Investigating South American biogeographic history using patterns of skull shape variation on Cerdocyon thous (Mammalia: Canidae)

Patterns of geographic variation of the canid Cerdocyon thous have historically been obscured by its remarkable intraspecific morphological variability. The observed distribution is highly associated with phytophysiognomy, a feature considered highly dynamic along geological time. In the present study, we tested whether vegetation distribution during the Holocene Glacial Maximum of South America (HGM) explains the patterns of morphological variation within Cerdocyon thous. The species was divided in groups according to paleohabitats that could support their presence during the HGM, and then tested for differences in skull morphometrics. The results obtained demonstrate that the climatic changes during the HGM influenced the population structure of this species, resulting in the establishment of geographical groups with different degrees of morphological cohesion. Higher morphological cohesion found in the Northern group might be explained by the marked discontinuity between its geographical range and the rest of the species`distribution. The Eastern and Southern morphological divergence is less striking and, although this could be related to past vegetation distribution, the disappearance of those barriers leads to a population structure that could be slowly breaking down. (C) 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 77-84.

Determinaçao das principais proteínas de fase aguda e do índice prognóstico inflamatório nutricional (IPIN) em cachorrodo-mato (Cerdocyon thous - Linnaeus, 1766)

The dog-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous - Linnaeus, 1766) is a medium sized canid widely distributed in South America and occurs in almost all of Brazil. Among the main threats to their conservation are the roadkill mainly caused by habitat loss. The shortage of laboratory bush dogs data affect the veterinary medical care hindering the application of appropriate therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of C-reactive protein, albumin, pre-albumin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and Afla 1 acid glycoprotein and the Prognostic Index Inflammatory Nutritional (IPIN) in this species, thus obtaining a first description of these prognostic markers. They collected 1.5 ml of blood by jugular access 8 of Mato Dogs copies (thous thous) from the Laboratory of collection of Teaching and Research in Wildlife (limpets), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia for exams routine. The samples were collected via the jugular vein after physical restraint of animals and trichotomy of the region. After statistical analysis, the values were: albumin: between 2.7 and 3.0 g / dl, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein: between 0.19 and 0.21 g / l, C-reactive protein: between 1.7 and 2 2, prealbumin between 30 and 35 mg / l haptoglobin: between 0.078 and 0.156 and IPIN ≤ 0.006 being considered normal and values ≥ 0.006 considered high. This press description will serve as a basis for studies where animals may be used with specific diseases and, after analysis, compared with the values found in this study and verified the behavior follows the likeness of domestic dogs.

Estudo clínico, laboratorial e epidemiológico da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em animais silvestres, bovinos, suínos e comunidades rurais da região de Nhecolândia, Pantanal, Brasil

A toxoplasmose, causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii é uma protozoose que acomete o homem e uma grande variedade de animais de sangue quente e aves. No Brasil, a prevalência pode variar de 20% a 90% dependendo da área estudada, clima, condição socioeconômica e cultural. A infecção se dá através da ingestão de oocistos, que podem ser encontrados no solo, água e alimentos ou através da manipulação e ingestão de carne crua ou mal cozida, além da infecção congênita, apresentando importância em saúde pública. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em animais silvestres, bovinos, suínos, ovinos e comunidade rural da região de Nhecolândia, no Pantanal do Mato Grosso do Sul, utilizando métodos sorológicos (Hemaglutinação Indireta - HAI, Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta - RIFI, Técnica de aglutinação modificada - MAT) e moleculares (Reação em cadeia pela polimerase \2013 PCR, PCR-RFLP). Foram feitas coletas de amostras de sangue de 73 indivíduos da comunidade rural, de 25 cães, 442 bovinos e 148 porco-monteiros. Observou-se que 47,95% (35/73) das pessoas eram sororreagentes. Destas, apenas um indivíduo sororreagente (2,9%) apresentou lesão ocular presumível da infecção pelo parasito. Nos animais, observou-se a ocorrência de anticorpos anti- T. gondii em 48% dos cães, 30,55% dos bovinos e 1,3% nos porco-monteiros. Relatos de várias partes do mundo têm demonstrado a importância do ciclo silvestre na epidemiologia da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii. No entanto, apesar do papel conhecido de alguns felinos selvagens como hospedeiros definitivos para manutenção e transmissão do parasita para outros predadores carnívoros, pouco se sabe sobre a incidência de Toxoplasma gondii nestes animais Os carnívoros foram capturados em armadilhas contendo iscas e após a contenção química as amostras biológicas (sangue de todos os animais e fezes dos felídeos) foram coletadas e armazenadas para análise posterior. No presente estudo, três espécies de carnívoros foram avaliadas: quati (Nasua nasua), lobinho ou cachorro do mato (Cerdocyon thous) e jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis). Quarenta e dois roedores (Tricomys) também avaliados tiveram análises de PCR realizada em 42 tecidos (cérebro, pulmão e músculo). Através dos exames sorológicos (Hemaglutinação Indireta, Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta, Técnica de aglutinação modificada) observou-se a ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em 29,16% (7/24) dos quatis, 47,82% (11/23) em lobinhos e 100% (2/2) nas jaguatiricas. No PCR observou-se positividade em 41,66% (10/24) dos quatis, 47,82 % (11/23) dos lobinhos e em 100% (2/2) das jaguatiricas. Em roedores, observou-se 23,80 % (10/42) de positivos pela PCR. Realizamos a caracterização molecular de amostras sanguíneas dos animais silvestres positivos pela PCR, onde utilizamos 12 marcadores genotípicos (SAG1, SAG2 (5\2019-SAG2 e 3\2019-SAG2), SAG3, GRA6, BTUB, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, novo SAG2, Apico, CS3), onde observou-se a presença de um novo genótipo do parasito, circulando na região de forma homogênea entre as espécies

Molecular and serological detection of Leishmania spp. in captive wild animals from Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mamíferos de médio e grande porte e sua relação com o mosaico de habitats na cuesta de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Search for Mycobacterium leprae in wild mammals

Leprosy is still a worldwide public health problem. Brazil and India show the highest prevalence rates of the disease. Natural infection of armadillos Dasypus novemcinctus with Mycobacterium leprae has been reported in some regions of the United States. Identification of bacilli is difficult, particularly due to its inability to grow in vitro. The use of molecular tools represents a fast and sensitive alternative method for diagnosis of mycobacteriosis. In the present study, the diagnostic methods used were bacilloscopy, histopathology, microbiology, and PCR using specific primers for M. leprae repetitive sequences. PCR were performed using genomic DNA extracted from 138 samples of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin of 44 D. novemcinctus, Euphractus sexcinctus, Cabassous unicinctus, and C. tatouay armadillos from the Middle Western region of the state of São Paulo and from the experimental station of Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Pantanal, located in Pantanal da Nhecolândia of Mato Grosso do Sul state. Also, the molecular analysis of 19 samples from internal organs of other road killed species of wild animals, such as Nasua nasua (ring-tailed coati), Procyon cancrivoros (hand-skinned), Cerdocyon thous (dog-pity-bush), Cavia aperea (restless cavy), Didelphis albiventris (skunk), Sphigurrus spinosus (hedgehog), and Gallictis vittata (ferret) showed PCR negative data. None of the 157 analyzed samples had shown natural mycobacterial infection. Only the armadillo inoculated with material collected from untreated multibacillary leprosy patient presented PCR positive and its genomic sequencing revealed 100% identity with M. leprae. According to these preliminary studies, based on the used methodology, it is possible to conclude that wild mammals seem not to play an important role in the epidemiology of leprosy in the Middle Western region of the São Paulo state and in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul state.

Molecular detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in road-killed wild animals

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infections have been little studied in wild and/or domestic animals, which may represent an important indicator of the presence of the pathogen in nature. Road-killed wild animals have been used for surveillance of vectors of zoonotic pathogens and may offer new opportunities for eco-epidemiological studies of paracoccidiodomycosis (PCM). The presence of P. brasiliensis infection was evaluated by Nested-PCR in tissue samples collected from 19 road-killed animals; 3 Cavia aperea (guinea pig), 5 Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating-fox), 1 Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo), 1 Dasypus septemcinctus (seven-banded armadillo), 2 Didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossum), 1 Eira barbara (tayra), 2 Gallictis vittata (grison), 2 Procyon cancrivorus (raccoon) and 2 Sphiggurus spinosus (porcupine). Specific P. brasiliensis amplicons were detected in (a) several organs of the two armadillos and one guinea pig, (b) the lung and liver of the porcupine, and (c) the lungs of raccoons and grisons. P. brasiliensis infection in wild animals from endemic areas might be more common than initially postulated. Molecular techniques can be used for detecting new hosts and mapping 'hot spot' areas of PCM.

Hepatozoon canis infection of wild carnivores in Brazil

Hepatozoon canis was diagnosed in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) found on a highway in the region of Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, after being hit by a car. The fox had bilateral fractures of the olecranon, which was corrected by osteosynthesis. Hematologic findings included a neutrophilia, eosinophilia, monocytosis and mild anemia. In the Leishman-stained blood film, gametocytes of Hepatozoon canis in neutrophils were identified measuring 9.1+/-0.54x5.3+/-0.46 mu m. (C) 1997 Elsevier B.V. B.V.

Inquérito sorológico, molecular e fatores de risco para leptospirose em mamíferos cativos, papel dos animais sinantrópicos presentes no local e aspectos de saúde pública

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mamíferos de médio e grande porte do Parque Nacional das nascentes do Rio Parnaíba, Brasil

O Parque Nacional das Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba está localizado na divisa dos Estados do Piauí, Maranhão, Tocantins e Bahia. Para verificar a composição, riqueza, abundância relativa e padrão de atividade da mastofauna de médio e grande porte do Parque, bem como a utilização das fitofisionomias presentes na área por essas espécies, foi realizado um inventário utilizando armadilhas-fotográficas, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e métodos complemetares de amostragem. Foi registrado um total de 37 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, distribuídos em 14 famílias e sete ordens. Vinte dessas espécies foram registradas por meio de armadilhas-fotográficas, 16 por meio de avistamentos e vestígios (rastros, fezes e carcaças), e todas por meio de entrevistas com moradores da região. O estimador de riqueza nãoparamétrico Jackknife1 calculou 22 espécies (D.P. ± 1,41) para o Parque. Quanto às fitofisionomias, apenas mata de galeria e cerrado sensu stricto apresentaram diferença significativa quanto à riqueza e abundância relativa. Dentre as espécies registradas no Parque, as raposas Cerdocyon thous e Lycalopex vetulus foram as mais abundantes, respectivamente. Quanto ao uso do habitat, somente Cerdocyon thous e Mazama gouazoubira apresentaram diferença significativa entre as fitofisionomias, sendo a primeira de hábito generalista e registrada principalmente em áreas de cerrado sensu stricto, e a segunda mais freqüente em áreas de vegetação mais densa (cerradão). No que diz respeito à composição de espécies, a análise de agrupamento indicou as áreas de cerradão e cerrado sensu stricto como as de maior similaridade, o que provavelmente se deve à maior semelhança florística entre esses ambientes. A análise de composição regional mostrou que o Parque apresenta uma maior similaridade quanto à composição de espécies com as UCs localizadas no Sul do Estado do Piauí (E.E. de Uruçuí-Una e PARNA da Serra das Confusões) do que com as demais áreas de Cerrado.

Identification of blood meal sources of Lutzomyia longipalpis using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the cytochrome B gene

An analysis of the dietary content of haematophagous insects can provide important information about the transmission networks of certain zoonoses. The present study evaluated the potential of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome B (cytb)gene to differentiate between vertebrate species that were identified as possible sources of sandfly meals. The complete cytb gene sequences of 11 vertebrate species available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database were digested with Aci I, Alu I, Hae III and Rsa I restriction enzymes in silico using Restriction Mapper software. The cytb gene fragment (358 bp) was amplified from tissue samples of vertebrate species and the dietary contents of sandflies and digested with restriction enzymes. Vertebrate species presented a restriction fragment profile that differed from that of other species, with the exception of Canis familiaris and Cerdocyon thous. The 358 bp fragment was identified in 76 sandflies. Of these, 10 were evaluated using the restriction enzymes and the food sources were predicted for four: Homo sapiens (1), Bos taurus (1) and Equus caballus (2). Thus, the PCR-RFLP technique could be a potential method for identifying the food sources of arthropods. However, some points must be clarified regarding the applicability of the method, such as the extent of DNA degradation through intestinal digestion, the potential for multiple sources of blood meals and the need for greater knowledge regarding intraspecific variations in mtDNA.

Hepatozoon spp. em carnívoros neotropicais presentes em vida livre no Parque Nacional das Emas, em Goiás, Brasil

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Identification of blood meal sources of Lutzomyia longipalpis using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the cytochrome B gene

An analysis of the dietary content of haematophagous insects can provide important information about the transmission networks of certain zoonoses. The present study evaluated the potential of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome B (cytb) gene to differentiate between vertebrate species that were identified as possible sources of sandfly meals. The complete cytb gene sequences of 11 vertebrate species available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database were digested with Aci I, Alu I, Hae III and Rsa I restriction enzymes in silico using Restriction Mapper software. The cytb gene fragment (358 bp) was amplified from tissue samples of vertebrate species and the dietary contents of sandflies and digested with restriction enzymes. Vertebrate species presented a restriction fragment profile that differed from that of other species, with the exception of Canis familiaris and Cerdocyon thous. The 358 bp fragment was identified in 76 sandflies. Of these, 10 were evaluated using the restriction enzymes and the food sources were predicted for four: Homo sapiens (1), Bos taurus (1) and Equus caballus (2). Thus, the PCR-RFLP technique could be a potential method for identifying the food sources of arthropods. However, some points must be clarified regarding the applicability of the method, such as the extent of DNA degradation through intestinal digestion, the potential for multiple sources of blood meals and the need for greater knowledge regarding intraspecific variations in mtDNA.

Intraspecific, interspecific, and seasonal differences in the diet of three mid-sized carnivores in a large neotropical wetland

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild animals in Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)