Mercado de carbono: um estudo comparado entre Brasil, China e Índia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Social development benefits of hydroelectricity CDM projects in Brazil

In recent years, the concept of sustainable development has become increasingly recognized and important. Within organizations, sustainable development is often portrayed as a balancing act, and requires a combination of three elements to be considered: economy, environment, and society. Traditionally, organizational management research has been focused on economical and environmental fronts. However, social aspects are also important for organizations, especially those in emerging and developing countries. The goal of this paper is to investigate the potential of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to deliver social benefits in Brazil?s hydroelectricity sector. The investigation involved the assessment of 46 registered hydro CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol in terms of their potential impact on the envisaged social development goals. Two case studies were also examined. Results indicate that organizations managing hydroelectric initiatives in Brazil can provide the pathway towards achieving a number of important social benefits. Successful projects were found to have good community involvement and were managed by both cooperative ventures and money making corporations. The research also identified several challenges that are hindering hydro CDM projects from delivering more social benefits, and enabled a number of recommendations to be extracted for the organizations facing these challenges.

Reforming the CDM for sustainable development: lessons learned and policy futures

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has successfully demonstrated that market-based mechanisms can achieve some cost effective emissions reductions in developing countries. However the distribution of CDM projects has been extremely uneven across countries and regions, and a few technologies and sectors have dominated the early stages of CDM experience. This has caused some to question whether the CDM has fallen short of its potential in contributing to sustainable development. We review the broad patterns of CDM project approvals and evaluate 10 CDM projects according to their sustainability benefits. The difficulty of defining “sustainable development” and the process of defining criteria by individual non-Annex 1 governments has meant that sustainable development concerns have been marginalized in some countries. Given these observed limitations, we present possible CDM policy futures, focusing on the main proposals for a post-2012 climate regime. Five options for enhancing the sustainable development benefits in the CDM are discussed, including proactive approaches to favour eligibility of emission reduction projects which ensure such co-benefits.

Small-scale forest carbon projects: Adapting CDM to low-income communities

Given the decision to include small-scale sinks projects implemented by low-income communities in the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, the paper explores some of the basic governance conditions that such carbon forestry projects will have to meet if they are to be successfully put in practice. To date there are no validated small-scale sinks projects and investors have shown little interest in financing such projects, possibly to due to the risks and uncertainties associated with sinks projects. Some suggest however, that carbon has the potential to become a serious commodity on the world market, thus governance over ownership, rights and responsibilities merit discussion. Drawing on the interdisciplinary development, as well as from the literature on livelihoods and democratic decentralization in forestry, the paper explores how to adapt forest carbon projects to the realities encountered in the local context. It also highlights the importance of capitalizing on synergies with other rural development strategies, ensuring stakeholder participation by working with accountable, representative local organizations, and creating flexible and adaptive project designs.

Sustainability of palm oil production and opportunities for Finnish technology and know-how transfer

The global demand for palm oil is growing, thus prompting an increase in the global production particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. Such increasing demand for palm oil is due to palm oil’s relatively cheap price and versatile advantage both in edible and non-edible applications. Along with the increasing demand for palm oil, particularly for the production of biofuel, is a heated debate on its sustainability. Ecological degradation, climate change and social issues are among the main sustainability issues pressing the whole palm oil industry today. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects fulfilling the imperatives of the Kyoto Protocol are starting to gain momentum in Malaysia as reflected by the increasing registration of CDM projects in the palm oil mills. Most CDM projects in palm oil mills are on waste-to-energy, cocomposting, and methane recovery with the latter being the most common. The study on greenhouse gases (GHG) in the milling process points that biogas collection and energy utilisation has the greatest positive effect on GHG balance. On the other hand, empty fruit bunches (EFB) end-use as energy and high energy efficiency of the mill have the least effect on GHG balance of the mill. The range of direct GHG emissions from the palm oil mill is from 2.5 to 27 gCO2e/MJCPO, while the range of GHG emissions with all indirect and avoided emissions included is from -9 to 29 gCO2e/MJCPO. Comparing this GHG balance result with that of the EU RES-Directive suggests a further check on the values and emissions consideration of the latter.

La participación del Estado colombiano en la implementación del Protocolo de Kyoto. Iniciativas propuestas frente al Mecanismo de Desarollo Limpio (MDL)

A partir de la firma del Protocolo de Kyoto el Estado colombiano ha elaborando herramientas político-jurídicas a nivel local, para implementar y sacar provecho de las oportunidades que genera el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio en el país. El resultado son 161 proyectos a la fecha.

Análisis de los limites de la institucionalidad internacional establecida bajo el protocolo de Kioto para enfrentar la problematica del cambio climático a partir del estudio del funcionamiento del mecanismo de desarrollo limpio (MDL), desde su entrada en vigor en los países no anexo I

Las negociaciones del cambio climático no han arrojado resultados contundentes para afrontar la problemática que trata. El estudio de la institucionalidad establecida en el régimen, específicamente en el Protocolo de Kioto, para efectos de las negociaciones y de la lucha directa contra la problemática del cambio climático muestra señales de inoperancia. El GTE-PK no ha logrado concluir satisfactoriamente con su mandato y las negociaciones parecen estancadas por la falta de voluntad para negociar por parte de los grupos de negociación tanto de los Países Parte del Anexo I como de los No Anexo I. Lo anterior, no permite dar claridad sobre el futuro del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio. Sin embargo, su institucionalidad no ha sido del todo un fracaso ya que la Junta Ejecutiva del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (JE) ha logrado registrar una gran cantidad de proyectos MDL y ha permitido lograr importantes avances en transferencia de tecnología verde entre los países Parte. En este trabajo se analizarán las dinámicas de las negociaciones en el régimen del cambio climático y su injerencia en la institucionalidad establecida bajo el Protocolo de Kioto.

Societal choice for climate change futures: trees, biotechnology and clean development

The rate and magnitude of predicted climate change require that we urgently mitigate emissions or sequester carbon on a substantial scale in order to avoid runaway climate change. Geo- and bioengineering solutions are increasingly proposed as viable and practical strategies for tackling global warming. Biotechnology companies are already developing transgenic “super carbon-absorbing” trees, which are sold as a cost-effective and relatively low-risk means of sequestering carbon. The question posed in this article is, Do super carbon trees provide real benefits or are they merely a fanciful illusion? It remains unclear whether growing these trees makes sense in terms of the carbon cost of production and the actual storage of carbon. In particular, it is widely acknowledged that “carbon-eating” trees fail to sequester as much carbon as they oxidize and return to the atmosphere; moreover, there are concerns about the biodiversity impacts of large-scale monoculture plantations. The potential social and ecological risks and opportunities presented by such controversial solutions warrant a societal dialogue.

CARBON CREDITS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

International carbon credit markets are based in differences between developing and developed countries greenhouse gases emissions mitigation costs and technological limits faced by developed countries. Potential of energy efficiency measures to reduce fossil fuel usage in Brazilian industrial segments is assessed, and analysis of such potentials singles out those segments and regions more apt to generate carbon credits through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. Though there are currently few Brazilian CDM projects, their number may be significantly increased, which is a positive outcome. For this purpose, it is crucial that energy conservation programs estimate how CDM may improve their economic competitiveness.

Protocolo de Quioto e as possibilidades de inserção do Brasil no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo por meio de projetos em energia limpa

Este artigo pretende estudar a inserção do Brasil no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Quioto, por meio de projetos em energia limpa, enfatizando a cooperação entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e visando as ações práticas que esse mecanismo permite desenvolver para se alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável e para conter o aquecimento global. Para isto, realizou-se extensa revisão bibliográfica dos acordos internacionais referentes às mudanças climáticas e de livros e artigos sobre a inserção brasileira no Protocolo de Quioto e no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo. O Protocolo de Quioto é um acordo internacional que prevê a redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa por intermédio de mecanismos flexibilizadores. O Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo é o único que permite a participação de países em desenvolvimento, para que eles reduzam emissões por meio de projetos que busquem o desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste contexto, o Brasil surge como um país atrativo para o recebimento destes projetos, por sua vocação para desenvolver fontes alternativas de energia e pela sua liderança no processo negociador do Protocolo. O MDL configura-se, portanto, em uma grande oportunidade para o Brasil, visto que esses projetos representam uma fonte de recursos financeiros para que o país busque o desenvolvimento sustentável, além de incentivarem um maior conhecimento científico e a adoção de novas tecnologias.

O potencial da agroenergia no Brasil na mitigação do clima: histórico jurídico

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Protocolo de Quioto e o comércio internacional dos créditos de carbono no âmbito do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo: oportunidades, possibilidades e perspectivas para o Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Viabilidade técnica e econômica da implantação da biodigestão anaeróbia e aplicação de biofertilizante nos atributos de solo e plantas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Utilização da opção de diferimento na avaliação de implantação de projeto de mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo em uma empresa de cerâmica vermelha

A evolução da teoria de precificação de opções considera um conjunto de ferramentas necessárias para gerenciar e explorar o valor advindo da incerteza e da volatilidade que ampliam os parâmetros da geração de valor ao acrescentarem os conceitos de flexibilidade gerencial. Dentro deste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar economicamente a implantação do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo em uma empresa de cerâmica vermelha localizada no Arranjo Produtivo de São Miguel do Guamá, nordeste do Pará. A avaliação pretendeu demonstrar o valor da flexibilidade gerencial de Diferimento conforme adaptações realizadas na metodologia proposta por Copeland & Antikarov (2001), a qual adiciona à avaliação tradicional de fluxo de caixa descontado a Opção Real – OR – que a pesquisa considerou; e que fundamentou-se por meio de revisão de literatura para formulação do método. Essa determinação seguiu um roteiro de etapas essenciais para a análise das variáveis que compreendem o modelo e que possibilitou a ordenação dos resultados quanto aos valores da OR considerada e do valor presente incluindo a flexibilidade gerencial; com a aplicação do método na empresa objeto da pesquisa. Finalmente, como resultado deste estudo conclui-se que a Teoria de Opções Reais por meio da Opção de Diferimento ou Adiamento contribui com informações que auxiliam nas decisões gerenciais de investimento em projetos quando comparados à metodologia tradicional de avaliação visto que são consideradas incertezas inerentes ao projeto, tal como o ambiente real.

Procedimento para homologação de sistemas ecoeficientes para obtenção de créditos de carbono

This paper deals with the homologation process for obtaining carbon credits through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), that regulates the greenhouse gases reductions under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM evaluates projects through a project cycle, which begins with the preparation of the Project Design Document (PDD) until the project certification to receive Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), popularly known as carbon credits. This study analyzed the implementation of the system Burner Recorder System for Low Flows of Biogas (QRBBV), developed by Marcelino Junior & Godoy (2009), in an eco-friendly wastewater treatment mini-plant (miniEETERA), built at the site of UNESP - Guaratinguetá SP. The QRBBV system is low cost and high reliability, developed to burn the methane generated at sites of low and variable production of biogas, which is not economically justified their energy recovery. Currently, almost all wastewater generated at the site of the campus is being treated by miniEETERA and, as a result, the biogas originated by this activity is being released into the atmosphere. Therefore, the project activity aims to capture and burn the biogas generated by miniEETERA, reducing the negative effects caused by the methane emissions into the atmosphere and, thus, claim to receive carbon credits. This work aimed to demonstrate the project applicability under CDM through the study and preparation of the PDD, as well as an analysis of the entire project cycle required for homologation. The result of the work obtained an estimate of only 20 CERs per year and proved to be economically unviable for approval through the CDM, since the spending with the approval process would not be compensated with the sale of CERs, mainly due the low carbon price in the world market. From an environmental standpoint, the project is perfectly... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)