Adubação com NPK em coqueiro-anão-verde (Cocos nucifera L.) rendimento e qualidade de frutos

A produção de coco para extração de água no Estado de São Paulo está em expansão. Entretanto, faltam informações básicas sobre o manejo desta cultura. Desse modo, instalou-se um experimento de campo em Pereira Barreto (20º47'S; 51º01'W), visando ao estudo da resposta do coqueiro à adubação com NPK de set/2000 a fev/2004. Empregou-se o esquema fatorial fracionado 1/2 (4³), sendo os tratamentos formados pelas combinações de doses anuais de N (0; 120; 240 e 360 kg ha¹ de N), P (0; 100; 200 e 300 kg ha¹ de P2O5) e K (0; 120; 240 e 360 kg ha¹ de K2O). Como fontes de N, P e K, respectivamente, aplicaram-se NH4NO3, superfosfato triplo e KCl, fracionadamente, durante a época das chuvas. A aplicação de N causou diminuição no volume de água e massa média dos frutos e na quantidade de frutos por cacho; inversamente, a adubação potássica teve efeito positivo nestas características. Os teores de P e K da água de coco aumentaram com a aplicação de P e K, entretanto não houve efeito dos tratamentos nos resultados da avaliação sensorial. A aplicação de P não teve efeito significativo na produção de frutos.

Recomendação de adubação e calagem para coqueiro (Cocos nucifera L.) no Estado de São Paulo - 1ª. aproximação

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a 1ª. aproximação da recomendação de adubação e calagem para coqueiro no Estado de São Paulo, visando à produção de água. O cultivo de coqueiro nesta região é recente, carecendo de recomendações técnicas. Esta recomendação foi elaborada a partir de resultados experimentais obtidos em campo e de informações disponíveis na literatura. A recomendação de adubação segue os padrões do Boletim Técnico 100 do Instituto Agronômico (SP). Nas tabelas apresentadas, as doses de fertilizantes são obtidas com base nos teores de P e K disponíveis no solo, na idade das plantas durante a formação do coqueiral (até 5 anos) e, posteriormente (fase de produção), na produtividade esperada.

Atividade enzimática e paramêtros fisico-químicos de água de cocos colhidos em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e estação climática

Nos últimos anos, agricultores da região noroeste do Paraná vêm cultivando o coqueiro, visando à comercialização da água do fruto verde. Na literatura, ainda são poucos os relatos sobre as características da água de coco verde na região. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos físico-químicos e a atividade das enzimas peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO) da água de coco, cv. Anão-Verde, de frutos colhidos em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e estações climáticas. Os frutos foram colhidos no município de Umuarama, Paraná, nas quatro estações climáticas e em cinco estádios de desenvolvimento. Foram realizadas avaliações da atividade da POD e PPO, turbidez, pH, acidez titulável (AT), compostos fenólicos e teores de minerais da água de coco. As atividades da PPO e da POD apresentaram os maiores valores no inverno, variando de 1,87 a 3,69 U mL-1 para PPO e 15,42 a 22,56 U mL-1 para POD. A turbidez variou de 10,14 a 15,16 NTU, sendo valor referente à água de coco colhido com sete meses e nove meses na primavera. A AT resultou em valores entre 0,057 e 0,113 g de ácido cítrico 100 mL-1. No inverno e na primavera, a água de coco apresentou os maiores valores de compostos fenólicos em relação às outras estações. O potássio foi o mineral presente em maior concentração em todas as amostras. Os parâmetros avaliados indicam que a água de coco produzida em Umuarama, Paraná, apresenta características bioquímicas e físico-químicas adequadas e semelhantes aos cocos produzidos em regiões tropicais.

Pirólise de resíduos do coco-da-baía (Cocos nucifera Linn) e análise do carvão vegetal

Este trabalho objetivou realizar a pirólise de resíduos do coco-da-baía (Cocos nucifera Linn) e efetuar a análise química imediata do carvão vegetal produzido. Carvão vegetal, líquido pirolenhoso e gases não-condensáveis foram produzidos sob as temperaturas máximas de destilação de 350, 450 e 550 ºC. Submeteram-se à pirólise o coco inteiro e o seu endocarpo (verde e maduro), adotando como referência o carvão derivado do lenho de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake). O rendimento gravimétrico do carvão do coco inteiro, pirolisado na temperatura máxima de 350 ºC, foi estatisticamente superior aos dos demais tratamentos. Os maiores rendimentos em gases condensáveis foram obtidos a partir da pirólise do endocarpo verde, sob as três temperaturas máximas de pirólise analisadas. Os maiores teores de carbono fixo foram apresentados pelos carvões derivados do endocarpo do coco maduro, pirolisados nas temperaturas máximas de 450 e 550 ºC. Houve a equiparação estatística dos rendimentos em carbono fixo dos carvões do endocarpo do coco maduro e do lenho de eucalipto, pirolisados sob as três temperaturas máximas ora analisadas, e do coco inteiro destilado a 450 e 550 ºC.

Propriedades de chapas fabricadas com partículas de madeira de paricá (Schyzolobium amazonicum Huber ex. Ducke) e fibras de coco (Cocos nucifera L.)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as propriedades de chapas fabricadas com partículas de madeira de paricá (Schyzolobium amazonicum Huber ex. Ducke), às quais foram adicionadas diferentes proporções de fibras de coco (Cocos nucifera L.). As chapas foram fabricadas com 6 ou 8% de adesivo, à base de ureia-formaldeído e tendo como meta uma massa específica de 360 kg/m³. Observou-se que a adição de fibras de coco não afetou a estabilidade dimensional, higroscopicidade e absorção de água, porém aumentou significativamente as demais propriedades. As chapas fabricadas com 8% de adesivo foram mais estáveis e mais resistentes do que aquelas feitas com 6% de adesivo.

Perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos em amostras de cocos Gram-positivos, catalase negativos, isoladas de mastite subclínica bubalina

Estudou-se o perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos em cocos Gram-positivos catalase negativos (21 amostras de Lactococcus garvieae e 6 de Enterococcus gallinarum), isoladas do leite de fêmeas com mastite subclínica e pertencentes a uma população composta por seis rebanhos bubalinos localizados no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O teste utilizado foi o da difusão de discos em agar Müller Hinton, segundo recomendações do National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards - NCCLS, tendo sido testados discos com ampicilina (10mg), cefalotina (30mg), cefotaxima (30mg), cefoxitina (30mg), cloranfenicol (30mg), eritromicina (15mg), gentamicina (10mg), nitrofurantoína (300mg), norfloxacina (10mg), penicilina (10 UI), tetraciclina (30mg) e vancomicina (30mg). Os resultados evidenciaram que em se tratando de Lactococcus garvieae, o antimicrobiano mais eficiente foi o nitrofurantoína com 85,71% de sensibilidade, seguido da cefotaxima (61,90%), vancomicina (52,38%), norfloxacina (47,62%) e cefalotina (47,62%). A maior resistência foi desenvolvida frente a penicilina e ampicilina, com 95,24% de resistênciapara os dois antimicrobianos testados. O perfil de susceptibilidade desenvolvido pelas amostras de Enterococcus gallinarum, mostrou baixa sensibilidade frente aos antimicrobianos testados, onde os maiores índices foram observados frente eritromicina e gentamicina, com 33,34% de sensibilidade para ambos; quanto à resistência desenvolvida, foi possível observar 100% de resistência com relação a vancomicina e tetraciclina, seguindo-se cloranfenicol, penicilina, ampicilina, cefoxitina, cefalotina, cefotaxima, norfloxacina e nitrofurantoína, todas evidenciando uma resistência de 83,33% das amostras testadas.

The husk fiber of Cocos nucifera L. (Palmae) is a source of anti-neoplastic activity

In the present study, we investigated the in vitro anti-tumoral activities of fractions from aqueous extracts of the husk fiber of the typical A and common varieties of Cocos nucifera (Palmae). Cytotoxicity against leukemia cells was determined by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cells (2 x 104/well) were incubated with 0, 5, 50 or 500 µg/mL high- or low-molecular weight fractions for 48 h, treated with MTT and absorbance was measured with an ELISA reader. The results showed that both varieties have almost similar antitumoral activity against the leukemia cell line K562 (60.1 ± 8.5 and 47.5 ± 11.9% for the typical A and common varieties, respectively). Separation of the crude extracts with Amicon membranes yielded fractions with molecular weights ranging in size from 1-3 kDa (fraction A) to 3-10 kDa (fraction B) and to more than 10 kDa (fraction C). Cells were treated with 500 µg/mL of these fractions and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT. Fractions ranging in molecular weight from 1-10 kDa had higher cytotoxicity. Interestingly, C. nucifera extracts were also active against Lucena 1, a multidrug-resistant leukemia cell line. Their cytotoxicity against this cell line was about 50% (51.9 ± 3.2 and 56.3 ± 2.9 for varieties typical A and common, respectively). Since the common C. nucifera variety is extensively cultured in Brazil and the husk fiber is its industrial by-product, the results obtained in the present study suggest that it might be a very inexpensive source of new antineoplastic and anti-multidrug resistant drugs that warrants further investigation.

Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae): A phytochemical and pharmacological review

Cocos nucifera (L.) (Arecaceae) is commonly called the “coconut tree” and is the most naturally widespread fruit plant on Earth. Throughout history, humans have used medicinal plants therapeutically, and minerals, plants, and animals have traditionally been the main sources of drugs. The constituents of C. nucifera have some biological effects, such as antihelminthic, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities. Our objective in the present study was to review the phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and toxicology of C. nucifera to guide future preclinical and clinical studies using this plant. This systematic review consisted of searches performed using scientific databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, SciVerse, and Scientific Electronic Library Online. Some uses of the plant were partially confirmed by previous studies demonstrating analgesic, antiarthritic, antibacterial, antipyretic, antihelminthic, antidiarrheal, and hypoglycemic activities. In addition, other properties such as antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cardioprotective, antiseizure, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective, vasodilation, nephroprotective, and anti-osteoporosis effects were also reported. Because each part of C. nucifera has different constituents, the pharmacological effects of the plant vary according to the part of the plant evaluated.

Influência da temperatura e do ácido ascórbico sobre a estabilidade físico-química e atividade enzimática da água de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) acondicionada assepticament

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a estabilidade físico-química da água de coco quando processada termicamente entre 138 e 144 °C por 10 segundos, com adição de ácido ascórbico nas concentrações de 0, 100 e 200 mg.L-1. Foram processados cinco lotes de água de coco em pequena escala, fazendo-se a avaliação de sua estabilidade por três meses. O tratamento térmico a 139 °C/10 segundos e o uso de 200 mg.L-1 de ácido ascórbico foram consideradas as melhores condições de processo para manter a estabilidade físico-química da água de coco esterilizada e acondicionada assepticamente.

Ultrafiltration performance of PVDF, PES, and cellulose membranes for the treatment of coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.)

Ultrafiltration (UF) inhibits the enzymatic activity which is responsible for color changes of coconut water without the need for heat treatment. In the present study, UF performance in terms of the permeate flux and enzymatic retention of the coconut water was evaluated at laboratory unit (LU) and pilot unit (PU). The membranes studied were polyethersulfone 150 kDa (UP150), polyvinylidene fluoride 150 kDa (UV150) and cellulose 30 kDa (UC030). The UP150 membrane showed the best permeate flux. The UC030 membrane showed the lowest flux, but it resulted in 100% enzymatic retention, while the other membranes showed enzymatic retentions between 71 and 85%. The application of the UC030 in the pilot unit (PU) resulted in a flux value higher than that obtained in the LU due to the tangential velocity effect. The UC030 membrane has proved adequate for industrial applications.

Isolation and characterization of an AINTEGUMENTA-like gene in different coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties from Sri Lanka

Development of an efficient tissue culture protocol in coconut is hampered by numerous technical constraints. Thus a greater understanding of the fundamental aspects of embryogenesis is essential. The role of AINTEGUMENTA-like genes in embryogenesis has been elucidated not only in model plants but also in economically important crops. A coconut gene, CnANT, that encodes two APETALA2 (AP2) domains and a conserved linker region similar to those of the BABY BOOM transcription factor was cloned, characterized, and its tissue specific expression was examined. The full-length cDNA of 1,780 bp contains a 1,425-bp open reading frame that encodes a putative peptide of 474 amino acids. The genomic DNA sequence includes 2,317 bp and consists of nine exons interrupted by eight introns. The exon/intron organization of CnANT is similar to that of homologous genes in other plant species. Analysis of differential tissue expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that CnANT is expressed more highly in in vitro grown tissues than in other vegetative tissues. Sequence comparison of the genomic sequence of CnANT in different coconut varieties revealed one single nucleotide polymorphism and one indel in the first exon and first intron, respectively, which differentiate the Tall group of trees from Dwarfs. The indel sequence, which can be considered a simple sequence repeats marker, was successfully used to distinguish the Tall and Dwarf groups as well as to develop a marker system, which may be of value in the identification of parental varieties that are used in coconut breeding programs in Sri Lanka.

Transcriptome analysis for discovering candidate genes involve in embryogenesis in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) through 454 pyrosequencing

Coconut, Cocos nucifera L. is a major plantation crop, which ensures income for millions of people in the tropical region. Detailed molecular studies on zygotic embryo development would provide valuable clues for the identification of molecular markers to improve somatic embryogenesis. Since there is no ongoing genome project for this species, coconut expressed sequence tags (EST) would be an interesting technique to identify important coconut embryo specific genes as well as other functional genes in different biochemical pathways. The goal of this study was to analyse the ESTs by examining the transcriptome data of the different embryo tissue types together with one somatic tissue. Here, four cDNA libraries from immature embryo, mature embryo, microspore derived embryo and mature leaves were constructed. cDNA was sequenced by the Roche-454 GS-FLX system and assembled into 32621 putative unigenes and 155017 singletons. Of these unigenes, 18651 had significant sequence similarities to non-redundant protein database, from which 16153 were assigned to one or more gene ontology categories. Homologue genes, which are responsible for embryo development such as chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, ATP synthase CF0 subunit, thaumatin-like protein and metallothionein-like protein were identified among the embryo EST collection. Of the unigenes, 6694 were mapped into 139 KEGG pathways including carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and nucleotide metabolism. This collection of 454-derived EST data generated from different tissue types provides a significant resource for genome wide studies and gene discovery of coconut, a non-model species.

Development of a heavy metal sorption system through the P=S functionalization of coconut (Cocos nucifera) fibers

Lignocellulosic residues are interesting materials for the production of heavy metal adsorbents for aquatic systems. Whole fibers taken from coconut (Cocos nucifera) husks were functionalized with the thiophosphoryl (P=S) group by means of the direct reaction with CI(3)P=S, (CH(3)O)(2)CIP=S or (CH(3)CH(2)O)(2)CIP=S in order to obtain an adsorptive system for `soft` metal ions, particularly Cd(2+). These functionalized fibers (FFs) were characterized by means of elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and acid-base titration. Adsorption isotherms for Cd(2+) fitted the Langmuir model, with binding capacities of 0.2-5 mmol g(-1) of FF at 25 degrees C. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de coco (Cocos nucifera L

The production of biodiesel has become an important and attractive process for the production of alternative fuels. This work presents a study of the biodiesel production from coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.), by two routes: direct transesterification using NaOH as catalyst and esterification (with H2SO4) followed by basic transesterification. The reactor was built in pirex with 1L of capacity and was equipped with a jacket coupled with a thermostatic bath to temperature control, a mecanical stirring is also present in the reactor. The analysis of oil composition was carried out by gas chromatography and esters compounds were identified. The parameters of molar ratio oil/alcohol, reaction time and temperature were studied and their influence on the conversion products was evaluated using experimental planning (23). The molar ratio was the most significant variable by the statistical planning analysis. Conversions up to 85.3% where achived in the esterification/transesterification, with molar ratio 1:6 at 60ºC and 90 minutes of reaction. For the direct transesterification, route conversions up 87.4% eas obtained using 1:6.5 molar ratio at 80ºC and 60 minutes of reaction. The Coconut oil was characterized by their physic chemical properties and key constituents of the oil. The lauric acid was the main constituint and the oil showed high acidity. The biodiesel produced was characterized by its main physicochemical properties, indicating satisfactory results when compared to standard values of National Petroleum Agency. The work was supplemented with a preliminary assessment of the reaction kinetic

Incidence of tarsonemid mites on Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) from Oman with description of a new species of Nasutitarsonemus Beer and Nucifora (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

Coconut is an important crop grown in the coastal plain of the Dhofar region, south-eastern Oman, on the edge of the Arabian Peninsula desert. It holds a particular place in the landscaping of the region and is also of great interest for the production of coconut drinking water. One of the main pests of coconut in this region is the coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis Keifer). In surveys conducted to understand the dynamics of that mite and its association with other arthropods, the incidence of tarsonemid mites was determined. Steneotarsonemus furcatus de Leon was the most commonly found tarsonemid on fruits as well as on growing tips of coconut seedlings, always at low levels. A few representatives of an undescribed tarsonemid species were also found. That new species is here described as Nasutitarsonemus omani Lofego and Moraes, sp. nov. A key to the species of this little-known genus is provided.