Paracoccidioidomycosis in patients with Lymphoma and review of published literature

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The therapeutic potential of exercise to treat cachexia

To discuss the role of physical exercise in the attenuation of cancer cachexia-associated symptoms, and upon the outcome of chemotherapy, with special focus on the anti-inflammatory role of chronic exercise. The review addresses the recent findings regarding the positive effects of endurance and strength exercise training upon metabolic dysfunction, systemic inflammation and body composition alterations in the syndrome of cachexia. The employment of different exercise protocol strategies, in respect to intensity, duration, work load and in concomitance with pharmacological treatment is considered. Cachexia is a multifactorial wasting syndrome afflicting patients with cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, trauma, among other diseases. This condition markedly compromises the quality of life, treatment outcome and survival. Recent literature indicates an unequivocal role of chronic exercise in modulating cachexia and other cancer-associated dysfunctions. Exercise is proposed as a complementary treatment in cancer, and represents a function-preserving, anti-inflammatory and metabolism-modulating strategy with low cost, and high versatility and availability. Furthermore, exercise decreases cancer recurrence and presents a positive impact on public health management, reducing hospitalization and medication costs.

A aplicação de uma sequencia didática: caixa eletrônico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Emergence of enteric viruses in production chickens is a concern for avian health

Several viruses have been identified in recent years in the intestinal contents of chickens and turkeys with enteric problems, which have been observed in commercial farms worldwide, including Brazil. Molecular detection of these viruses in Brazil can transform to a big threat for poultry production due to risk for intestinal integrity. This disease is characterized by severely delayed growth, low uniformity, lethargy, watery diarrhea, delayed feed consumption, and a decreased conversion rate. Chicken astrovirus (CAstV), rotavirus, reovirus, chicken parvovirus (ChPV), fowl adenovirus of subgroup I (FAdV-1), and avian nephritis virus (ANV) were investigated using the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which may play a role in enteric disease, was included. The viruses most frequently detected, either alone or in concomitance with other viruses, were IBV, ANV, rotavirus, and CAstV followed by parvovirus, reovirus, and adenovirus. This study demonstrates the diversity of viruses in Brazilian chicken flocks presenting enteric problems characterized by diarrhea, growth retard, loss weight, and mortality, which reflects the multicausal etiology of this disease

The critical role and regulation of transcription factor FoxM1 in gastric cancer development and progression

The mammalian Forkhead Box (Fox) transcription factor (FoxM1) is implicated in tumorgenesis. However, the role and regulation of FoxM1 in gastric cancer remain unknown.^ I examined FoxM1 expression in 86 cases of primary gastric cancer and 57 normal gastric tissue specimens. I found weak expression of FoxM1 protein in normal gastric mucosa, whereas I observed strong staining for FoxM1 in tumor-cell nuclei in various gastric tumors and lymph node metastases. The aberrant FoxM1 expression is associated with VEGF expression and increased angiogenesis in human gastric cancer. A Cox proportional hazards model revealed that FoxM1 expression was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, overexpression of FoxM1 by gene transfer significantly promoted the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cells in orthotopic mouse models, whereas knockdown of FoxM1 expression by small interfering RNA did the opposite. Next, I observed that alteration of tumor growth and metastasis by elevated FoxM1 expression was directly correlated with alteration of VEGF expression and angiogenesis. In addition, promotion of gastric tumorigenesis by FoxM1 directly and significantly correlated with transactivation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and elevation of angiogenesis. ^ To further investigate the underlying mechanisms that result in FoxM1 overexpression in gastric cancer, I investigated FoxM1 and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) expressions in primary gastric cancer and normal gastric tissue specimens. Concomitance of increased expression of FoxM1 protein and decreased expression of KLF4 protein was evident in human gastric cancer. Enforced KLF4 expression suppressed FoxM1 protein expression. Moreover, a region within the proximal FoxM1 promoter was identified to have KLF4-binding sites. Finally, I found an increased FoxM1 expression in gastric mucosa of villin-Cre -directed tissue specific Klf4-null mice.^ In summary, I offered both clinical and mechanistic evidence that dysregulated expression of FoxM1 play an important role in gastric cancer development and progression, while KLF4 mediates negative regulation of FoxM1 expression and its loss significantly contributes to FoxM1 dysregulation. ^

Coastal floods and decadal changes: the climate factor

Observation has widely shown for nearly all last century that the Spanish (Dynamic) Maritime Climate was following around 10 to 11 year cycles in its most significant figure, wind wave, despite it being better to register cycles of 20 to 22 years, in analogical way with the semi-diurnal and diurnal cycles of Cantabrian tides. Those cycles were soon linked to sun activity and, at the end of the century, the latter was related to the Solar System evolution. We know now that waves and storm surges are coupled and that (Dynamic) Maritime Climate forms part of a more complex “Thermal Machine” including Hydrological cycle. The analysis of coastal floods could so facilitate the extension of that experience. According to their immediate cause, simple flood are usually sorted out into flash, pluvial, fluvial, groundwater and coastal types, considering the last as caused by sea waters. But the fact is that most of coastal floods are the result of the concomitance of several former simple types. Actually, the several Southeastern Mediterranean coastal flood events show to be the result of the superposition within the coastal zone of flash, fluvial, pluvial and groundwater flood types under boundary condition imposed by the concomitant storm sea level rise. This work shall be regarded as an attempt to clarify that cyclic experience, through an in-depth review of a past flood events in Valencia (Turia and Júcar basins), as in Murcia (Segura’s) as well.

El vidrio y sus máscaras : el sueño de la arquitectura de cristal

Según Heidegger, la esencia de la arquitectura, de la construcción, descansa en un no espacio: en la materia con que se construyen las fronteras que otorgan espacios, irradiando sobre ellos aquello que los caracteriza. Si hay alguna materia, de las utilizadas por la arquitectura a lo largo de su historia para construir fronteras, que haya mantenido una especial relación con la luz y la visión, dando un carácter inconfundible a los espacios aviados por ellas, esta es el vidrio; algunas de las etimologías de su nombre: zakû (ser claro), hyalos (diáfano) o vitrum (ver), así lo evidencian. Posiblemente, sea la pregnancia de este modo fascinante de relacionarse con la luz, la que ha hecho del vidrio, a lo largo del tiempo que lleva siendo usado en arquitectura, y aún antes, el material que ha provocado en el imaginario humano la ilusión de ser aquel en que, en último término, podrían llegar a sublimarse todos los demás, dando lugar con ello a lo que en la tesis hemos denominado el sueño de la arquitectura de cristal. Siendo la luz, siempre, energía, consideraremos en la tesis luz-energía, a aquella que ilumina y calienta; es una luz científica y mesurable. Cuando la luz se “hace visible”, desvelando un mensaje “contenido” en el vidrio, hablaremos de luz-información. Esta luz, no puede medirse científicamente. La luz-energía y la luz-información, se manifiestan al conjuro de la arquitectura de vidrio. Es la segunda la que ha conformado las fronteras de vidrio enmascarado, y la que se estudia con más detenimiento en la tesis. Los distintos modos de usar en arquitectura la infinita combinatoria de las propiedades de absortancia, reflectancia, transmitancia y translucencia del vidrio, ha condicionado al hombre en su manera de “ver” el mundo. Unas veces, “inmerso” en él, puesto que solo lo separa del mismo, una frontera transparente, y “deseadamente” invisible: ese modo de usar el vidrio, ha sido el sueño imposible de una parte importante de la arquitectura del siglo XX. Otras veces, para “aislarse” de él, el hombre ha manipulado la luz y el vidrio para construir mundos diferentes. Las fronteras de vidrio enmascarado de color, mosaicos, vidrieras, pantallas y lo que hemos llamado vidrios complejos (con un cometido similar al que Schiller atribuía al coro en la tragedia griega, aislar a esta del “mundo real”, para mantener su libertad poética), son las fronteras que han construido el sueño posible de la arquitectura de cristal. Ambas actitudes, en distintos momentos de la historia de la arquitectura, han sido dos formas de querer materializar un mismo sueño. La capacidad del vidrio para adaptarse a tantos modos de presentarse ante nosotros, y a poder ser interpretado de tantas formas diferentes, es la que ha servido para dar título a la tesis, pues hasta en su faceta más transparente, el vidrio, de una forma o de otra, se ha mostrado siempre como un material enmascarado en el más amplio sentido de la palabra: se enmascara, incluso cuando apela a la transparencia o se convierte en espejo, para hacernos caer en la ilusión de que no está presente. Cuando el hombre construyó fronteras de vidrio e incluso antes, cuando soñó que con él podría llegar a construirlas, condensó en ellas toda la mítica, la mística y la epistemología en torno a la luz y la visión, dando lugar a una serie de arquetipos arquitectónicos. En la iglesia bizantina, la luz sobre, o la luz desde, los mosaicos, construyó una frontera titilante; y en la catedral gótica, la luz a través de las vidrieras construyó una frontera radiante; en ambos casos con el fin de alcanzar anagógicamente lo Inteligible. En el siglo XIX, con el descubrimiento de la electricidad y su incorporación a la arquitectura, las fronteras se vuelven fulgurantes, aviando, en este caso, el espacio urbano. Poco antes, en este mismo siglo, el espíritu del gótico tiene un efímero resurgir del que se nutrirá, a comienzos del siglo XX, el expresionismo cristalino, en el que la luz anagógica se hace laica. El espacio urbano fulgurante prefigurado por este movimiento y presente en las ciudades desde principios del siglo XX, fue potenciado a mediados de ese siglo con la aparición de las pantallas, extendiéndose desde entonces, imparable, por todo el planeta. La reciente emergencia de los vidrios complejos, ha abierto la posibilidad de construir fronteras a la carta (de vidrios de propiedades múltiples, seleccionadas de forma voluntaria y variable en cada momento). En principio, se pensó que, el uso de estos vidrios como cerramiento, podría llegar a constituirse como la panacea de los problemas del material relacionados con la luz-energía, sin necesidad de recurrir a “prótesis”, y manteniendo por tanto la seductora tersura de la fachada; aunque parece que, por ahora, esa posibilidad es, cuando menos, lejana. Sin embargo, en el campo de las megapantallas urbanas (y ,en general, en el de las pantallas de información), ubicuas actualmente en nuestras vidas, los vidrios complejos ayudan a construir los espesos velos de ilusión, que según Lefebvre sirven para mantener el capitalismo, siendo el último estadio de un desarrollo tecnológico, impuesto por el principio de economía del hombre, que como un metrónomo inexorable, y a modo de contrapunto, ha acompañado siempre (de nuevo en palabras de Lefebvre), a la necesidad del gasto, del juego, de la lucha, del arte, de la fiesta. La tecnología y el arte forman parte de la cultura producida por la sociedad y como señala Lévi-Strauss, esa cultura imprime orden; por el contrario, la sociedad, entendida como el conjunto de relaciones que los hombres mantienen entre sí, produce desorden. Del equilibrio entre esos extremos, surge el progreso, incluido el de la arquitectura. Las fronteras de vidrio que analizamos en la tesis –que avían espacios para la espiritualidad, el fasto y el espectáculo o, desde otro punto de vista, para las distintas manifestaciones del poder: la iglesia, la monarquía, el estado o el mercado– también han surgido de esa concomitancia entre el desorden y el orden; y forma parte de ese desorden, la aventura que ha impulsado al genio individual de místicos, alquimistas, geómetras, abades, reyes, inventores, poetas y arquitectos, a explorar, como escribe Apollinaire, vastos y extraños territorios donde el misterio en flor, se ofrece a quien quiera cogerlo, hogueras nuevas de colores nunca vistos, mil fantasmas imponderables a los que dar cuerpo. ABSTRACT According to Heidegger, the essence of architecture, building, lies in a non-space: the material that creates the boundaries from which something begins its presencing, radiating onto them that which characterizes them. If there is any single material amongst all those used throughout the history of architecture to build boundaries which has maintained a special relationship with light and vision, which has bestowed a distinctive character on spaces avid for them, it is glass. This is evidenced in some of its etymologies: zakû (to be clear), hyalos (transparent), vitrum (see). The rich potential of this fascinating way of relating to light in the history of the architectural use of glass, and even before, is possibly what has triggered the illusion in human imagination of being something that can ultimately sublimate all others, giving rise to what in this thesis we call The Dream of Crystal Architecture. Given that light is always energy, in this thesis we consider energy-light to be that which illuminates and warms. This is scientific, measurable light. When light "becomes visible" and reveals a message “contained” in glass, we speak of information-light. This light cannot be measured scientifically. Energy-light and information-light are manifested under the spell of glass architecture. The latter is what has shaped the boundaries of coloured glass, which is studied in this thesis. Architecture's different ways of using the infinite combinations of the absorptance, reflectance, transmittance and translucency of glass has affected the way we humans "see" the world. Sometimes we are "immersed" in it, since only an invisible, transparent boundary separates us from it: this use of glass has characterized a considerable part of 20th century architecture. In other cases, in order to "isolate" us from it, we have manipulated light and glass to build different worlds: the boundaries of glass "masked" by colour, mosaics, stained glass, screens and what we have called complex glazing, which plays a similar role to what Schiller attributed to the chorus in Greek tragedy, isolating it from the "real world" in order to maintain its poetic license. These are the boundaries that have built the viable dream of crystal architecture. These two approaches have been different ways of making same dream come true at different times in the history of architecture. The ability of glass to adapt to so many forms of manifestation, and interpretation, is what has given rise to the title of the thesis. Even in its most transparent facet, glass has one way or another always been a masking material in the broadest sense of the word: it is masked even when it invites transparency or becomes a mirror, triggering the illusion that it is not present. When man began to build glass boundaries, and even before, when he dreamed that he could build them, he condensed in them all the mythology, mysticism and epistemology concerning light and vision, which gave rise to a series of architectural archetypes. In the Byzantine church, light on or from mosaics created tenuous boundaries. In Gothic cathedrals, the light through the stained glass windows constructed radiant boundaries. In both cases the aim was to achieve, in an anagogical way, the Intelligible. In the 19th, the discovery of electricity and its use in architecture led to the production of dazzling boundaries, in this case employed in urban spaces. Earlier in the same century, the Gothic spirit had a short-lived revival, which in the early 20th century drew from crystalline expressionism in which anagogic light became secular. The dazzling urban space prefigured by this movement, present in cities since the early 20th century, was intensified in the mid-century with the emergence of screens, and since then it has spread unstoppably across the world. The recent emergence of complex glasses has made it possible to build boundaries on demand in glass with multiple properties, chosen at will and at whim at any time. Initially it was thought that the use of this glass as a wall could eventually become the panacea for the material problems related to energy-light, without needing to resort to "prosthesis" and thereby maintain the seductive smoothness of the facade. For now, that possibility seems remote, to say the least. In the realm of urban megascreens and information screens in general, now ubiquitous in our lives, complex glasses help to build the thick veils of illusion which, according to Lefebvre, serve to maintain capitalism. Like an inexorable metronome, in counterpoint, this ultimate state of technological development imposed by man's principle of economy has in fact always accompanied (again in the words of Lefebvre), the need to spend, play, fight, art, and party. Technology and art are part of the culture produced by society. As Levi-Strauss says, this culture imposes order. On the contrary, society, understood as a set of relationships amongst people, produces disorder. Progress, including that of architecture, arises from the balance between these two extremes. The glass boundaries analyzed in this thesis, which propitiate spaces for spirituality, pomp and spectacle or, from a different perspective, for the various manifestations of power: the church, the monarchy, the state and the market, have also emerged from the concomitance of order and disorder. One aspect of this disorder is the adventure that has inspired the individual genius of mystics, alchemists, surveyors, abbots, kings, inventors, poets and architects to explore, as Apollinaire says, vast, strange domains where flowering mystery offers itself to whoever wishes to pluck it, new fires, colours you have never seen before, a thousand intangible phantasms still awaiting reality.

Saberes dos professores da educação profissional técnica de nível médio em enfermagem

A docência na educação profissional técnica de nível médio em enfermagem é uma das dimensões importantes a ser considerada na qualificação da formação de trabalhadores técnicos, no Brasil. Apesar disso, ela é marcada por fragilidade nos processos formativos, adversas condições de trabalho, incluindo, a precariedade. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever e analisar os saberes dos professores de uma escola privada de educação profissional em enfermagem, no município de Ribeirão Preto, considerando suas vivências na prática pedagógica, a partir de referencial de Tardif (2012). Estudo descritivo-exploratório, qualitativo. A técnica de coleta de dados utilizada foi entrevista semiestruturada com 13 professores, realizadas de novembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015. As entrevistas foram analisadas, sendo delineadas categorias de decodificação, a saber: Saberes pessoais dos professores; Saberes provenientes da formação escolar anterior; Saberes provenientes da formação profissional para o magistério, subdivididos em Saberes provenientes da formação profissional para o magistério construídos em cursos de Bacharelado e Licenciatura em Enfermagem e Saberes profissionais para o magistério, construídos nos cursos de especialização latu sensu e programas de capacitação docente; Saberes provenientes dos programas e livros didáticos usados no trabalho dos professores; Saberes provenientes de sua própria experiência na profissão envolvendo atuação nos serviços de saúde e na docência. Esses saberes, no exercício cotidiano do trabalho docente, são articulados e reconstruídos. Eles mostram significativamente as suas relações com a diversidade nas possibilidades de formação, dada a fragilidades das políticas de formação docente, bem como suas relações com as condições concretas de trabalho na educação profissional, sendo ainda significativa a concomitância da docência nessa modalidade de ensino com a prática profissional em serviços de saúde, o que também traz implicações para a conformação dos saberes da docência

Description des relations familiales : la perspective d’hommes en situation d’itinérance atteints de troubles concomitants

Les personnes en situation d’itinérance, principalement des hommes, représentent pour certains une culture au sein de laquelle on identifie des personnes atteintes de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et d’abus de substances. Déjà vulnérables de par leur statut domiciliaire précaire, les personnes atteintes de cette concomitance le sont davantage et tendent à être plus isolées de leur famille que celles ne rencontrant pas cette double problématique. Le soutien familial est toutefois reconnu comme un élément favorisant l’engagement de comportements de santé et réduisant l’itinérance. Le but de cette étude était alors de décrire, du point de vue des hommes en situation d’itinérance atteints de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et d’abus de substances, les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec leur famille. Pour ce faire, le devis choisi fût une ethnographie ciblée. Différents degrés d’observation participante au sein de la Mission Old Brewery et des entrevues avec neuf informateurs-clés ont été les principales méthodes de collecte des données. L’analyse des données qualitative était soutenue par le guide proposé par Roper et Shapira (2000) ainsi que l’épistémologie constructiviste et l’approche systémique familiale de Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) qui furent les cadres de référence de cette étude. Les résultats font ressortir trois thèmes explicitant 1) l’influence du contexte de vie dans les relations familiales, 2) la teneur conflictuelle de ces relations ainsi que 3) le soutien familial perçu. Finalement, des recommandations pour la pratique infirmière ainsi que des pistes pour de futures recherches sont suggérées.

Description des relations familiales : la perspective d’hommes en situation d’itinérance atteints de troubles concomitants

Les personnes en situation d’itinérance, principalement des hommes, représentent pour certains une culture au sein de laquelle on identifie des personnes atteintes de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et d’abus de substances. Déjà vulnérables de par leur statut domiciliaire précaire, les personnes atteintes de cette concomitance le sont davantage et tendent à être plus isolées de leur famille que celles ne rencontrant pas cette double problématique. Le soutien familial est toutefois reconnu comme un élément favorisant l’engagement de comportements de santé et réduisant l’itinérance. Le but de cette étude était alors de décrire, du point de vue des hommes en situation d’itinérance atteints de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et d’abus de substances, les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec leur famille. Pour ce faire, le devis choisi fût une ethnographie ciblée. Différents degrés d’observation participante au sein de la Mission Old Brewery et des entrevues avec neuf informateurs-clés ont été les principales méthodes de collecte des données. L’analyse des données qualitative était soutenue par le guide proposé par Roper et Shapira (2000) ainsi que l’épistémologie constructiviste et l’approche systémique familiale de Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) qui furent les cadres de référence de cette étude. Les résultats font ressortir trois thèmes explicitant 1) l’influence du contexte de vie dans les relations familiales, 2) la teneur conflictuelle de ces relations ainsi que 3) le soutien familial perçu. Finalement, des recommandations pour la pratique infirmière ainsi que des pistes pour de futures recherches sont suggérées.