Nitrate reductase activity in macroalgae and its vertical distribution in macroalgal epiphytes of seagrasses.

Macroalgal epiphytes within seagrass meadows make a significant contribution to total primary production by assimilating water column N and transferring organic N to sediments. Assimilation of NO3 – requires nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1); NR activity represents the capacity for NO3 – assimilation. An optimised in vitro assay for determining NR activity in algal extracts was applied to a wide range of macroalgae and detected NR activity in all 22 species tested with activity 2 to 290 nmolNO3 – min–1 g–1 frozen thallus. With liquid-N2 freezing immediately after sample collection, this method was practical for estimating NR activity in field samples. Vertical distribution of NR activity in macroalgal epiphytes was compared in contrasting Posidonia sinuosa and Amphibolis antarctica seagrass meadows. Epiphytes on P. sinuosa had higher mass-specific NR activity than those on A. antarctica. In P. sinuosa canopies, NR activity increased with distance from the sediment surface and was negatively correlated with [NH4 +] in the water but uncorrelated with [NO3 –]. This supported the hypothesis that NH4 + released from the sediment suppresses NR in epiphytic algae. In contrast, the vertical variation in NR activity in macroalgae on A. antarctica was not statistically significant although there was a weak correlation with [NO3 –], which increased with distance from the sediment. Estimated capacities for NO3 – assimilation in macroalgae epiphytic on seagrasses during summer (24 and 46 mmolN m–2 d–1 for P. sinuosa and A. antarctica, respectively) were more than twice the estimated N assimilation rates in similar seagrasses. When the estimates were based on annual average epiphyte loads for seagrass meadows in other locations, they were comparable to those of seagrasses. We conclude that epiphytic algae represent a potentially important sink for water-column nitrate within seagrass meadows.

Historical data reveal power-law dispersal patterns of invasive aquatic species

Understanding how invasive species spread is of particular concern in the current era of globalisation and rapid environmental change. The occurrence of super-diffusive movements within the context of Lévy flights has been discussed with respect to particle physics, human movements, microzooplankton, disease spread in global epidemiology and animal foraging behaviour. Super-diffusive movements provide a theoretical explanation for the rapid spread of organisms and disease, but their applicability to empirical data on the historic spread of organisms has rarely been tested. This study focuses on the role of long-distance dispersal in the invasion dynamics of aquatic invasive species across three contrasting areas and spatial scales: open ocean (north-east Atlantic), enclosed sea (Mediterranean) and an island environment (Ireland). Study species included five freshwater plant species, Azolla filiculoides, Elodea canadensis, Lagarosiphon major, Elodea nuttallii and Lemna minuta; and ten species of marine algae, Asparagopsis armata, Antithamnionella elegans, Antithamnionella ternifolia, Codium fragile, Colpomenia peregrina, Caulerpa taxifolia, Dasysiphonia sp., Sargassum muticum, Undaria pinnatifida and Womersleyella setacea. A simulation model is constructed to show the validity of using historical data to reconstruct dispersal kernels. Lévy movement patterns similar to those previously observed in humans and wild animals are evident in the re-constructed dispersal pattern of invasive aquatic species. Such patterns may be widespread among invasive species and could be exacerbated by further development of trade networks, human travel and environmental change. These findings have implications for our ability to predict and manage future invasions, and improve our understanding of the potential for spread of organisms including infectious diseases, plant pests and genetically modified organisms.

Exílio e memória na narrativa de Milton Hatoum

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Eficiência reprodutiva em vacas mestiças leiteiras em municípios do nordeste paraense

Foi avaliada a eficiência reprodutiva de vacas mestiças leiteiras criadas em sistema produtivo semi-intensivo de duas fazendas, uma no município de Irituia e outra em Mãe do Rio no nordeste paraense. Foram analisados registros reprodutivos colhidos durante setembro de 2006 a março de 2009. Foram analisadas 851 fêmeas, 106 (12,45%) novilhas e 745 (87,55%) vacas, com um total de 1.356 exames ginecológicos. A taxa de prenhez geral apresentou-se 87,74% para novilhas e 63,35% para vacas. De 1.356 exames realizados 66,41% dos animais apresentavam-se gestantes e 33,59% não gestantes. A taxa de prenhez em relação ao tipo de reprodução foi de 50,66%, 41,30% e 77,27% para Inseminação Artificial convencional (IA), IA em Tempo Fixo (IATF) e Monta natural (MN) respectivamente, com uma média de doses de sêmen por prenhez de 2,01. Os grupos genéticos Guzerá 87,03%, Gir 71,74% e Pardo Suíço 70,54% apresentaram diferenças (p<0,01) na taxa de prenhez em relação ao Girolando com 62,15%, Simental com 61,91% e Holandesa com 59,45%. A taxa de prenhez encontrada na época seca de 75,77% mostrou diferença (p<0,01) na obtida para época menos chuvosa com 58,95%. As médias da idade a primeira cobertura (IPC) e ao primeiro parto (IPP) foram de 29,6±5,71 e 38,57±5,71 meses respectivamente, ocorrendo diferenças (p<0,05) do IPP em relação ao tipo de reprodução IATF e MN e estação mais chuvosa e menos chuvosa. O período de serviço (PS) foi de 110,97±70,87 dias, havendo diferença (p<0,05) entre a estação mais chuvosa e menos chuvosa, e também influencia (p<0,05) da variável ano de estudo, diminuindo de 2006 para 2008 respectivamente. As patologias encontradas foram Ovario hipoplásico 2,35%, Cervix sinuosa 1,52%, abortamento 1,76%, Endometrite 1,29%, Cervix fibrosada 0,7%, Cisto folicular 0,70% ,Aderência Tubovárica 0,12%, Cisto luteínico 0,12%, Pneumovagina 0,12% e Vulva infantil 0,12%.

João Vêncio : os seus amores: escritura neopicaresca e angolanidade

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

Effects of crevice size on the establishment of macroalgae in subtropical streams

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Geoprocessamento de variáveis morfométricas para caracterização da microbacia do Córrego do Petiço

This study aims to perform the morphometric characterization of the watershed stream Petiço, Botucatu-SP, through techniques of GIS by GIS IDRISI Selva and Charter planialtimetric Botucatu (SF-22-ZB-VI-3) , edited by IBGE (1969), scale 1: 50000 for ranking the drainage network and the morphometric analysis. The variables analyzed were the dimensions, the relief pattern, pattern of the drainage network and the shape variables. The results show that related to how the watershed has an oblong shape with environmental interpretation with low tendency to flooding and erosion. The sinuosity index of 1.22 shows that the channels of the micro tend to be somewhat sinuous, which allows to infer that is permeable soil with good water infiltration. Based on the results of the morphometric variables was found that the watershed is in good condition of conservation, however, presents certain risks of susceptibility to erosion, and environmental degradation in some points, being fundamental to the maintenance of vegetation cover, in view of the roughness coefficient (Rn). Thus, the evaluation of morphometric characteristics in the study watershed constitutes an important tool in conjunction with the use of GIS and Geographic Information Systems makes possible the planning and management of natural resources aimed at their conservation.

Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

Among the Scrupocellaria species previously reported from Queensland, three are here redescribed - S. cervicornis, S. curvata and S. diadema; two other species, S. frondis and S. sinuosa, are recorded from the area for the first time; three new species, S. hamata n. sp., S. prolata n. sp. and S. peltata n. sp., are also described, and the remainder are discussed. The need for the re-examination of specimens assigned to this genus is highlighted. The geographic range of some Scrupocellaria species is far more limited than once thought.

Ecología y estatus trófico del erizo de mar Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845) en los fondos rocosos de las Islas Canarias (Gran Canaria, España)

La explosión demográfica de erizo Diadema antillarum en los ecosistemas sumergidos rocosos del litoral canario está provocando una intensa desertización, generando los popularmente conocidos como fondos de “blanquizales” debido al color blanco que adquiere el recubrimiento calcáreo. Se analizaron los parámetros morfométricos, de densidad poblacional, ecología trófica e interacción específica de la especie de erizo D. antillarum (Philippi, 1845) durante los años 2005, 2006 y 2007 en los fondos rocosos de la isla de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias, España. Se evaluaron cuatro blanquizales con diferente orientación geográfica y con características bióticas y abióticas distintas, lo que permitió analizar el papel trófico de D. antillarum bajo diferentes condiciones; además de la evaluación de la biomasa de las especies algales halladas en los fondos rocosos donde habita la especie. El estudio hace un especial énfasis en la evaluación de la distribución, discriminación y selección de las diversas fuentes algales consumidas por Diadema antillarum a través de un seguimiento de la asimilación de los productores primarios por los consumidores, mediante el uso de los isótopos estables 13C y 15N Los resultados no mostraron una variación estacional de la morfometría de D. antillarum. Sin embargo, si existe una variación respecto al tamaño del erizo con la profundidad. La especie mostró una disminución de su tamaño cuanto mayor era la profundidad. Asimismo los resultados exhibieron una correlación negativa entre la densidad poblacional de D. antillarum y el tamaño del erizo. Hay una clara tendencia a hallar las tallas pequeñas de erizos conforme aumenta la maduración o desarrollo de los blanquizales. Se encuentran tallas menores cuando la densidad de erizos supera los 5 erizos • m-2. La mayor densidad promedio encontrada en este estudio fue de 12, 83 erizos • m-2 y la talla menor fue de un diámetro de caparazón menor a 2 cm y un ancho de la linterna de Aristóteles de 0,8 cm; la categoría de diámetro de caparazón más abundante fue la comprendida en el rango de 3,5-5,4 cm. Las firmas isotópicas de la fuentes algales y del músculo de D. antillarum mediante el uso de modelos de mezcla permitieron concluir que en términos generales el género Laurencia resultó un constituyente principal en la dieta de D. antillarum en los diferentes blanquizales; los géneros Colpomenia, Padina, Sargassum, Hypnea, y Jania son constituyentes importantes en la dieta de D. antillarum cuando habita en sustratos de blanquizales desarrollados (maduros), de la misma forma que Dictyota, Zonaria, Liagora, Lobophora, y Stypocaulon constituyen fuentes importantes en los blanquizales menos desarrollados (inmaduros), mostrando un alto grado de solapamiento de fuentes. D. antillarum presentó una asimilación diferencial, independientemente de la disponibilidad del alimento. La dieta de D. antillarum refleja una composición algal específica dependiendo de la etapa de maduración del blanquizal El estudio proporciona una herramienta cuantitativa que permite separar ambientes diferentes - hábitats que experimentan diferentes grados de perturbación- a través de la evaluación de una asimilación diferencial de las algas por parte de D. antillarum.

Neogene and Pleistocene fossil brachiopods of the Eastern Islands. Current appointments.

[EN] Numerous specimens of fossil brachiopods have been found in the different fossiliferous outcrops of the Canary Islands. These fossils have been found in the deposits of Mio-Pliocene age of the eastern Canary Islands, described and illustrated in the work of Meco et ali. 2005 and in the outcrops interpreted as a tsunami deposits  in Piedra Alta, Lanzarote, belonging to the Marine Isotope Stage 11 dated to circa 330 ka. 4 species of fossil brachiopods have been identificated: Terebratula sinuous Brocchi 1814, Lacazella mediterranea Risso 1826 Terebratulina caputserpentis (Zbyszewski, 1957) and Thecidium cf . digitatum (Sowerby 1823). These fossils provides stratigraphic and paleoclimatic taxonomic information. Furthermore, in order to compare the fossil brachiopods with present in the Canary Island, a reference collection is defined with specimens obtained from marine sediment surveys at Gran Canaria, La Palma and El Hierro, identifying 3 species: Argyrotheca barrettiatia (Davidson, 1866), Megerlia truncata (Linaeus 1767 ) and Pajaudina atlantica (Logan 1988).

Megabenthic communities in the waters around Svalbard during POLARSTERN cruise ARK-VIII/2 (EPOS II)

Composition and distribution of megabenthic communities around Svalbard were investigated in June/July 1991 with 20 Agassiz trawl and 5 bottom trawl hauls in depths between 100 and 2100 m. About 370 species, ranging from sponges to fish, were identified in the catches. Species numbers per station ranged from 21 to 86. Brittle stars, such as Ophiacantha bidentata, Ophiura sarsi and Ophiocten sericeum, were most important in terms of constancy and relative abundance in the catches. Other prominent faunal elements were eunephthyid alcyonarians, bivalves, shrimps, sea stars and fish (Gadidae, Zoarcidae, Cottidae). Multivariate analyses of the species and environmental data sets showed that the spatial distribution of the megabenthos was characterized by a pronounced depth zonation: abyssal, bathyal, off-shore shelf and fjordic communities were discriminated. However, a gradient in sediment properties, especially the organic carbon content, seemed to superimpose on the bathymetric pattern. Both main factors are interpreted as proxies of the average food availability, which is, hence, suggested to have the strongest influence in structuring megabenthic communities off Svalbard.

Radiolarian biostratigraphy in the central Indian Ocean

Identifiable radiolarians of stratigraphic importance were recovered at eight of the sites drilled on Leg 115. The assemblages range in age from Holocene to middle Eocene (Dictyoprora mongolfieri Zone, about 48 Ma). Faunal preservation is particularly good in two stratigraphic intervals: the Holocene through upper Miocene (0-9 Ma), and the lowermost Oligocene to middle Eocene (35-48 Ma). Fluctuating rates of silica accumulation at these drill sites during the Cenozoic reflect changing tectonic and paleoceanographic conditions. In particular, the gradual closure of the Indonesian and Tethyan seaways and the northward migration of the Indian subcontinent severely restricted zonal circulation and silica accumulation in tropical latitudes during the late Oligocene through middle Miocene. By the late Miocene the Indian subcontinent had moved sufficiently north of the equator to allow trans-Indian zonal circulation patterns to become reestablished, and biosiliceous sedimentation resumed. The composition of the radiolarian assemblages in the tropical Indian Ocean is closely comparable with that of the 'stratotype' sequences in the equatorial Pacific. However, there are some notable exceptions in Indian Ocean assemblages: (1) the scarcity of the genera Pterocanium and Spongaster in the Neogene; (2) the absence of the stratigraphically important Podocyrtis lineage, P. diamesa -> P. phyxis -> P. ampla, in the middle Eocene; and (3) the scarcity of taxa of the genus Dorcadospyris, with the exception of D. ateuchus. The succession of radiolarian events was tabulated for those stratigraphic intervals where the assemblages were well preserved. We identified 55 events in the middle Eocene to earliest Oligocene, and 31 events in the late Miocene to Holocene. The succession of events is closely comparable with that of the tropical Pacific. However, there are exceptions that appear to be real, rather than artifacts of sample preservation, mixing, and core disturbance.

Cenozoic radiolaria in the western North Atlantic

Eight Cenozoic radiolarian zones were recognized in samples from two holes at Site 603, drilled on the lower continental rise off North America during Leg 93 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Paleocene to early Eocene radiolarian zones (Bekoma bidartensis, Buryella clinata, and Phormocyrtis striata striata zones) and early to late Miocene radiolarian zones (Calocycletta costata, Dorcadospyris alata, Diartus petterssoni, and Didymocyrtis antepenultima zones) were recognized in sediments from Holes 603 and 603B. In addition, a new Paleocene Bekoma campechensis radiolarian Zone is defined by the interval between the first morphotypic appearance of B. campechensis and the B. campechensis-B. bidartensis evolutionary transition. This zone is immediately below the B. bidartensis Zone of Foreman (1973), and has previously been discussed as a Paleocene "unnamed zone" by other investigators. A hiatus between Neogene and Paleogene sequences was also recognized in the radiolarian faunas.