Cartas oficiais norte-riograndenses dos séculos XVIII, XIX e XX : constituição e caracterização de um corpus diacrônico

The diachronic studies marked the first decades of the 20th century in Brazilian linguistics, passing by an ostracism period after the 50s. Mainly from the 90s especially with the project, created in 1997, Para a história do português brasileiro (PHPB), which has systemized, in national ambit, the programme related to the area of diachrony the historical studies retake forces and have gradually increased since then. Our work is set in the new scene of Brazilian historical linguistics and it is associated to two research programmes: i) the constitution of a diachronic corpus; ii) the diachrony of text and discourse. As regards the first programme, we made effort to constitute a diachronic corpus of official letters about Rio Grande do Norte, we called cartas oficiais norte-rio-grandenses, written in 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The chosen for bureaucrat letters occurred for they represent a textual category very productive in historical contexts, mostly 18th and 19th centuries, in which the command of writing was the least and also because they bring, almost always explicitly, the information of where, when, for whom and from whom, as remembers Fonseca (2003). The rules for constituting the corpus were based, although not strictly, on the orientation from PHPB. In respect to the second programme, we set up on the ideas of coserian base came from the studies on discourse traditions (TD) (Koch, 1997; Kabatek, 2006) amongst which that the texts are shaped so as to follow their own tradition (Coseriu, 2007), and we turned to Diplomatics (Belloto, 2002) in order to do the characterization of this corpus by the application of concepts from Diplomatics and TD as well as by the presentation of the structures that form those official letters: their textual genres, a kind of TD, with their macrostructures; and some of their formulaic expressions (microstructures), another sort of TD. This stage of characterizing will pay attention, as far as possible, to the dynamic between tradition and innovation that happen in the actualization of those textual structures along the centuries. This work intends to contribute with the researches connected to Historical Linguistics in Rio Grande do Norte, more specifically the ones related to the constitution of diachronic corpora and to TD; and with the study of official documents, textual category about which there are almost no studies (cf. Silveira, 2007)

Construções com tópico marcado em cartas pessoais brasileiras dos séculos XVIII, XIX E XX

This dissertation is a research on the marked topic construction (CT) in Brazilian personal letters from eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The goal of our research is to verify if CT are present in the writing of Brazilians born in the centuries in question. Our research focus is based on the assumptions of generative theory (CHOMSKY 1981; 1986), which states that grammar is internalized in the mind / brain of the writers, with the emphasis on studies of grammatical change, as pointed texts by Paixão de Sousa (2004), Carneiro (2005); Galves, Namiuti and Paixão de Sousa (2006) and Martins (2009). Our corpus was extracted from Projeto Para a História do Português Brasileiro (PHPB) and Cartas Brasileiras coletânea de fontes para o estudo do português. We selected forty-six correspondents who should be inserted into the two criteria set out in this research: to be Brazilian and be born in the centuries mentioned above, so that we could find legitimate topic constructions of PB. This work is based on researches by Pontes (1987), Mateus et al. (2003), Araujo (2006, 2009), Berlinck, Duarte and Oliveira (2009), which actively support us in the study of this linguistic phenomenon in Portuguese. The results show that the marked topic construction in our corpus appear on the writing of Brazilians since the second half of the eighteenth century, while the typical constructions in Brazilian Portuguese locative topic, subject topic and copy topic - are already reflected in the I-language of the writers born in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first of the twentieth century

"Merecedoras das páginas da história": memórias e representações da vida e da morte femininas (Belém, séculos XIX e XX)

O texto discute os muitos significados dados à morte de duas mulheres dos grupos menos abastados em Belém do Pará. Tais mulheres foram assassinadas em momentos distintos e tiveram a história de suas vidas e de suas mortes evocada por literatos, estudiosos da região e na imprensa paraense, como um exemplo a ser seguido por outras mulheres, revelando ideais de fidelidade, casamento, de família, entre outros. Se ainda hoje a força dessas histórias vem à tona com significados diversos, no passado não foi diferente sugerindo os muitos sentidos dados a suas vidas e a suas mortes.

Discussão acerca de alguns saberes produzidos sobre as crianças/infância nos séculos XIX e XX

In order to accomplish this article, it was necessary to schematize and to problematize how child/childhood concept along the centuries made their use possible by specialized speeches (namely: medical and pedagogic, mainly) in many different historical extracts. Looking at child/childhood, examining them, transforming them into knowledge and tutor bodies/object, countless attempts in disciplining their gestures and consequent institution of subjective processes will be some steep lines in this article. That will be done in order to evidence the existence of what is nowadays so called child/childhood, and that today is the target of specialists’ speeches that, in our analysis, when leaning over childhood, would dictate norms behavior for the children, limiting them and restricting them.

Elites e educação: itinerários escolares e percursos profissionais. Alentejo, séculos XIX e XX

A tese examina a relação entre as elites e a educação em Portugal durante a Monarquia Constitucional e na Iª República. Em primeiro lugar caracteriza o quadro europeu no qual emergiram os modernos sistemas de ensino, focando-se depois na análise dos processos de segmentação que separaram o ensino clássico do ensino técnico, passando em revista a literatura sobre o reformismo educativo português. Em segundo, analisa o processo de segmentação na cidade de Évora, capital de uma região caracterizada pela prática de uma agricultura essencialmente extensiva e comercial, na qual estavam implantadas as instituições de ensino que constituem o objeto de estudo: o Liceu e a Escola Industrial. Em terceiro, procede à caracterização dos espaços escolares; em quarto estuda as condutas públicas dos agentes educativos, em particular dos reitores e dos professores, colocando em destaque a sua intervenção pública; em quinto, caracteriza a procura a que foram sujeitos os vários institutos de ensino estudados: a ênfase foi colocada na mobilidade geográfica aferida a partir da naturalidade dos alunos e da residência dos pais; em sexto, foi efetuada a análise da extração social dos alunos e o perfil ocupacional dos pais. Finalmente, em último lugar, foram reconstituídos os percursos académicos e profissionais dos alunos liceais no arco cronológico antes enunciado; Elites and Education.School itineraries and career paths.Alentejo, 19th and 20th centuries. Abstract: The thesis examines the relation between elites and education in Portugal, during the Constitutional Monarchy and the First Republic. Firstly, it characterises the European context in which modern teaching systems emerged and it focuses on the analysis of the processes of segmentation that separate classic and technical teaching. It reviews literature on Portuguese educational reformism, centred on classic and technical teaching. Secondly, it analyses the process of segmentation in Évora, capital of a region that is characterised by agriculture, which is essentially extensive and commercial, home to the education institutions our study focuses on: the Liceu and the Industrial School. Thirdly, school facilities are characterised; then, public behaviour of educators, namely that of headmasters and teachers, highlighting their public intervention; it characterises the demand in these institutions - the emphasis is placed on geographic mobility, considering students' birthplace and their parents' residence; a study on students' backgrounds and parents' occupational profiles is carried out. Eventually, the academic and professional itineraries of Liceu students' are reconstituted, within the formerly described chronological arch.

Pueblo, Política y nación. Siglos XIX y XX

ResumenComo su título lo indica, ente trabajo analiza la relación entre pueblos, política y nación durante los siglos XIX y XX y trata de aplicar argumentos derivados de la historia de México a los países de América Central.AbstractAs stated in its title, this article discusses interrelations among peoples, politics, and nationhood during the 19th and 20th centuries, and seeks to apply reasonings derived from Mexican history to the Central America countries.

Terracota, Arquitectura y Barcelona: siglos XIX y XX

Creemos que la terracota, en cuanto que materia, posee sufi cientes cualidades, por sí mismay por su vinculación con la arquitectura en la que se ubica, que la hacen merecedora de unestudio profundo y de un acercamiento respetuoso. Un producto cerámico que aporta comopropiedad fundamental su carácter escultórico. Valores que pretendemos sean totalmente explícitos, con la condición que sean fácilmente reconocibles. Un material que defi ne un momento de la historia y de la historia de la arquitectura de Barcelona, incompleta sin el estudio sistemático que presentamos.

Terracota, Arquitectura y Barcelona: siglos XIX y XX

Creemos que la terracota, en cuanto que materia, posee sufi cientes cualidades, por sí mismay por su vinculación con la arquitectura en la que se ubica, que la hacen merecedora de unestudio profundo y de un acercamiento respetuoso. Un producto cerámico que aporta comopropiedad fundamental su carácter escultórico. Valores que pretendemos sean totalmente explícitos, con la condición que sean fácilmente reconocibles. Un material que defi ne un momento de la historia y de la historia de la arquitectura de Barcelona, incompleta sin el estudio sistemático que presentamos.

Os imigrantes alemães em Rio Claro: estratégias de sobrevivência e redes de sociabilidade nos séculos XIX e XX

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diseño arquitectónico y protección en caso de incendio: desarrollo normativo español en materia de evacuación en los siglos XIX y XX

Esta es la búsqueda de respuestas a esa duda constante: De dónde venimos y que hemos ido dejando por el camino. ¿Está todo claro en este recorrido o hemos actuado por acumulación de errores heredados de procesos anteriores? Es la investigación a través del descubrimiento de nuestro pasado, de nuestros orígenes en materia de seguridad de protección contra incendios, y sobre todo de ejecución de una arquitectura pensada para ser recorrida con mayor seguridad y ser evacuada en un tiempo razonable. El trabajo investiga, a nivel nacional, la evolución de la sociedad y sus efectos sobre la manera de interpretar el problema de la seguridad contra incendios en los edificios. El interés fundamentalmente es poner en claro todos aquellos aspectos que afectan a la evacuación de las personas. Para ello se han estudiado los principales hitos de actuación, las preocupaciones principales surgidas en cada momento y las soluciones adoptadas. Se ha comprobado su aplicación o su demora hasta que se ha producido el siguiente gran suceso que ha motivado una nueva revisión de los procedimientos de diseño y control. En primer lugar, tratando de relacionar los incendios fundamentales que han influido en nuestra forma de abordar el problema en distintos momentos de la historia de España. En segundo lugar, haciendo un recorrido sobre la figura del arquitecto y su participación en los medios de control y legislación sobre la manera de intervenir en el servicio de incendios o de resolver los edificios en materia de protección contra incendios o evacuación de sus ocupantes. En definitiva, descubriendo los escritos de algunos especialistas, fundamentales para entender nuestra manera de abordar el problema de la protección en los edificios, a lo largo de la historia. Se ha revisado como se han producido los siniestros más importantes en teatros y otros locales públicos .Analizando la forma en que los arquitectos implicados han tratado de resolver las posibles deficiencias ante el riesgo. Se trata de la tipología edificatoria donde, por primera vez, surge la preocupación por adoptar medidas y procedimientos de seguridad en caso de incendio. Resultan locales con una importante siniestralidad, donde se desarrolla la principal actividad lúdica del momento, y que por el importante número de personas que albergan, son fuente de preocupación entre el público y las autoridades. Otras cuestiones en un tema tan amplio, que quedan simplemente esbozadas en este trabajo de investigación, son los procedimientos de los sistemas de extinción, la estructura organizativa de la ciudad, las primeras sociedades de seguros de incendios, la aparición de patentes a partir del desarrollo industrial del siglo XIX. Todo ello, con el hilo conductor de la reglamentación que se ha ido elaborando al respecto. Al principio, sobre espectáculos públicos, acotando el punto de partida en la materia de nuestra reglamentación. Anticipando sistemas constructivos y datos dimensionales de la evacuación. Llegados a mediados del siglo XX, abordando otros usos. Haciendo seguimiento de la modernización de los procesos edificatorios y la reglamentación sectorial. Recabando información de las organizaciones profesionales que comienzan a reclamar una coordinación nacional de los sistemas preventivos y que desemboca en el Proyecto de Reglamento de prevención contra el fuego que nunca será publicado. Toda esta etapa, plagada de documentos de carácter voluntario u obligatorio, local y nacional, van definiendo los criterios dimensionales con los que debe resolverse los elementos arquitectónicos susceptibles de servir para la evacuación. Se trata de una etapa intensa en documentación, cambiante, sujeta a los criterios que establecen los países del entorno más avanzados en la materia. Las dos últimas décadas del siglo, acotadas por la transición política y varios siniestros de graves consecuencias, definen el proceso normativo que culmina con el código técnico de la edificación que hoy conocemos. Es un periodo de aprendizaje y asimilación del capítulo de la seguridad, donde los métodos son variados. Donde la intencionalidad última es trasladar un sistema prescriptivo a un modelo prestacional propio de la madurez en el análisis del tema y en las corrientes de los países del entorno. ABSTRACT This is the search for answers to that constant question: Where do we come from and what have left along the way? Has everything been clear on this journey, or have we acted as a result of a collection of errors learned from prior processes? This has been research through exploration of our past, of our origins regarding fire protection safety, and, above all, of the endeavour to utilize architecture aimed at offering the highest level of safety and evacuation in a reasonable time. This project has researched society’s change nationwide and its effects on how to interpret the difficulty of fire protection safety in buildings. Its focus has fundamentally been to clarify those aspects that affect the evacuation of people. To this end, the main milestones of action, the principal concerns that have arisen at each step, and the solutions taken have all been studied. A check was performed on their application; or their delay until a significant event occurred that prompted a new revision of design and control procedures. Firstly, this was done by attempting to connect the main fires that have influenced how we handle the problem at different times in Spain’s history. Secondly, an examination was done on the figure of the architect and his participation in the means of control and legislation on how to intercede in fire services, or how the architect finds solutions for buildings in terms of fire protection, or the evacuation of their occupants. In short, the written works of certain specialists, who are essential to our understanding of how to deal with the problem of protection in buildings, were explored throughout history. A study was done on the most significant disasters in theatres and other public establishments. This was done by analysing the way the architects involved have aimed to solve possible points liable to risk. It is a classification of building where, for the first time, the concern arose to adopt safety measures and procedures in the event of fires. Public establishments with considerable accident rates emerged. Here the main entertainment activities of the time took place. These spaces were a source of worry among the public and authorities due to the high number of persons they accommodated. Other issues in such an extensive subject, which are only outlined in this research study, are procedures in extinguishing systems, the organizational structure of cities, the first fire insurance companies, and the appearance of patents after the industrial development of the 19th century. All of these aspects are joined by the common thread of regulations that have been created in this matter. At the beginning, these regulations were for public shows, thus defining the starting point for our regulations. This was done in anticipation of structural systems and size data of evacuations. With the arrival of the mid-20th century, different uses were addressed. A modernization of construction processes and the industry regulations were tracked. Information was gathered from professional organizations that began to demand a national coordination of prevention systems which led to the Regulation Project on fire prevention which will never be published. Throughout this stage, replete with voluntary and compulsory documents, both on the local and national level, the dimensional criteria to be used in the resolution of architectural elements open to use in evacuation were defined. This was a period that was filled with documentation, change, and subject to the criteria that the most advanced countries in the field established in this regard. The final two decades of the century, marked by political transition and several accidents with grave consequences, defined the regulation process that culminated with the building technical code known today. This was a period of learning and understanding in the chapter of safety, where the methods are varied. In this chapter, the ultimate goal is to insert a prescriptive-based standard into a performance-based code suitable for cultivated experience in analysis of the subject and the tendencies in countries dealing with this field.

Tractatus de voluntate Dei ad quaestiones XIX, et XX Primae partis Angelici Praeceptoris D. Thomae /

Mode of access: Internet.

A representação do lugar em autores dos séculos XIX e XX

Revista Lusófona de Línguas, Culturas e Tradução