973 resultados para Comunicações de acesso múltiplo


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The main purpose of this work was the development of ceramic dielectric substrates of bismuth niobate (BiNbO4) doped with vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), with high permittivity, used in the construction of microstrip patch antennas with applications in wireless communications systems. The high electrical permittivity of the ceramic substrate provided a reduction of the antenna dimensions. The numerical results obtained in the simulations and the measurements performed with the microstrip patch antennas showed good agreement. These antennas can be used in wireless communication systems in various frequency bands. Results were satisfactory for antennas operating at frequencies in the S band, in the range between 2.5 GHz and 3.0 GHz.

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The characteristic properties of the fractal geometry have shown to be very useful for the construction of filters, frequency selective surfaces, synchronized circuits and antennas, enabling optimized solutions in many different commercial uses at microwaves frequency band. The fractal geometry is included in the technology of the microwave communication systems due to some interesting properties to the fabrication of compact devices, with higher performance in terms of bandwidth, as well as multiband behavior. This work describes the design, fabrication and measurement procedures for the Koch quasi-fractal monopoles, with 1 and 2 iteration levels, in order to investigate the bandwidth behavior of planar antennas, from the use of quasi-fractal elements printed on their rectangular patches. The electromagnetic effect produced by the variation of the fractal iterations and the miniaturization of the structures is analyzed. Moreover, a parametric study is performed to verify the bandwidth behavior, not only at the return loss but also in terms of SWR. Experimental results were obtained through the accomplishment of measurements with the aid of a vetorial network analyzer and compared to simulations performed using the Ansoft HFSS software. Finally, some proposals for future works are presented

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In this thesis, a frequency selective surface (FSS) consists of a two-dimensional periodic structure mounted on a dielectric substrate, which is capable of selecting signals in one or more frequency bands of interest. In search of better performance, more compact dimensions, low cost manufacturing, among other characteristics, these periodic structures have been continually optimized over time. Due to its spectral characteristics, which are similar to band-stop or band-pass filters, the FSSs have been studied and used in several applications for more than four decades. The design of an FSS with a periodic structure composed by pre-fractal elements facilitates the tuning of these spatial filters and the adjustment of its electromagnetic parameters, enabling a compact design which generally has a stable frequency response and superior performance relative to its euclidean counterpart. The unique properties of geometric fractals have shown to be useful, mainly in the production of antennas and frequency selective surfaces, enabling innovative solutions and commercial applications in microwave range. In recent applications, the FSSs modify the indoor propagation environments (emerging concept called wireless building ). In this context, the use of pre-fractal elements has also shown promising results, allowing a more effective filtering of more than one frequency band with a single-layer structure. This thesis approaches the design of FSSs using pre-fractal elements based on Vicsek, Peano and teragons geometries, which act as band-stop spatial filters. The transmission properties of the periodic surfaces are analyzed to design compact and efficient devices with stable frequency responses, applicable to microwave frequency range and suitable for use in indoor communications. The results are discussed in terms of the electromagnetic effect resulting from the variation of parameters such as: fractal iteration number (or fractal level), scale factor, fractal dimension and periodicity of FSS, according the pre-fractal element applied on the surface. The analysis of the fractal dimension s influence on the resonant properties of a FSS is a new contribution in relation to researches about microwave devices that use fractal geometry. Due to its own characteristics and the geometric shape of the Peano pre-fractal elements, the reconfiguration possibility of these structures is also investigated and discussed. This thesis also approaches, the construction of efficient selective filters with new configurations of teragons pre-fractal patches, proposed to control the WLAN coverage in indoor environments by rejecting the signals in the bands of 2.4~2.5 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b) and 5.0~6.0 GHz (IEEE 802.11a). The FSSs are initially analyzed through simulations performed by commercial software s: Ansoft DesignerTM and HFSSTM. The fractal design methodology is validated by experimental characterization of the built prototypes, using alternatively, different measurement setups, with commercial horn antennas and microstrip monopoles fabricated for low cost measurements

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In recent decades, changes have been occurring in the telecommunications industry, allied to competition driven by the policies of privatization and concessions, have fomented the world market irrefutably causing the emergence of a new reality. The reflections in Brazil have become evident due to the appearance of significant growth rates, getting in 2012 to provide a net operating income of 128 billion dollars, placing the country among the five major powers in the world in mobile communications. In this context, an issue of increasing importance to the financial health of companies is their ability to retain their customers, as well as turn them into loyal customers. The appearance of infidelity from customer operators has been generating monthly rates shutdowns about two to four percent per month accounting for business management one of its biggest challenges, since capturing a new customer has meant an expenditure greater than five times to retention. For this purpose, models have been developed by means of structural equation modeling to identify the relationships between the various determinants of customer loyalty in the context of services. The original contribution of this thesis is to develop a model for loyalty from the identification of relationships between determinants of satisfaction (latent variables) and the inclusion of attributes that determine the perceptions of service quality for the mobile communications industry, such as quality, satisfaction, value, trust, expectation and loyalty. It is a qualitative research which will be conducted with customers of operators through simple random sampling technique, using structured questionnaires. As a result, the proposed model and statistical evaluations should enable operators to conclude that customer loyalty is directly influenced by technical and operational quality of the services offered, as well as provide a satisfaction index for the mobile communication segment

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Recently, planar antennas have been studied due to their characteristics as well as the advantages that they offers when compared with another types of antennas. In the mobile communications area, the need for this kind of antennas have became each time bigger due to the intense increase of the mobile communications this sector. That needs of antennas which operate in multifrequency and wide bandwidth. The microstrip antennas presents narrow bandwidth due the loss in the dielectric generated by radiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due the generation of surface waves in the substrate. In this work some used techniques to minimize the disadvantages (previously mentioned) of the use of microstrip antennas are presented, those are: substrates with PBG material - Photonic Bandgap, multilayer antennas and with stacked patches. The developed analysis in this work used the TTL - Transverse Transmission Line method in the domain of Fourier transform, that uses a component of propagation in the y direction (transverse to the direction real of propagation z), treating the general equations of electric and magnetic field as functions of Ey and Hy. One of the advantages of this method is the simplification of the field equations. therefore the amount of equations lesser must the fields in directions x and z be in function of components Ey and Hy. It will be presented an brief study of the main theories that explain the superconductivity phenomenon. The BCS theory. London Equations and Two Fluids model will be the theories that will give support the application of the superconductors in the microfita antennas. The inclusion of the superconductor patch is made using the resistive complex contour condition. This work has as objective the application of the TTL method to microstrip structures with single and multilayers of rectangular patches, to obtaining the resonance frequency and radiation pattern of each structure

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The modern society depends on an efficient communications system able to of transmitting and receiving information with a higher speed and reliability every time. The need for ever more efficient devices raises optimization techniques of microstrip devices, such as techniques to increase bandwidth: thicker substrates and substrate structures with EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap) and PBG (Photonic Band Gap). This work has how aims the study of the application of PBG materials on substrates of planar structures in microstrip, more precisely in directional quadrature couplers and in rat-race and impedance of transformers. A study of the planar structures in microstrip and substrates EBG is presented. The PBG substrates can be used to optimize the radiation through the air, thus reducing the occurrence of surface waves and the resulting diffraction edge responsible for degradation of radiation pattern. Through specific programs in FORTRAN Power Station obtained the frequencies and couplings for each structure. Are used the program PACMO - Computer Aided Design in Microwave. Results are obtained of the frequency and coupling devices, ranging the frequency band used (cellular communication and Wimax systems) and the permittivity of the substrate, comparing the results of conventional material and PBG materials in the s and p polarizations.

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In this work, the transmission line method is explored on the study of the propagation phenomenon in nonhomogeneous walls with finite thickness. It is evaluated the efficiency and applicability of the method, considering materials like gypsum, wood and brick, found in the composition of the structures of walls in question. The results obtained in this work are compared to those available in the literature, for several particular cases. A good agreement is observed, showing that the performed analysis is accurate and efficient in modeling, for instance, the wave propagation through building walls and integrated circuit layers in mobile communication and radar system applications. Later, simulations of resistive sheets devices such as Salisbury screens and Jaumann absorbers and of transmission lines made of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) are made. Thereafter, it is described a study on frequency surface selective structures (FSS). It is proposed the development of devices and microwave integrated circuits (MIC) of such structures, for the accomplishment of experiments. Finally, future works are suggested, for instance, on the development of reflectarrays, frequency selective surfaces with dissimilar elements, and coupled frequency selective surfaces with elements located on different layers

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Recently the planar antennas have been studied due to their characteristics as well as the advantages that they offers when compared with another types of antennas. In the mobile communications area, the need for this kind of antennas have became each time bigger due to the intense increase of the mobile communications that needs of antennas which operate in multifrequency and wide bandwidth. The microstrip antennas presents narrow bandwidth due the loss in the dielectric generated by radiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due the generation of surface waves in the substrate. In this work some used techniques to minimize the disadvantages (previously mentioned) of the use of microstrip antennas are presented, those are: substrates with PBG material - Photonic Bandgap, multilayer antennas and with stacked patches. The developed analysis in this work used the TTL - Transverse Transmission Line method in the domain of Fourier transform, that uses a component of propagation in the y direction (transverse to the direction real of propagation z), treating the general equations of electric and magnetic field as functions of y and y . This work has as objective the application of the TTL method to microstrip structures with single and multilayers of rectangular and triangular patches, to obtaining the resonance frequency and radiation pattern of each structure. This method is applied for the treatment of the fields in stacked structures. The Homogenization theory will be applied to obtaining the effective permittivity for s and p polarizations of the substrate composed of PBG material. Numerical results for the triangular and rectangular antennas with single layer, multilayers resonators with triangular and rectangular patches are presented (in photonic and isotropic substrates). Conclusions and suggestions for continuity of this work are presented

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This work presents a theoretical and experimental analysis about the properties of microstrip antennas with integrated frequency selective surfaces (Frequency Selective Surface - FSS). The integration occurs through the insertion of the FSS on ground plane of microstrip patch antenna. This integration aims to improve some characteristics of the antennas. The FSS using patch-type elements in square unit cells. Specifically, the simulated results are obtained using the commercial computer program CST Studio Suite® version 2011. From a standard antenna, designed to operate in wireless communication systems of IEEE 802.11 a / b / g / n the dimensions of the FSS are varied to obtain an optimization of some antenna parameters such as impedance matching and selectivity in the operating bands. After optimization of the investigated parameters are built two prototypes of microstrip patch antennas with and without the FSS ground plane. Comparisons are made of the results with the experimental results by 14 ZVB network analyzer from Rohde & Schwarz ®. The comparison aims to validate the simulations performed and show the improvements obtained with the FSS in integrated ground plane antenna. In the construction of prototypes, we used dielectric substrates of the type of Rogers Corporation RT-3060 with relative permittivity equal to 10.2 and low loss tangent. Suggestions for continued work are presented

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The great interest observed in wireless communication systems has required the development of new configurations of microstrip antennas, because they are easily built and integrated to other microwave circuit components, which is suitable for the construction and development of planar antenna arrays and microwave integrated circuits. This work presents a new configuration of tapered microstrip antenna, which is obtained by impressing U-slots on the conducting patch combined with a transmission line matching circuit that uses an inset length. It is shown that the use of U-slots in the microstrip antenna conducting patch excites new resonating modes, that gives a multiband characteristic for the slotted microstrip antenna, that is suitable for applications in communication systems that operates several frequencies simultaneously. Up to this date, the works reported in the literature deals with the use of Uslotted microstrip rectangular antennas fed by a coaxial probe. The properties of a linear array of microstrip patch tapered antennas are also investigated. The main parameters of the U slotted tapered microstrip antennas are investigated for different sizes and locations of the slots impressed on the conducting patch. The analysis of the proposed antenna is performed by using the resonant cavity and equivalent transmission line methods, in combination with a parametric study, that is conducted by the use of the Ansoft Designer, a commercial computer aided microwave software well known by its accuracy and efficiency. The mentioned methods are used to evaluate the effect in the antennas parameters, like resonant frequency and return loss, produced by variations of the antenna structural parameters, accomplished separately or simultaneously. An experimental investigation is also developed, that consists of the design, construction and measurement of several U slotted microstrip antenna prototypes. Finally, theoretical and simulated results are presented that are in agreement with the measured ones. These results are related to the resonating modes identification and to the determination of the main characteristics of the investigated antennas, such as resonant frequency, return loss, and radiation pattern

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A estratégia do uso múltiplo dos recursos naturais da várzea no Baixo Amazonas tem sofrido constante ameaça principalmente nos últimos 70 anos, devido a pressões resultantes das mudanças no mercado regional, como os cultivos comerciais, da intensificação da pesca comercial e da expansão da criação extensiva de gado e búfalo. Frente a esta problemática, a tese objetivou analisar as respostas de adaptação dos camponeses ao ambiente de várzea de acordo ao acesso ao fator de produção terra, às influências do ambiente e da paisagem, e a sua inserção ao mercado, na várzea do Baixo Amazonas, Santarém, no período de 1941 a 2002. Conhecer as respostas de adaptação das comunidades camponesas nos momentos de tensão é de extrema importância para o ecossistema da várzea, detectar alterações na estratégia do uso múltiplo dos recursos naturais. Os dados foram coletados em duas comunidades camponesas na várzea pertencentes a sub-região do Urucurituba, mesoregião do Baixo Amazonas, microregião de Santarém na região oeste do estado do Pará. As comunidades de Piracãoera de Cima e Piracãoera de Baixo foram selecionadas por possuirem uma alta restinga; estarem relativamente próximas ao centro urbano de Santarém, e produzirem culturas anuais em sistema intensivo, evidenciado em pesquisa anterior. Foram constituídos dois grupos de famílias camponesas de acordo com o acesso a terra, as Não- Arrendatárias e os Arrendatárias. A amostra composta de 57 famílias, correspondeu a 36% do total da população das duas comunidades. De acordo com este processo, a amostra foi constituída por 31 famílias Não-Arrendatários, e 26 Arrendatárias. Para aprofundar a análise procedeu-se a estratificar das famílias por sistemas de produção. Foram denominados sistemas de produção A, B e C, as quais apresentavam as seguintes características: O Sistema de Produção A prioriza a criação animal, médios e grandes animais, dentre o uso múltiplo dos recursos; o Sistema de Produção B: prioriza a agricultura, dentre o uso múltiplo. Neste sistema considera as famílias que criam, ou não, o gado bovino, e o Sistema de Produção C que prioriza a pesca, e a agricultura em menor proporção.Embasado no método participativo, as entrevistas as famílias foram realizadas com o auxílio de um questionário previamente estruturado e testado pelo IPAM/Santarém, com adaptações propostas por Costa (1995) para reconstituir historicamente a agricultura, a pesca, a criação de grandes animais, e o pomar caseiro. Após analisar as informações obtidas procedeu-se a Análise da Intensificação Agrícola, da eficiência Agrícola e a da eficiência dos sistemas de produção A, B e C nos dois grupos de camponeses concluímos que: A restrição ao fator de produção terra não condicionou a que os camponeses usassem mais intensivamente a terra. As famílias que arrendam terra não possuem sistemas agrícolas mais intensivos. A intensificação agrícola não influenciou negativamente na produtividade agrícola ao longo do tempo, não influenciou na eficiência dos sistemas de produção, nem tão pouco no uso múltiplo dos recursos. A intensificação da agricultura não influenciou o uso múltiplo dos recursos, porém, houve um redirecionamento da força de trabalho, entre a pesca e agricultura, principais atividades produtivas, para manter a unidade produtiva em funcionamento. Uma atividade libera mão-de-obra como uma forma de investimento a outra atividade. Os recursos financeiros obtidos na pesca ajudam na aquisição dos elementos de capital necessários para a atividade agrícola, e a adquirir os produtos industrializados no mercado para a família. Por outro lado, a renda proveniente da agricultura financia a pesca no verão e no inverno com a aquisição de gelo, alimentos para as viagens na pesca. Até iniciar a produção agrícola, a pesca mantém a família com a aquisição de produtos para serem consumidos, e a adquirir os elementos de capital. Em síntese, concluímos que os campesinos da várzea do Baixo Amazonas seguem a lógica do lucro, ao mesmo tempo se resguardando de fracassos por meio do uso múltiplo dos recursos através da diversificação de atividades e produtos.

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Nos últimos de 20 anos, economia e tecnologia evoluíram em muitas direções e em novas áreas. Muitas dessas evoluções criaram oportunidades que estão sendo consideradas na concepção de futuras redes de comunicação. Estas novas possibilidades estão relacionadas à, sobretudo, utilização da internet para o acesso à serviços e englobam: mobilidade; tecnologias de baixo custo; crescimento e empregos (pela Internet participa-se de cada processo de negócios e produção); serviços; educação (oportunidade para as pessoas crescerem e se desenvolverem); entretenimento (mundos virtuais para o lazer, compras e jogos); volume de tráfego maior (texto, voz, imagens, vídeo). Como uma consequência, a Internet se tornou, semelhante a eletricidade ou água, um bem público. Com quase 2 bilhões de usuários (aproximadamente 28% da população mundial), a Internet está se tornando, cada vez mais, uma infraestrutura difusivo oferecendo em qualquer lugar, a qualquer momento conectividade e serviços. Este mundo da Internet atual é o resultado de sucessivas alterações que aconteceram desde o seu surgimento e que tornaram a infraestrutura de comunicação de importância crítica. Em termos de tecnologias de comunicação, os sistemas móveis sem fio têm um lugar especial devido a sua difusão excepcional na última década e que, junto com a Internet, tem permitido o aparecimento de dispositivos inteligentes, a introdução de novos serviços inovadores e exigindo, para tanto, um ambiente que suporte a inovação e criatividade. Porém, os vários padrões de redes para suporte, principalmente, ao acesso de última milha são desvantagens na perspectiva do usuário, pois este tem de se habilitar nessas redes (contratar os serviços) e, não raro, ter terminais específicos para o acesso. A idéia de um padrão único para estas redes não obteve resultados satisfatórios e uma solução aponta para a integração dessas redes para prover acesso único e transparente ao usuário. Esse trabalho, portanto, apresenta uma solução embarcada para integrar padrões de comunicações sem fio heterogênea do tipo IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee, IEEE 802.20 GSM/GPRS e IEEE 802.2 Wi-Fi. Essa heterogeneidade de tecnologias sem fio permite a um usuário em movimento, através de seu terminal local ou remoto, acessar aplicativos e serviços de forma transparente. A avaliação de desempenho da solução foi realizada utilizando-se dois tipos de serviços: domótica e telemedicina. Os resultados indicaram que a solução proposta consegue integrar e prover os serviços com segurança e confiabilidade.

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O mieloma múltiplo (MM) é uma neoplasia maligna secundária à expansão clonal de células plasmáticas caracterizada pela presença de imunoglobulina monoclonal no sangue e/ou na urina, lesões líticas ósseas e infiltração de plasmócitos monoclonais na medula óssea. A caracterização dos mecanismos responsáveis pela expansão das células tumorais do MM é difícil e envolve uma série de alterações genéticas e mudanças no microambiente da medula óssea, favorecendo o crescimento do tumor e a falha do sistema imune em reconhecê-lo. O MM é uma doença incurável, sendo a sobrevida mediana dos pacientes em torno de 3-5 anos. Terapias atuais como quimioterapia e transplante autólogo de células-tronco podem induzir remissão da doença, mas a recaída e a morte são inevitáveis. Os antígenos específicos câncer/testículo (CTs) foram originalmente descritos em pacientes com melanoma e são assim denominados, pois suas proteínas foram identificadas em espermatogônias, células conhecidas por não expressarem antígenos de histocompatibilidade (HLA), o que as impossibilita de desencadear uma resposta imune específica. Esses antígenos foram identificados posteriormente em vários tipos de tumores humanos, como melanoma, carcinoma pulmonar, câncer renal, entre outros. Até o momento, existem poucas informações a respeito de sua importância como fatores de prognóstico clínico ou relacionado à proliferação aberrante das células plasmáticas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o nível de expressão gênica dos antígenos câncer/testículo MAGEC1(CT7), MAGEA3/6, LAGE-1, NY-ESO-1 e GAGE em amostras de aspirado de medula óssea total de pacientes com mieloma múltiplo. A análise de expressão por RT-PCR dos 5 CTs de interesse, realizada em 21 amostras de medula total de pacientes com MM, demonstrou as seguintes freqüências: CT7 (42,9%), LAGE-1 (23,8%)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

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A monoclonal antibody (mAb) is an important tool in medical biotechnology and the production of biopharmaceuticals, especially for disease diagnosis and treatment of infections, because the antibodies have a significant advantage over chemical agents used in conventional therapies . The last thirty years the technology of production of monoclonal antibodies developed mainly the technique of obtaining in vitro, but also of their production is laborious, the cost is high. A major element of the high cost of production is the fact that the long-term culture consumes a large amount of imported inputs with high added value. A major contribution of this work is to promote cell growth more quickly and efficiently. Currently, a great race to discover new technologies and techniques to synthesize new antibodies and significantly increase the production of murine mAbs. New technologies such as laser and LED are innovations and widespread in modern life, so much so that its use has proliferated worldwide, primarily in the medical field. Recent studies show a series of results from the influence of the LED light in biological tissues such as: increasing the rate of cell proliferation, increased production rate of fibroblasts, increasing the rate of synthesis of RNA and DNA synthesis of ATP, etc. To assess the contribution of the LED in the culture of Myeloma NS1murino compared to the standard procedure. - NS1 cells were provided and followed the criteria of culture medium of the Laboratory of Cellular Engineering Center of Botucatu (POPs). The same amount of cells was grown in bottles of 25 cm2 polystyrene Tissue Culture Treated, specifically marked and kept in special medium RPMI 1640 Gibco BRL  supplemented with fetal bovine serum 10%, essential amino acids and non-essential, glucose, insulin and antibiotics. It was used in LEDs Cromatek wavelength of 630nm, 475nm and 530nm. The groups were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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O jornalismo é um dos principais meios de oferta de temas para a discussão e formação da opinião pública, porém depende de um sistema técnico para ser transmitido. Durante mais de cem anos as informações produzidas pela imprensa foram emitidas, armazenadas, transmitidas e recebidas pelos chamados veículos de comunicação de massa que utilizam a rede centralizada cujas características estão na escassez material, produção em série e massificação. Esse sistema separa no tempo e no espaço emissores e receptores criando uma relação desigual de força em que as grandes empresas controlaram o fluxo informativo, definindo quais fatos seriam veiculados como notícia. Em 1995, a internet cuja informação circula sob a tecnologia da rede distribuída, foi apropriada pela sociedade, alterando a forma de produção, armazenamento e transmissão de informação. A tecnologia despertou a esperança de que esta ferramenta poderia proporcionar uma comunicação mais dialógica e democrática. Mas aos poucos pode-se perceber novas empresas se apropriando da tecnologia da rede distribuída sob a qual circula a internet, gerando um novo controle do fluxo informativo. Realizou-se nessa pesquisa um levantamento bibliográfico para estabelecer uma reflexão crítica dos diferentes intermediários entre fato e a notícia tanto da rede centralizada como na rede distribuída, objetivando despertar uma discussão que possa oferecer novas ideias para políticas, bem como alternativas para uma comunicação mais democrática e mais libertária.