Cladistic analysis of the suborder Conulariina Miller and Gurley, 1896 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa; Vendian-Triassic)

Results of a cladistic analysis of the suborder Conulariina Miller and Gurley, 1896, a major extinct (Vendian-Triassic) group of scyphozoan cnidarians, are presented. The analysis sought to test whether the three conulariid subfamilies (Conulariinae Walcott, 1886, Paraconulariinae Sinclair, 1952 and Ctenoconulariinae Sinclair, 1952) recognized in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology ( TIP) are monophyletic. A total of 17 morphological characters were scored for 16 ingroup taxa, namely the genera Archaeoconularia, Baccaconularia, Climacoconus, Conularia, Conulariella, Conularina, Ctenoconularia, Eoconularia, Glyptoconularia, Metaconularia, Notoconularia, Paraconularia, Pseudoconularia, Reticulaconularia, Teresconularia and Vendoconularia. The extant medusozoan taxa Cubozoa, Stauromedusae, Coronatae and Semaeostomeae served as outgroups. Unweighted analysisof the data matrix yielded 1057 trees, and successive weighting analysis resulted in one of the 1057 original trees. The ingroup is monophyletic with two autapomorphies: (1) the quadrate geometry of the oral region; and (2) the presence of a mineralized (phosphatic) periderm. Within the ingroup, the clade (Vendoconularia, Teresconularia, Conularina, Eoconularia) is supported by the sinusoidal longitudinal geometry of the transverse ridges, and the much larger clade (Baccaconularia, Glyptoconularia, Metaconularia, Pseudoconularia, Conularia, Ctenoconularia, Archaeoconularia, Notoconularia, Climacoconus, Paraconularia, Reticulaconularia) is supported by the presence of external tubercles, which, however, were lost in the clade (Notoconularia, Climacoconus, Paraconularia, Reticulaconularia). As proposed by Van Iten et al. (2000), the clade (Notoconularia, Climacoconus, Paraconularia, Reticulaconularia) is supported by the termination and alternation of the transverse ribs in the corner sulcus. The previously recognized subfamilies Conulariinae, Paraconulariinae and Ctenoconulariinae were not recovered from this analysis. The diagnostic features of Conulariinae (continuation of the transverse ornament across the corner sulcus and lack of carinae) and Ctenoconulariinae ( presence of carinae) are symplesiomorphic or homoplastic, and Paraconulariinae is polyphyletic. The families Conulariellidae Kiderlen, 1937 and Conulariopsidae Sugiyama, 1942, also recognized in the TIP, are monogeneric, and since they provide no additional phylogenetic information, should be abandoned.

Cladistic analysis of Abracrini genera (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Ommatolampinae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A cladistic analysis of the Stygnicranainae Roewer, 1913 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cranaidae) - where do longipalp cranaids belong?

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Cladistic analysis of Charterginus Fox, 1898 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Epiponini). A neotropical genus of social wasps

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cladistic analysis of self-grooming indicates a single origin of eusociality in corbiculate bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Behavioural traits have been used extensively in recent years as an important character source for making phylogenetic inferences. The phylogenetic positions of the members of the Apini subtribe are increasingly being debated, and new characters must be examined. We analysed the presence and absence of certain behavioural patterns, as well as the sequences of some of these patterns, to generate 79 characters. Eleven species comprised the ingroup, and Xylocopini comprised the outgroup. Parsimony analysis showed that the most parsimonious tree was (Euglossina(Bombina(Apina+Meliponina))). This topology is consistent with most studies that use morphological data and the few that use behavioural data, which suggests that advanced eusociality arose only once in a common ancestor of the clade Apina plus Meliponina; however, this hypothesis is inconsistent with our molecular data. Thus we considered behavioural, molecular, and morphological data and recovered the same topology, in which eusociality has a single origin in corbiculate bees.

Revision and cladistic analysis of Neotropical genus Psilochlorops Duda (Diptera: Chloropidae)

Five new species are described herein for the Neotropical genus Psilochlorops, up to now known only from the type-species, P. clavitibia Duda-P. brunneus sp. n., P. elongatum sp. n., P. flavisoma sp. n., P. nigrifemur sp. n. and P. paganelliae sp. n. All new species are described in detail and illustrated. A key to the species of the genus is provided. The diagnosis of Psilochlorops, after the addition of these species, is emended. A cladistic analysis of the genus indicates that Psilochlorops is monophyletic and show the affinities between the species.

A cladistic analysis of apolipoprotein B gene variation and plasma lipid and apolipoprotein B levels, using familial data

Any functionally important mutation is embedded in an evolutionary matrix of other mutations. Cladistic analysis, based on this, is a method of investigating gene effects using a haplotype phylogeny to define a set of tests which localize causal mutations to branches of the phylogeny. Previous implementations of cladistic analysis have not addressed the issue of analyzing data from related individuals, though in human studies, family data are usually needed to obtain unambiguous haplotypes. In this study, a method of cladistic analysis is described in which haplotype effects are parameterized in a linear model which accounts for familial correlations. The method was used to study the effect of apolipoprotein (Apo) B gene variation on total-, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and Apo B levels in 121 French families. Five polymorphisms defined Apo B haplotypes: the signal peptide Insertion/deletion, Bsp 1286I, XbaI, MspI, and EcoRI. Eleven haplotypes were found, and a haplotype phylogeny was constructed and used to define a set of tests of haplotype effects on lipid and apo B levels.^ This new method of cladistic analysis, the parametric method, found significant effects for single haplotypes for all variables. For HDL-cholesterol, 3 clusters of evolutionarily-related haplotypes affecting levels were found. Haplotype effects accounted for about 10% of the genetic variance of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels. The results of the parametric method were compared to those of a method of cladistic analysis based on permutational testing. The permutational method detected fewer haplotype effects, even when modified to account for correlations within families. Simulation studies exploring these differences found evidence of systematic errors in the permutational method due to the process by which haplotype groups were selected for testing.^ The applicability of cladistic analysis to human data was shown. The parametric method is suggested as an improvement over the permutational method. This study has identified candidate haplotypes for sequence comparisons in order to locate the functional mutations in the Apo B gene which may influence plasma lipid levels. ^

A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS of SYNOECA DE SAUSSURE, 1852, A NEOTROPICAL GENUS of SOCIAL WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE: EPIPONINI)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical social wasps of the genus Angiopolybia Araujo, 1946 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Epiponini)

A morphological cladistic analysis of the Neotropical swarm-founding genus Angiopolybia Araujo is presented. A single cladogram resulted from the analysis, with the following ingroup topology: (A. pallens + A. zischkai) + (A. paraensis + A. obidensis). The monophyly of the genus is supported by four synapomorphies. A new identification key is presented for the genus. Copyright © 2007 Magnolia Press.

Appendix 1: List of cladistic characters published on ammonites

The file here provided, is the list of all characters that have been used in cladistic analysis on ammonoids published so far. It constitutes the base of a study which investigates practices in characters establishment. Find here after the abstract of the article that is associated to this file. Cladistics appears as one of the most useful method to reconstruct phylogeny of fossil taxa. However, ammonoids workers tend to sulk this method. The capital step of cladistic analysis is the recognition of homology hypothesis as clue to reconstruct monophyletic clades based on the sharing of derived traits. Previous authors have suggested that coding schemes are usually direct transcription of original taxa description. However, establishing a list of characters (i.e. a matrix taxa /characters) is a very different work compared to a compilation of diagnoses. How morphology is coded in ammonoids? How coding schemes are influenced by traditional descriptions / characters? Here, we review all cladistic analyses of ammonoids published in the literature to compare characters and the way authors have dealt with the treatment of continuous characters, polymorphism and ontogeny. Several barriers are usually invoked to justify that cladistics cannot be applied to reconstruct ammonoids phylogenies. We show that an appropriate use of improvements both on ammonoids' knowledge and cladistics methodology may overcome limitations usually invoked to perform cladistic analysis on ammonoids.

Morphometric and cladistic analyses of the phylogeny of Macropodinium (Ciliophora : Litostomatea : Macropodiniidae)

Phylogenetic studies of the genus Macropodinium were conducted using two methods; phenetics and cladistics. The phenetic study of morphometrics suggested that the genus could be divided into 3 groups attributable mostly to cell size and shape. The cladistic study also split the genus into 3 groups related to cell size but groups were further distinguished by patterns of ornamentation. Reconciliation of both approaches revealed considerable congruence, however, it also suggested the existence of convergences in the phenetic study and a lack of resolution in the cladistic study. The morphological diversity of Macropodinium is probably due to evolutionary trends such as increasing body size, allometry and polymerisation of structures. None of these trends, however, was uniformly directional and differential effects were observed in different regions of the phylogenetic tree. Comparison of the phylogeny of Macropodinium to a consensus phylogeny of the macropodids revealed limited incongruence between the 2 trees. The ciliate groups could be related to 2 host groups; the wallaby genera and the kangaroo and wallaroo subgenera. The association with these host groups may be the result of phyletic codescent, ecological resource tracking or a combination of both. Further studies of both host and ciliate phylogeny are necessary to resolve these effects.

Revision of the dung beetle genus Temnoplectron Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeini)

Temnoplectron Westwood is revised and five new species described, four from North Queensland: cooki, finnigani, lewisense, monteithi, one from New Guinea: wareo. Temnoplectron reyi Paulian is removed from synonymy with T. politulum Macleay, Temnoplectron laevigatum Matthews is placed in synonymy with T. boucomonti Paulian, T. heurni Paulian and Z howdeni Paulian are synonymised with Z atropolitum Gillet, and T. major Paulian is recognised in Australia for the first time. All known species are redescribed. A key is provided for the 19 species of Temnoplectron and new distribution records are noted. A cladistic analysis of the genus is presented, the results of which suggest at least two origins for flightlessness in the genus. The biogeography of Temnoplectran is discussed with reference to isolation of rainforest blocks during periods of maximum aridity.

Revision of the family Alycidae (Acariformes, Acari), with special reference to European species

The thesis provides a proposal to divide Alycidae G. Canestrini & Fanzago into two subfamilies and four tribes. This new hierarchy is based on a reassessment and reranking of new and previously known synapomorphies of the clusters concerned by cladistic analysis, using 60 morphological characters for 48 ingroup species. The basic characters of the taxa are illustrated either by SEM micrographs (Scanning Electron Microscopy) or by outline drawings. The presented classification includes the definitions of Alycini G. Canestrini & Fanzago new rank; Bimichaeliini Womersley new rank; Petralycini new rank; and the (re)descriptions of Alycus C.L. Koch, Pachygnathus Dugès, Amphialycus Zachvatkin, Bimichaelia Thor and Laminamichaelia gen. nov. The species described or redescribed are: Pachygnathus wasastjernae sp. nov. from Kvarken (Merenkurkku), Finland; Pachygnathus villosus Dugès (in Oken); Alycus roseus C.L. Koch; Alycus denasutus (Grandjean) comb. and stat. nov.; Alycus trichotus (Grandjean) comb. nov.; Alycus marinus (Schuster) comb. nov.; Amphialycus (Amphialycus) pentophthalmus Zachvatkin; Amphialycus (Amphialycus) leucogaster (Grandjean); and Amphialycus (Orthacarus) oblongus (Halbert) comb. nov.; Bimichaelia augustana (Berlese); Bimichaelia sarekensis Trägårdh; Laminamichaelia setigera (Berlese) comb. nov.; Laminamichelia arbusculosa (Grandjean) comb. nov.; Laminamichelia subnuda (Berlese) comb. nov. and Petralycus unicornis Grandjean. Fourteen nominal species were found to be junior synonymies. The importance of sensory organs in taxonomy is well recognized, but inclusion of the elaborate skin pattern seemed to improve essentially the usefulness of the prodorsal sensory area. The detailed pictures of the prodorsa of the European alycids could be used like passport photographs for the species. A database like this of prodorsa of other mite taxa as well might be an answer to future needs of species identification in soil zoology, ecology and conservation.

Análise cladística de táxons atribuídos aos peixes euteleósteos basais

Os teleósteos são o grupo mais diversificado entre os vertebrados e seu registro mais antigo data do Jurássico. Sua atual classificação inclui quatro clados, dentre os quais Euteleostei é o mais avançado e variado. Apesar de todos os trabalhos a respeito do grupo, ele ainda não possui diagnose, definição e composição precisas. A discordância entre autores é ilustrada pelas nove diferentes propostas filogenéticas elaboradas nos últimos 30 anos. Muitos fósseis do Cretáceo são classificados como euteleósteos basais por falta de conhecimento morfológico, enquanto outros fósseis possuem classificação sistemática controversa ou compartilham aspectos estruturais com euteleósteos basais. Nesse contexto, os objetivos da presente dissertação são avaliar o monofiletismo de euteleósteos basais e recuperar relações filogenéticas de táxons do Nordeste do Brasil, África, Europa, Ásia e América do Norte atribuídos aos euteleósteos basais. Sete táxons brasileiros (i.e., Beurlenichthys ouricuriensis, Britoichthys marizalensis, Clupavus brasiliensis, Santanasalmo elegans, Santanichthys diasii, Scombroclupeoides scutata e novo euteleósteo da Bacia de Pelotas) e 14 táxons de localidades estrangeiras (i.e., Avitosmerus canadensis, Barcarenichthys joneti, Chanoides macropoma, Clupavus maroccanus, Gaudryella gaudryi, Humbertia operta, Kermichthys daguini, Leptolepides spratiiformis, Lusitanichthys characiformis, Nybelinoides brevis, Orthogonikleithrus leichi, Pattersonella formosa, Wenzichthys congolensis e Tchernovichthys exspectatum) foram analisados através de observação direta, fotografias, desenhos e descrições e submetidos a uma análise de Sistemática Filogenética utilizando o princípio da parcimônia. Três espécies recentes (i.e., Elops saurus, Hoplias malabaricus e Salmo trutta) foram usadas como grupo externo. Sessenta e dois caracteres foram selecionados e, como resultado, seis árvores igualmente parcimoniosas foram obtidas com 325 passos, índice de consistência (CI) de 0,2523 e índice de retenção (RI) de 0,4309. O consenso estrito é representado pela seguinte topologia: ((C. marocanus), (C. brasiliensis, (H. malabaricus + S. diasii))) ((G. gaudryi, (C. macropoma + L. characiformis)), (K. daguini), ((A. canadensis, (novo euteleósteo, (S. elegans + W. congolensis), (B. ouricuriensis + B. marizalensis)), (L. spratiiformis, (S. scutata, (N. brevis + P. formosa))), (B. joneti), (O. leichi), (H. operta + T. exspectatum), indicando que euteleósteos basais não formam um grupo monofilético e que as atuais sinapomorfias propostas são insuficientes para suportar o grupo.

Biogeografia Histórica de Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia)

Mawsoniidae é uma família de actinístios fósseis, conhecidos popularmente como celacanto, sendo encontrados em paleoambientes continental e marinho. O táxon foi proposto na década de 1990, apresentando, a partir de então, alguns estudos abordando sua filogenia num contexto cladístico. Trata-se de um grupo monofilético, sendo representado por cinco gêneros inquestionáveis (i. e., Axelrodichthys, Chinlea, Diplurus, Mawsonia e Parnaibaia), além de outros dez que possuem alguma discordância na sistemática (i. e., Alcoveria, Garnbergia, Heptanema, Indocoelacanthus, Libys, Lualabaea, Megalocoelacanthus, Moenkopia, Rhipis e Trachymetopon). Cabe ressaltar que nem todos estes gêneros foram contemplados nas análises cladísticas de Mawsoniidae. Mawsoniidae possui considerável interesse biogeográfico, considerando sua extensa amplitude temporal (Triássico Médio ao Cretáceo Superior) e ampla distribuição geográfica (Américas do Sul e do Norte, África e Europa). Os gêneros restritos à América do Norte (Diplurus e Chinlea) e Europa (Alcoveria) possuem os registros mais antigos (Triássico Médio-Jurássico Inferior). Já os gêneros restritos ao Hemisfério Sul (Mawsonia, Axelrodichthys e Parnaibaia) distribuem-se do Jurássico Superior ao Cretáceo Superior, no Brasil e na África. A presente dissertação propôs analisar a Biogeografia Histórica de todos os gêneros (os válidos e os de posicionamento taxonômico controverso) de Mawsoniidae, aplicando o método panbiogeográfico de análise de traços. A partir desta análise, foram obtidos 11 traços individuais das espécies e três traços generalizados (TGs). O TG1, que foi denominado Newark Nordeste, ocorre nos estratos do Grupo Newark (Triássico Superior); o TG2, que foi denominado Centro-oeste gondwânico, ocorre na Formação Lualaba (Jurássico Superior); e o TG3, que foi denominado Itapecuru-Alcântara-Santana, ocorre nas formações Itapecuru-Alcântara-Santana (Cretáceo Inferior). Com base no padrão de distribuição encontrado, sugere-se que a origem do grupo ocorreu a partir do Triássico Médio/Superior na Pangeia Oriental, com subsequente expansão no Jurássico Inferior, corroborada por registros de Indocoelacanthus e Trachymetopon. A expansão do grupo em direção à Gondwana Ocidental ocorreu a partir do Cretáceo Inferior, com registros dos gêneros Mawsonia e Axelrodichthys. A análise panbiogeográfica também foi aplicada para produzir traços individuais para os gêneros em determinados períodos geológicos, os quais mostraram congruência com os traços individuais das espécies. Os resultados aqui obtidos reforçaram o potential do método panbiogeográfico na obtenção dos padrões de distribuição e, consequentemente, nas áreas de endemismo de Mawsoniidae, ao longo de todo o Mesozoico.