Conhecimento e formas de utilização de plantas medicinais em duas comunidades rurais: agricultores familiares de Santa Albertina (SP) e assentados de Ilha Solteira (SP)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Controle da traça do tomateiro, Scrobipalpula absoluta, utilizando extratos vegetais.

Extratos vegetais de diversas plantas, com conhecida ação inseticida, estao sendo testados como uma alternativa aos produtos químicos da traça do tomateiro (Scrobipalpula absoluta). Extrato bruto de Quassia sp., Simaba cedron, Simaruba amara, Melia azedarach e Chenopodium ambrosioides, em solventes acetônicos, aquosos, etanólicos e metanólicos foram testados in vitro contra larvas (6. dia larval) de Scrobipalpula. Os ensaios foram feitos utilizando folhas de tomate totalmente pulverizadas com os referidos extratos, colocadas no centro das placas de Petri, com três repetições para cada extrato e, utilizando cinco larvas/placa. O comportamento larval foi observado em relação ao período em que ficaram sem se alimentar, a repelência após 24 horas e a mortalidade após 96 horas da pulverização. O controle foi feito com folhas pulverizadas apenas com o solvente e a testemunha apenas com água. Os extratos de Simaruba/MeOH e Simaba/MeOH provocaram mortalidade maior do que 80%, o extrato de Quassia/EtOH provocou 100% de mortalidade e os extratos de Melia tanto acetônico como metanólico provocaram mortalidade em torno de 88%. De acordo com os resultados conclui-se que a alta porcentagem de mortalidade para Quassia, Simaba e Simaruba foi devido ao efeito repelente dos extratos em relação as larvas. Baseando-se nestes resultados iniciaram-se bioensaios em condicões de telado.

Diferenças entre o Pseudocereal Chenopodium quinoa Wild. e a planta daninha Chenopodium album L., Chenopodiaceae.

2001

Studies on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) for novel food and beverage applications

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a seed crop native to the Andes, that can be used in a variety of food product in a similar manner to cereals. Unlike most plants, quinoa contains protein with a balanced amino acid profile. This makes it an interesting raw material for e.g. dairy product substitutes, a growing market in Europe and U.S. Quinoa can however have unpleasant off-flavours when processed into formulated products. One means of improving the palatability is seed germination. Also, the increased activities of hydrolytic enzymes can have a beneficial influence in food processing. In this thesis, the germination pattern of quinoa was studied, and the influence of quinoa malt was evaluated in a model product. Additionally, to explore its potential for dairy-type products, quinoa protein was isolated from an embryo-enriched milling fraction of non-germinated quinoa and tested for functional and gelation properties. Quinoa seeds imbibed water very rapidly, and most seeds showed radicle protrusion after 8-9 h. The α-amylase activity was very low, and started to increase only after 24 hours of germination in the starchy perisperm. Proteolytic activity was very high in dry ungerminated seeds, and increased slightly over 24 h. A significant fraction of this activity was located in the micropylar endosperm. The incorporation of germinated quinoa in gluten-free bread had no significant effect on the baking properties due to low α-amylase activity. Upon acidification with glucono-δ-lactone, quinoa milk formed a structured gel. The gelation behaviour was further studied using a quinoa protein isolate (QPI) extracted from an embryoenriched milling fraction. QPI required a heat-denaturation step to form gel structures. The heating pH influenced the properties drastically: heating at pH 10.5 led to a dramatic increase in solubility, emulsifying properties, and a formation of a fine-structured gel with a high storage modulus (G') when acidified. Heating at pH 8.5 varied very little from the unheated protein in terms of functional properties, and only formed a randomly aggregated coagulum with a low G'. Further study of changes over the course of heating showed that the mechanism of heat-denaturation and aggregation indeed varied largely depending on pH. The large difference in gelation behaviour may be related to the nature of aggregates formed during heating. To conclude, germination for increased enzyme activities may not be feasible, but the structure-forming properties of quinoa protein could possibly be exploited in dairy-type products.

Efecto de las condiciones ambientales durante el desarrollo, maduración y almacenamiento sobre la dormición en semillas de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) con tolerancia potencial al brotado pre - cosecha

El brotado pre-cosecha es uno de los problemas que limitan la expansión del cultivo de quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) hacia regiones húmedas. Esta tesis evalúa el comportamiento germinativo de dos accesiones con dormición, 2-Want y Chadmo, en la región de la Pampa Húmeda Argentina, combinando ambientes de cultivo (fechas de siembra), almacenamiento e incubación. El objetivo principal fue determinar el efecto de factores ambientales, hormonales y estructurales sobre los patrones de cambio en el nivel de dormición de semillas de quínoa durante su desarrollo, maduración y almacenamiento post cosecha. Ambas accesiones presentaron dormición durante el período de desarrollo-maduración de las semillas, aunque la temperatura de incubación condicionó su expresión (mayor a menor temperatura) en 2-Want. Condiciones de mayor fotoperíodo y temperatura durante esta etapa determinaron mayores niveles de dormición. Se confirmó el papel de las cubiertas seminales en su imposición, y se informa por primera vez la presencia de dormición embrionaria en quínoa. Se propone como hipótesis que una variación en el espesor de las cubiertas en respuesta al ambiente materno regula la difusión de ABA fuera de la semilla durante la incubación, y este mecanismo participa en la modulación del nivel de dormición. La salida de dormición posterior en almacenamientos con baja humedad resultó más rápida a temperaturas altas, asociado con la pérdida de sensibilidad al ABA, que condiciona también el requerimiento de giberelinas para germinar. Un mecanismo particular retrasó la salida de dormición ante temperaturas bajas de almacenamiento más incubación; una exposición a temperaturas elevadas sería necesaria para superar ese bloqueo. Chadmo mostró un nivel de dormición superior en todas las situaciones evaluadas, esto permite inferir un alto grado de tolerancia al brotado ante diversas circunstancias en la zona pampeana, por ello se la sugiere como mejor candidata para su inclusión en programas de mejoramiento adaptativo en quínoa.

Caracterización y evaluación del germoplasma nativo de quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) del Noroeste Argentino en base a atributos morfológicos y agronómicos

La información generada en la caracterización y evaluación de las colecciones de germoplasma permite conocer el tipo de material genético que se conserva en el banco. Esta tesis aborda la caracterización morfológica, la evaluación fenológica y los patrones de interacción genotipo × ambiente (G × A) para rendimiento en grano, sus determinantes fisiológicos y componentes numéricos de un conjunto de poblaciones del germoplasma nativo de quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) del Noroeste Argentino, combinando localidades y años en tres ecorregiones de cultivo. Los resultados mostraron que el germoplasma es altamente diverso a nivel fenotípico, reflejando variación en el ambiente de origen. Se observó amplia variación en el tiempo a floración entre poblaciones y ambientes evaluados y el patrón de respuesta fue coherente con una adaptación fotoperiódica cuantitativa a días cortos. Los efectos del fotoperíodo fueron más importantes en las poblaciones cultivadas a menor altitud, mientras que la temperatura lo fue para las poblaciones cultivadas a mayor altitud. Por otro lado, de acuerdo al tamaño y naturaleza de las interacciones G x A, se necesita de estrategias de mejoramiento y evaluación estructuradas para acomodar sus efectos, ya sea evitándolas o explotándolas. El análisis de agrupamiento sobre la matriz estandarizada de rendimiento reveló cuatro grupos genotípicos con diferentes patrones de respuesta a través de dos grupos ambientales (altiplano vs. valles interandinos), siendo esta clasificación congruente con la basada en atributos morfo-fenológicos. Los determinantes fisiológicos y componentes numéricos influyeron sobre las respuestas genotípicas para rendimiento en los dos mega-ambientes. Los resultados indican que el desempeño promedio de las poblaciones para tiempo a floración tuvo una influencia determinante sobre la biomasa aérea y el número de granos, y ambos a su vez sobre el rendimiento. Por lo tanto, esta tesis destaca el rol de la fenología en la adaptación genotípica de quínoa a las diferentes condiciones agroecológicas del NOA

Determinación de la actividad insecticida de Solanum sisymbriifolium, Cestrum parqui y Chenopodium album sobre adultos de Tribolium castaneum (Coleptera, Tenebrionidae)

p.373-377

Interactions of onion (Allium cepa) and yellow wax bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in monoculture and intercropping with weeds, Chenopodium album and Amaranthus hybridus

Intercropping systems are seen as advantageous as they can provide higher crop yield and diversity along with fewer issues related to pests and weeds than monocultures. However, plant interactions in intercropped crop species and between crops and weeds in these systems are still not well understood. The main objective of this study was to investigate interactions between onion (Allium cepa) and yellow wax bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in monocultures and intercropping with and without the presence of a weed species, either Chenopodium album or Amaranthus hybridus. Another objective of this study was to compare morphological traits of C. album from two different populations (conventional vs. organic farms). Using a factorial randomized block design, both crop species were planted either in monoculture or intercropped with or without the presence of one of the two weeds. The results showed that intercropping onion with yellow wax bean increased the growth of onion but decreased the growth of yellow wax bean when compared to monocultures. The relative yield total (RYT) value was 1.3. Individual aboveground dry weight of both weed species under intercropping was reduced about 5 times when compared to the control. The poor growth of weeds in intercropping might suggest that crop diversification can help resist weed infestations. A common garden experiment indicated that C. album plants from the conventional farm had larger leaf area and were taller than those from the organic farm. This might be associated with specific evolutionary adaptation of weeds to different farming practices. These findings contribute to the fundamental knowledge of crop-crop interactions, crop-weed competition and adaptation of weeds to various conditions. They provide insights for the management of diversified cropping systems and integrated weed management as practices in sustainable agriculture.

Emergence of Chenopodium album and Stellaria media of different origins under different climatic conditions

The emergence behaviour of weed species in relation to cultural and meteorological events was studied. Dissimilarities between populations in dormancy and germination ecology, between-year maturation conditions and seed quality and burial site climate all contribute to potentially unpredictable variability. Therefore, a weed emergence data set was produced for weed seeds of Stellaria media and Chenopodium album matured and collected from three populations (Italy, Sweden and UK). The seeds were collected in two consecutive seasons (1999 and 2000) and subsequently buried in the autumn of the same year of maturation in eight contrasting climatic locations throughout Europe and the USA. The experiment sought to explore and explain differences between the three populations in their emergence behaviour. Evidence was demonstrated of synchrony in the timing of the emergence of different populations of a species at a given burial site. The relative magnitudes of emergence from the three populations at a given burial site in a given year were generally similar across all the burial sites in the study. The resulting data set was also used to construct a simple weed emergence model, which was tested for its application to the range of different burial environments and populations. The study demonstrated the possibility of using a simple thermal time-based model to describe part of the emergence behaviour across different burial sites, seed populations and seasons, and a simple winter chilling relationship to adjust for the magnitude of the flush of emergence at a given burial site. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing robust generic models for simple predictions of emergence timing across populations.

Coat protein and RNAs of Cole latent virus are not present within chloroplasts of Chenopodium quinoa-infected cells

O vírus latente da couve (Cole latent virus, CoLV), gênero Carlavirus, foi estudado, por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e técnicas bioquímicas, em relação à ultra-estrutura das células infetadas de Chenopodium quinoa, e de sua associação com os cloroplastos. O CoLV foi observado como partículas dispersas pelo citoplasma entremeadas com vesículas membranosas e ribossomos e/ou como densas massas de partículas. Estes partículas reagiram por imunomarcação com anti-soro policlonal para o CoLV. Morfologicamente, cloroplastos, mitocôndrias e núcleos mostraram-se inalterados e partículas virais não foram encontradas dentro dessas organelas. Entretanto, agregados de partículas virais foram freqüentemente vistos em associação com a membrana externa dos cloroplastos e ocasionalmente com peroxissomos. Cloroplastos foram purificados em gradiente de Percoll e as proteínas e os RNA foram extraídos e analisados, respectivamente, por Western blot e Northern blot. Proteína capsidial e RNA associados ao CoLV não foram detectados nessa organela. Os resultados aqui obtidos indicam que a associação CoLV/cloroplastos, observada nos estudos de microscopia eletrônica, é possivelmente um evento casual dentro da célula hospedeira e que o vírus não se multiplica dentro dessa organela.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação em simulador do ecossistema microbiano humano de uma bebida simbiótica à base de extratos aquosos de quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) e de soja

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação dos efeitos metabólicos da ingestão de quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa) em um grupo de mulheres pós-menopausa - estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo cego

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Potentially synbiotic fermented beverage with aqueous extracts of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and soy

The aim of this study was to develop a potentially synbiotic beverage fermented with Lactobacillus casei LC-1 based on aqueous extracts of soy and quinoa with added fructooligosaccharides (FOS). Five formulations with differing proportions of soy and quinoa extracts were tested. The viability of the microorganism, the pH, and the acidity of all formulations were monitored until the 28th day of storage at 5 ℃. The chemical composition of the extracts and beverages and the rheological and sensory properties of the final products were analyzed. Although an increase in acidity and a decrease in pH were observed during the 28 days of storage, the viability of the probiotic microorganism was maintained at 10(8) CFU·mL(-1) in all formulated beverages throughout the storage period. An increase in viscosity and consistency in the formulations with higher concentrations of quinoa (F1 and F2) was observed. Formulation F4 (70% soy and 30% quinoa extracts) showed the least hysteresis. Formulations F4 and F5 (100% soy extract) had the best sensory acceptance while F4 resulted in the highest intention to purchase from a group of 80 volunteers. For chemical composition, F3 (50% soy and 50% quinoa extracts) and F4 showed the best results compared to similar fermented beverages. The formulation F4 was considered the best beverage overall.

The Boron Requirement and Cell Wall Properties of Growing and Stationary Suspension-Cultured Chenopodium album L. Cells1

Suspension-cultured Chenopodium album L. cells are capable of continuous, long-term growth on a boron-deficient medium. Compared with cultures grown with boron, these cultures contained more enlarged and detached cells, had increased turbidity due to the rupture of a small number of cells, and contained cells with an increased cell wall pore size. These characteristics were reversed by the addition of boric acid (≥7 μm) to the boron-deficient cells. C. album cells grown in the presence of 100 μm boric acid entered the stationary phase when they were not subcultured, and remained viable for at least 3 weeks. The transition from the growth phase to the stationary phase was accompanied by a decrease in the wall pore size. Cells grown without boric acid or with 7 μm boric acid were not able to reduce their wall pore size at the transition to the stationary phase. These cells could not be kept viable in the stationary phase, because they continued to expand and died as a result of wall rupture. The addition of 100 μm boric acid prevented wall rupture and the wall pore size was reduced to normal values. We conclude that boron is required to maintain the normal pore structure of the wall matrix and to mechanically stabilize the wall at growth termination.