atores, cooperação intermunicipal, fortalecimento dos Grupos Condutores Municipais da rede cegonha e uma gestão estadual disposta a deflagrar processos de formação participativos. Trata-se de movimentos que se revelaram em implicações de múltiplas bifurcações e em processos de EPS que se fazem de forma mutante, conformando a rede-rizoma

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Generation systems, using renewable sources, are becoming increasingly popular due to the need for increased use of electricity. Currently, renewables sources have a role to cooperate with conventional generation, due to the system limitation in delivering the required power, the need for reduction of unwanted effects from sources that use fossil fuels (pollution) and the difficulty of building new transmission and/or distribution lines. This cooperation takes place through distributed generation. Therefore, this work proposes a control strategy for the interconnection of a PV (Photovoltaic) system generation distributed with a three-phase power grid through a connection filter the type LCL. The compensation of power quality at point of common coupling (PCC) is performed ensuring that the mains supply or consume only active power and that his currents have low distorcion. Unlike traditional techniques which require schemes for harmonic detection, the technique performs the harmonic compensation without the use of this schemes, controlling the output currents of the system in an indirect way. So that there is effective control of the DC (Direct Current) bus voltage is used the robust controller mode dual DSMPI (Dual-Sliding Mode-Proportional Integral), that behaves as a sliding mode controller SM-PI (Sliding Mode-Proportional Integral) during the transition and like a conventional PI (Proportional Integral) in the steady-state. For control of current is used to repetitive control strategy, which are used double sequence controllers (DSC) tuned to the fundamental component, the fifth and seventh harmonic. The output phase current are aligned with the phase angle of the utility voltage vector obtained from the use of a SRF-PLL (Synchronous Reference Frame Phase-Locked-Loop). In order to obtain the maximum power from the PV array is used a MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm without the need for adding sensors. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system.

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This work presents the development and modification of techniques to reduce the effects of load variation and mains frequency deviation in repetitive controllers applied to active power filters. To minimize the effects of aperiodic signals resulting from the connection or disconnection of non-linear loads is developed a technique which recognizes linear and nonlinear loads, and operates to reset the controller only when the error due to the transition of considerable value, and the transition is from non-linear to linear load. An algorithm to adapt the gain of the repetitive controller, based on a sigmoid function adaptation, in order to minimize the effects caused by random noise in the measurement system is also used. This work also analyzes the effects of frequency variation and presents the main methods to cope with this situation. Some solutions are the change in the number of samples per period and the variation of the sampling rate. The first has the advantage of using linear design techniques and results in a time invariant system. The second method changes the sampling frequency and leads to a time variant system that demands a difficult analysis of stability. The proposed algorithms were tested using the methods of truncation of the number of samples and the method of changing the sampling rate of the system to compensate possible frequency variations of the grid. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposal.

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Distributed generation systems must fulfill standards specifications of current harmonics injected to the grid. In order to satisfy these grid requirements, passive filters are connected between inverter and grid. This work compares the characteristic response of the traditional inductive (L) filter with the inductive-capacitive-inductive (LCL) filter. It is shown that increasing the inductance L leads to a good ripple current suppression around the inverter switching frequency. The LCL filter provides better harmonic attenuation and reduces the filter size. The main drawback is the LCL filter impedance, which is characterized by a typical resonance peak, which must be damped to avoid instability. Passive or active techniques can be used to damp the LCL resonance. To address this issue, this dissertation presents a comparison of current control for PV grid-tied inverters with L filter and LCL filter and also discuss the use of active and passive damping for different regions of resonance frequency. From the mathematical models, a design methodology of the controllers was developed and the dynamic behavior of the system operating in closed loop was investigated. To validate the studies developed during this work, experimental results are presented using a three-phase 5kW experimental platform. The main components and their functions are discussed in this work. Experimental results are given to support the theoretical analysis and to illustrate the performance of grid-connected PV inverter system. It is shown that the resonant frequency of the system, and sampling frequency can be associated in order to calculate a critical frequency, below which is essential to perform the damping of the LCL filter. Also, the experimental results show that the active buffer per virtual resistor, although with a simple development, is effective to damp the resonance of the LCL filter and allow the system to operate stable within predetermined parameters.

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Mother and infant mortality has been the scope of analysis throughout the history of public health in Brazil and various strategies to tackle the issue have been proposed to date. The Ministry of Health has been working on this and the Rede Cegonha strategy is the most recent policy in this context. Given the principle of comprehensive health care and the structure of the Unified Health System in care networks, it is necessary to ensure the integration of health care practices, among which are the sanitary surveillance actions (SSA). Considering that the integration of health care practices and SSA can contribute to reduce mother and infant mortality rates, this article is a result of qualitative research that analyzed the integration of these actions in four cities in the State of São Paulo/Brazil: Campinas, Indaiatuba, Jaguariúna and Santa Bárbara D'Oeste. The research was conducted through interviews with SSA and maternal health managers, and the data were evaluated using thematic analysis. The results converge with other studies, identifying the isolation of health care practices and SSA. The insertion of SSA in collectively-managed areas appears to be a potential strategy for health planning and implementation of actions in the context under scrutiny.

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In this paper we present a study of reading comprehension based on a contrastive argumentative-discursive approach. We examine the relationship between linguistic materiality and discursive processes, observing the connection between reading in a foreign language, writing production and textual memories in the mother tongue. In addition to an interest in practical language teaching and learning processes (in this case of Spanish and Portuguese), we investigate the question of politeness and the theoretical relationship between subjectivity, language, and textuality. The latter, being understood as the result of discourse regularities, is unique for each and every production, yet is also conditioned by plural discursive memories resulting from contradictory social relationships in a specific historical context (Foucault, 1986; Pêcheux, 1990). In the experiment presented here, we follow some of the procedures of the methodology applied in the European Galatea Project developed for the study of reading strategies in the inter-comprehension between Romance languages (Dabène, 1996). We use the procedure of simulation and the subjective projection of participants as well as the notion of discursive resonance in the analysis. The results, having to do with directness and indirectness in speech and the question of politeness in two typologically close languages, lead to the conclusion that the concept of politeness goes beyond a pragmatic strategy used to avoid conflicts to be approached as a marker of cultural identity constitution. The relevance of discursive awareness and its theoretical and practical consequences are then emphasized.