Lateral parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala in the control of sodium intake

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Lesions in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis disrupt corticosterone and freezing responses elicited by a contextual but not by a specific cue-conditioned fear stimulus

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is believed to be a critical relay between the central nucleus of the amygdala (CE) and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the control of hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal (HPA) responses elicited by conditioned fear stimuli. If correct, lesions of CE or BNST should block expression of HPA responses elicited by either a specific conditioned fear cue or a conditioned context. To test this, rats were subjected to cued (tone) or contextual classical fear conditioning. Two days later, electrolytic or sham lesions were placed in CE or BNST. After 5 days, the rats were tested for both behavioral (freezing) and neuroendocrine (corticosterone) responses to tone or contextual cues. CE lesions attenuated conditioned freezing and corticosterone responses to both tone and con- text. In contrast, BNST lesions attenuated these responses to contextual but not tone stimuli. These results suggest CE is indeed an essential output of the amygdala for the expres- sion of conditioned fear responses, including HPA re- sponses, regardless of the nature of the conditioned stimu- lus. However, because lesions of BNST only affected behav- ioral and endocrine responses to contextual stimuli, the results do not support the notion that BNST is critical for HPA responses elicited by conditioned fear stimuli in general. Instead, the BNST may be essential specifically for contex- tual conditioned fear responses, including both behavioral and HPA responses, by virtue of its connections with the hippocampus, a structure essential to contextual condition- ing. The results are also not consistent with the hypothesis that BNST is only involved in unconditioned aspects of fear and anxiety.

Expressões da espiritualidade em pessoas que vivem com HIV/Aids a partir das representações sociais acerca da síndrome: implicações para o cuidado de enfermagem

Este estudo tem como temática a espiritualidade de pessoas que vivem com HIV/Aids e como objetivo geral analisar as expressões da espiritualidade de pessoas que vivem com HIV/Aids no contexto das construções representacionais acerca da própria síndrome, com vistas à proposição de uma reflexão acerca do cuidado de enfermagem como uma tecnologia que pode estimular esta dimensão humana. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, baseada nas abordagens processual e estrutural da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Quanto à metodologia, possui duas etapas: na primeira, participaram 30 pessoas com HIV/Aids em atendimento ambulatorial de um Hospital Municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e analisados através da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Na segunda, participaram 100 pessoas atendidas no hospital supracitado. Os dados foram coletados através da técnica de evocações livres e analisados a partir do software EVOC. A partir da análise das entrevistas, emergiram cinco categorias denominadas: do sofrimento à dificuldade de encontrar sentido diante do diagnóstico; dando a volta por cima: o encontro de sentidos; da dificuldade de adesão ao tratamento à esperança de cura; os relacionamentos como forma de expressão da espiritualidade; e a presença da religiosidade no viver com HIV/Aids. Percebe-se que a descoberta diagnóstica é marcada por intenso e inevitável sofrimento, relacionado principalmente à representação social da Aids ligada à morte e à discriminação. Por outro lado, após o impacto do diagnóstico positivo, os participantes encontram um sentido para a vida, passando a ressignificá-la. A dificuldade de adesão é vista como uma vivência prejudicada da espiritualidade. Ressalta-se a esperança na cura, divina ou não-divina e há expressões de espiritualidade nos relacionamentos consigo mesmo, com o outro e com o divino. A religiosidade também se faz presente no viver com HIV/Aids principalmente para explicar a origem da Aids no mundo. Quanto à estrutura representacional da Aids, foram analisadas, comparativamente, as evocações do grupo geral, e as relacionadas ao sexo e à religião dos participantes. O possível núcleo central do grupo geral é composto pelas palavras medo, morte, tristeza e vida, elementos afetivos que também foram identificados nas entrevistas. A estrutura representacional do sexo feminino se sobrepõe a do grupo geral, diferindo-se da dos homens, que assume um caráter mais racional. Conclui-se que o sofrimento relacionado ao impacto do diagnóstico pode levar à dificuldade de encontrar sentido para a vida e, portanto, de vivenciar a espiritualidade. Ainda assim, esta dificuldade passa a ser substituída, com o tempo, por um encontro de sentido para se viver, levando a uma ressignificação da vida. A estrutura representacional permitiu a visualização de como os elementos relacionados à espiritualidade se organizam. Observa-se um processo de transformação das representações sociais da síndrome, que coincide com a presença da espiritualidade. Destaca-se o papel do enfermeiro na promoção do cuidado espiritual à pessoa com HIV/Aids.

As relações estabelecidas entre a terapia Reiki e o bem estar subjetivo mediadas pelas representações sociais

O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o impacto da terapia Reiki no bem estar subjetivo e suas representações sociais em uma universidade pública do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, com abordagem experimental, apoiado na Teoria de Representações Sociais. O grupo estudado foi composto de 60 sujeitos que não tiverem acesso à terapia anteriormente entrevistados antes e depois de três sessões de Reiki. Os dados foram coletados através de quatro instrumentos: questionário de identificação dos sujeitos, questionário de representação social do Reiki, questionário de evocação livre e escala de Bem estar Subjetivo. A análise dos dados foi realizada com estatística descritiva e inferencial com o software SPSS 19, análise estrutural e análise de conteúdo das representações sociais, a partir do software EVOC. Os sujeitos participantes são do sexo feminino (88,33%); nível superior (76,66%); discentes de ensino superior e médio e enfermeiros (48,34%); está empregado (56,67%); renda pessoal inferior a R$ 1.000,00 (41,67%); solteiro (61,67%); vive sozinho (68,33%); tem companheiro fixo (68,33%); sem doença (58,33%); uso de terapia não convencional (63,33%); tem religião (88,33%) e religião católica (33,33%) e evangélica (21,67%). Quanto às representações sociais, a busca do Reiki antes e depois do experimento revelou duas categorias com maior frequência, que são: equilíbrio da saúde mental, antes (35,44%) e depois (50,65%) e equilíbrio da saúde física, antes (16,46%) e depois (27,27%). Quanto à estrutura representacional do Reiki, o possível núcleo central dos dois grupos analisados foi composto pelas palavras energia, relaxamento e tranquilidade, configurando-se como uma dimensão funcional e positiva do Reiki e não apresentando variação da representação antes e depois da realização da terapia. O estudo experimental apresentou como resultados: No experimento I: diferença estatisticamente significante na dimensão afeto positivo, com escore maior no grupo de sujeitos que recebeu a terapia Reiki comparado aos que não receberam. No experimento II: diferença estatisticamente significante na dimensão afeto negativo, com escore maior no grupo de sujeitos que recebeu informação do Reiki associado à religiosidade comparado àqueles que receberam outros tipos de informação. E no experimento III: na dimensão afeto positivo, observou-se que todos os escores se elevaram, apontando para um efeito generalizado e inespecífico da realização do Reiki e da informação sobre o afeto positivo, exceto no que se refere à informação de espiritualidade que apresentou inversão das médias. No afeto negativo observou-se que todos os escores diminuíram, apontando para um efeito generalizado e inespecífico da realização do Reiki.Na dimensão cognitiva as médias dos escores antes e depois das manipulações experimentais praticamente não se alteraram. Conclui-se que a terapia Reiki favoreceu na manutenção do equilíbrio energético dos usuários, através de relaxamento, tranquilidade e sentimentos positivos, proporcionando, assim, efeitos psicológicos saudáveis, nutrindo e fortificando o campo energético dos usuários que participaram do estudo.

Cuidado em saúde à pessoa que vive com HIV/Aids: representações sociais de enfermeiros e médicos

O presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar as representações sociais do cuidado em saúde à pessoa que vive com HIV/aids para enfermeiros e médicos, descrevendo-as através das abordagens estrutural e processual; comparar as representações de enfermeiros e médicos; e analisar o cuidado em saúde à pessoa que vive com HIV/aids a partir das representações construídas por esses profissionais. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, orientado pela Teoria das Representações Sociais. Os participantes do estudo foram, numa primeira etapa, 81 profissionais, sendo 54 médicos e 27 enfermeiros que trabalham em instituições públicas com atuação voltada à testagem e ao atendimento à pessoa que vive com HIV/aids, onde responderam ao questionário sócio-profissional e de evocações livres. Na segunda etapa, conforme conveniência, participaram da entrevista semi-estruturada, 20 enfermeiros e 18 médicos. Para a análise dos dados utilizamos a técnica do quadro de quatro casas com a utilização do software EVOC 2005 e a análise lexical pelo software Alceste 4.0. Quanto à estrutura representacional geral, destaca-se no Núcleo Central os termos acolhimento, adesão-tratamento, futuro e informação, que refletem a estruturação do processo assistencial da prática do cuidado no seio do programa. Na zona de contraste foram identificados atenção, cuidado e educação-saúde, que reforçam o Núcleo Central. Destaca-se, ainda, o léxico cuidado trazendo a dimensão imagética da representação. Na análise realizada pelo Alceste foram definidas cinco classes: estrutura e dinâmica de atendimento às pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids; o processo de transmissão e de prevenção do HIV/aids: entre vítimas, culpados e profissionais; memórias e história da epidemia de HIV/aids contada por profissionais; o cuidado no contexto da equipe multidisciplinar: composição, desafios e conceitos; o programa nacional DST/Aids e sua implementação nas unidades de saúde: avaliação, memória e capacitação. Realizamos ainda, a análise cruzada dos termos cuidado de enfermagem e cuidado médico. Ao final do estudo, consideramos que a representação do cuidado em saúde para este grupo de profissionais mostrou-se positiva apesar das dificuldades encontradas em seu cotidiano laboral. A representação do cuidado em saúde à pessoa vivendo com HIV/aids para médicos e enfermeiros apoia-se no programa DST/Aids e no conhecimento científico que embasa cada profissão. Os profissionais valorizam o trabalho multidisciplinar e procuram tratar o cliente de forma respeitosa, incentivando a adesão ao tratamento através de informação e do apoio psicológico.

A formação inicial percepcionada pelos professores cooperantes

Actualmente, a formação inicial de professores do 1º ciclo tem-se centrado na flexibilidade dos processos de trabalho, nas vertentes científica e técnica e no desenvolvimento de competências (Comissão Europeia, 2001), colocando-se ainda, no entanto, a tónica no conhecimento científico. O professor deve ser capaz de se adaptar aos diferentes contextos e funções a desempenhar e de resolver situações de grande imprevisibilidade e de grande indefinição. Será que a formação inicial de professores os prepara para um futuro próximo? Que futuro? “Tentarmos descrever o futuro, a partir do agora, significa que o que fizermos hoje será criticamente importante”, porque no futuro a formação inicial de professores será construída a partir do conhecimento básico, das ideias abstractas e das descobertas cientificas que fizermos hoje. “A base do modo como hoje, no século XXI, se formam professores está no que foi descoberto e legado nos anos 60, 70, 80, 90 do século XX”. Que fazemos hoje, agora mesmo, para contribuir para esse legado? Estamos convictos que muito de nada ou muito de pouco. O que alterar? Há quem pense que os professores do 1º ciclo não são analíticos. Talvez intuitivos, mas analíticos não. Ao aceitarmos esta dicotomia estamos a “atrapalhar” o futuro. Não somos apenas analíticos. Não somos apenas intuitivos. Na prática quotidiana, nas salas de aula, não usamos apenas as ferramentas diárias, usamos também a intuição e a análise. Uma análise baseada na teoria, enquanto manifestação do nosso esforço de expressar e partilhar, ou entender a nossa experiência, para influenciar o que nos é externo. Como “ensina” a formação inicial os futuros professores a trabalhar com os outros, para os outros? Todos temos um passado, um presente e um futuro em que nos formamos e que partilhamos uns com os outros, seja pela prática, seja pela teoria. Conceitos teóricos e práticos, como identidade, profissão, socialização profissional, práticas pedagógicas, formação inicial, instituição de formação, supervisão, relações pessoais e institucionais, representações sociais são conceitos construídos individual e socialmente, sempre em relação com os outros. Que percepção têm os professores cooperantes, detentores de uma turma de crianças do 1º ciclo, que “emprestam” aos futuros professores para desenvolverem a prática pedagógica da sua formação inicial, desta formação dada na instituição de formação? Foi o que pretendemos indagar com o presente trabalho. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o estudo foi desenvolvido segundo uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa, quantitativa e interpretativa que cruzou a informação recolhida através de diferentes instrumentos de recolha de dados, como as evocações livres e hierarquizadas, em contexto normal, e evocações hierarquizadas em contexto de substituição, um Teste de Reconhecimento do Objecto e um Questionário de Caracterização do Objecto. O tratamento dos dados foi feito com os programas SPSS, Excel, EVOC 2003 e SIMI. Participaram neste estudo 93 professores cooperantes. As conclusões mais genéricas apontam no sentido de confirmar os pressupostos adiantados no enquadramento teórico, quanto à hipótese da existência de um núcleo central e um sistema periférico, numa abordagem estruturalista das representações sociais, que parecem influenciar o modo como é percepcionada a formação inicial, pelos professores cooperantes.

A representação social do cuidado no Programa Saúde da Família na cidade do Natal

The aim of this study was to learn about the social representations of the care provided by the Family Health Program (FHP) in the city of Natal, Brazil and determine how these representations guide the daily actions of doctors, dentists, nurses, nurse s assistants and oral health assistants during the work process. In this sense, we used the theoreticalmethodological approach to the Theory of Social Representations. For data collection, we used the following instruments: a two-part questionnaire, where the first part recorded sociodemographic data and the second part was adapted to the free word association technique (FWAT), which was applied to 90 professionals belonging to 18 FHP units. Interviews were also used as collection instruments. These were based on inductive stimuli and on direct observations of 30 of these professionals. After a superficial reading of the material, we constructed a corpus from which ten categories emerged. To analyze FWAT we used lexicographic analysis, combining frequency and the mean order of responses. The interviews and sociodemographic variables were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistical analysis, respectively. The study showed that the central nucleus of the social representation in question is composed of the elements attention, receptivity and love, revealing that the subjects have different understandings of the FHP care process and that the knowledge accumulated in this respect is supported by an approximate vision of the meaning of care. However, traditional elements with trivializing connotations about care predominate, which compromises the development of strategies to overcome traditional practices. In the set of analyses, we were able to capture the invariance of a contradiction: on one hand, professionals know and affirm the importance of providing care for FHP patients; on the other, the experience of daily practice translates into the negation of this concept. In this contradictory context, professionals build gradual and successive syntheses that allow them to act and affirm themselves by associating information from their academic formation, structured knowledge acquired in other experiences, values and symbols of their daily routine. Thus, they shape and reshape themselves, according to what is concretely and specifically required, at the same time both plural and multiple. The composition of the central nucleus indicates that any measure that intends to modify attitudes that is, the daily actions of FHP professionals with respect to care must take into account and give priority to the debate about the redefining of the semantic fields of the central nucleus (love/attention/receptivity and humanization), especially those of love and attention

Habitus docente e representação social do ensinar Geografia na Educação Básica de Teresina - Piauí

The literature about the Geography teaching has shown that most male and female teachers of this subject go on guiding their teaching practice based on the traditional Geography fundamentals, whose main characteristic consist in the description of places. The incorporation of scientific standards that change the old principles and concepts have not been happening, unless in a punctual way. The overcoming of the traditional Geography, related to the aspects accepted by the scientific field have not happened in Brazil yet, not only because of certain obvious obstacles, as the literature has been pointed out but also by symbolic obstacles, which block the incorporation of the new, of the non habitual action. One of those obstacles that motivated the accomplishment of this study was the social representations that are theoretically studied here under the perspective developed by Serge Moscovici. Then, the focus of this doctorate study is concentrated in the apprehension of the content and structure of the social representation of teaching of Geography and its relation with the habitus that gives form and social visibility to the ones who are teachers of that subject in Teresina. The consecution of this work was especially based on the Pierre Bourdieu´s praxiology, mainly on the concepts of social field, habitus and capital, as well as the theory of social representations, specifically on the approach of central nucleus developed by Jean-Claude Abric and Jean-Claude Flament. The initial hypothesis pointed out the existence of a Geographer´s primary habitus built through the development process of the geographic science field in Brazil, as a basis of production of a social representation of teaching geography . That representation, however, would act as a symbolic obstacle to the incorporation of the new scientific contents and pedagogical practice, which require from the teacher investigative and questionable attitude in the presence of the reality and contents approached in the classroom. That initial hypothesis laid on the theoretical purpose that it has been developed by Domingos Sobrinho (1997), which states that there is a narrow relationship between the habitus and social representation. The study was developed with male and female teachers of Geography from public schools of Teresina. The methodology involved the use of a questionnaire, the free-word association technique and deep interviews. The achieved results showed the presence of a complex process of representational construction and its articulation with a habitus produced by the synthesis of several situational and cultural referents, from among of them we can point out an insertion in a social field of practice exclusively related to the teaching and the reproduction of a professoral teaching (SILVA, 2003), built through the school development process, which those male and female teachers were exposed. The initial hypothesis that considered the local reproduction of a primary habitus of the Geography was denied, therefore, it was verified that there is not in Teresina the production/reproduction of the structures, rules and practice of the national scientific field, in which this subject is inserted. Hence, the incorporation of the new patterns of the geographic scientific knowledge is difficult because of the inexistence of a scientific habitus, that is, mental schema systems that would let the teachers mentioned above connect themselves appropriately to the science and its practices. So, it has gotten a social representation of teaching geography based on contents strictly related to the reproduction of structures, mental schema from the educational field which attach themselves to the hegemonic pedagogical practices in the national scope

Praxiologia, representação social de menopausa e práticas educativas de enfermeiras na estratégia saúde da família

This research, whose theme is related to climacteric, aims to know the social representation of menopause developed by the nurses working for Estratégia Saúde da Família (Family Health Strategy) in João Pessoa PB, as well as identifying its structure and verifying the way it interferes with the assistance and educational practices to the climacterial user. In the theoretical level, it is based on a model that articulates the social representations theory, the central nucleus complementary theory and the central concepts of Pierre Bourdieu s praxiology: habitus, cultural capital, social field and symbolic power. A hundred and forty-seven female nurses who work for Estratégia Saúde da Família (Family Health Strategy) in João Pessoa (PB) took part in this research, and the data collection period was from February 2008 to March 2009. As to the methods and techniques, we used the method to determine the central nucleus based on the free association of words, a questionnaire to identify certain regularities that constitute the nurses habitus, and the semi-structured interview to explore opinions and attitudes when facing assistance situations and educational practices and to collect other relevant information. The data analysis was developed, when referring to the free associations, with the help of the EVOC software, which is a group of articulated programs which carry out the statistical analysis of the evocations and the identification of the possible elements of both the central nucleus and the peripheral system of the social representation. As to the questionnaire, we used the descriptive statistical analysis and the analysis of correlation between the variables. The interviews were submitted to a categorical analysis of the content. The EVOC result indicated that the cognition hormone was the only element of the central nucleus of the social representation of menopause. Due to its symbolic value and structuring power, this central nucleus ensures the strict and, at the same time, flexible character of the representational content. The analysis of the social advancement, of some fundamental features of the group habitus, as well as the analysis of its insertion in the health field and of the attitudinal opinions and dispositions concerning the assistance given to the climacterial user, and the analysis of the pedagogical dimension of this assistance, all these analyses lead to the conclusion that the nurses who took part in this research share a social representation of the menopause resulting from the association of different technical and scientific knowledge. These derive from the biomedical pattern as well as from hegemonic values which disqualify old age and overvalue youth, from pedagogical conceptions arising from patterns that are presently regarded as authoritative and old-fashioned and from cultural references (responsible for the semantic variations concerning the central nucleus) which are specific to the subgroups the nurses belong to. This research enables the creation of opportunities for discussion between active nurses working for Estratégia Saúde da Família, and the nurses who are teachers at institutions of higher education, aiming at linking theory to practice, so that they can find ways of thinking about the climacteric and working, in a more comprehensive way, with users who are experiencing this stage of life

Dimensões didática, afetiva e formativa de docência que tecem as representações sociais entre licenciandos da UFPI

This study intends to analyze the social representation of teaching for students of first years of undergraduate courses in Education, Letters and Biology. The field of this research was the Federal University of Piaui - Campus of Picos in 2009. To reach the objective proposed above, was used the theory of social representations to the seizure of the elements which constitute such representations according to Moscovici and colleagues, considering the contribution of Abric with his Theory of Central Nucleus and Wagner with the Theory of Sociogenesis. Data were collected in two phases: first, through the Technique of Free Association of Words (TFAW) of which 100 subjects evoked representations of their teaching through the inductor terms 'to teach', 'student' and 'teacher'. For those data we used the EVOC software that promoted to detect the elements of the core and to conclude that the social representation of teaching is one of the work performed by a master / teacher who transmits, directed to an apprentice who learns, confined to the school involving the student with all his virtues to be smart, interested and dedicated, and teacher to be friend, wise bearer of knowledge and also intelligent. Then, using the Multiple Classification Procedure (MCP) only 10 subjects made ratings of 25 more evoked words in the first phase, for the analysis of data from the MPC with the use of the SPSS software we used Multidimensional Statistical Analysis (MSA) for the Free Classification we found three dimensions of Social Representation of Teaching: The Didactic, that focuses on teacher and student being superimposed, meaning the inseparability of these elements, the Affective, which presents the elements inherent in teachers with love as the strong point of this dimension, and the Formative, that is as ambiguous as ambivalent because it sees the teacher as a professional directed to help students get an education; for Directed Classification with Similarity Structure Analysis (SSA), we learn that teaching is a profession that materializes in the classroom, which is extremely true because the action happens in this teaching space, supposing a caring, loving, cheerful, capable, apt, patient, partner, responsible, dedicated, committed educator, who has wisdom and knows how to teach and help students through dialogue to there study and learning. All of it s necessary to occur the result of teaching, which is education in a disciplinary manner. The results point to a very traditional social representation of what is the role of teachers, the role of students and the role of the relationship itself between teaching and learning through the act of teaching. With this statement, we can confirm that the structure of Social Representation of Teaching for the investigated subjects reflects the sociogenetic conditions that engendered them, and that these conditions permeate their structural organization, in particular time-context in which social representation was captured

Representações sociais e práticas discursivas de profissionais do programa saúde da família sobre o pré-natal

The present study had the objective to identify to the Social Representations of the professionals of medicine and nursing superior level of the Program Health of the Family concerning the assistance for the gestation. The research was qualitative under the optics of the Theory of the Social Representations of Serge Moscovici, of the Central Nucleus of Jean-Claude Abric and of the Analysis of Content of Laurence Bardin. We worked with the following instruments for the collection of data: Questionnaires, with social-demographic data; Free association of Words, with the inductive terms Pregnancy, Assistance for Gestation and Care; Production of mental image and half-structuralized Interview, with the following question: What does the assistance for the gestation represent for you? . We interviewed all the professionals of nursing and medicine of the Program Health of the Family in the city of Santa Cruz /RN (ten for each profession) in the period of February and March of 2007. From the analysis of the social-demographics data, we respectively identified the following percentages for nursing and medicine: the feminine sex for nursing predominated (90%); the age between 24 and 33 (70 and 60%); the religion catholic (80 and 50%) and 50% of the two groups has up to two years of formation and work in the score of the research. The analysis of the others instruments resulted in two categories: Institutionalized vision and Vision of the Common-sense. In the free association of words, the category institutionalized vision is configured as Central Nucleus and of the common sense one as nucleus Peripheral, demonstrating that the Social Representations of the assistance for the gestation attendance are in the universes consensual. In the mental images, we identified to this same construction. In the content of the interviews, the institutionalized vision is permeated by the responsibility of making and the availability of having - assistance for the gestation is recommended by the Health department and necessary genders - while the vision of the common-sense can be represented by the category sort, whose role of professionals of the assistance for the gestation is to strengthen the responsibility for the woman of a maternity socially constructed. In short, the analyzed speeches reflect that, to the knowledge acquired in the academy, are incorporated in the knowledge of the daily professional, and conducted by popular myths. Medicine and nursing recognize the importance of the attendance in such a way for the chance to educate the women for the maternity as for the possibility to prevent complications, but in its speeches they had excluded from this process the masculine figure. We conclude that the meaning of the inductive term take care, part of the common-sense and is incorporated the institutionalized speech to humanize the assistance. However, the pregnancy ceases from being seen in its natural biological direction and starts to be analyzed as a moment of fragility and predisposition the illnesses. Finally, the social nursing and the central nucleus representations for the assistance in gestation for medicine is anchored in the speeches institutionalized and of the common-sense, reflecting the concern in establishing a humanized assistance with quality

As representações sociais da morte e do processo de morrer para profissionais que trabalham em unidade de terapia intensiva uti

This study aimed to seize the general social representations of doctors and nurses who work in ICUs on the process of death and dying. We also aimed to know the social representations of these professionals in relation to death and the process of dying of people who are under their care, identify factors that influence the construction of these representations and identify similarities and differences between the two professions. The study was conducted from the perspective of the Theory of Social Representations of Serge Moscovici and the Central Nucleus of Jean-Claude Abric. The study was conducted in the Intensive Care Unit of Natal Hospital Center, a private hospital of the city of Natal - Rio Grande do Norte. This is descriptive and exploratory research. Twenty-four (24) professionals were interviewed, twelve (12) nurses and twelve (12) doctors. Data were collected through two instruments: Test of Free Association of Words, semi-structured interview. Later, they were coded, categorized and analyzed according to Content Analysis of Bardin (1977). The words evoked after the use of inducing words - death and dying - and the interviews, led to three thematic categories: Death and dying as a biological event, death and dying as a psychosocial event, death and dying as a transcendental event. As final considerations, we believe that the social representations of the group are translated in death and dying as biological and psychosocial events and anchored in the transcendental aspects, we do not see obvious differences in the testimonies of doctors and nurses , and the factors that interfere the construction of these offices is the culture, including religion

Os significados do tabagismo construídos na dinâmica social

The present study has the purpose of catching the significances of smoking in the social dinamics based on the Theory of Social Representations. It was developed among adults with ages from 20 to 59 years, low social and economic conditions, at Natal RN, Brazil. The Free-words Association Test was applied as the instrument of data collection and a semi-structured interview with the smokers and non-smokers, besides a structured interview with smokers, non-smokers and ex-smokers. All data was analyzed by the descriptive statistics using the Analysis of Content Technique of the thematic kind and by the softwares ALCESTE and EVOC 2000. Elaborations about smoking were marked by social, cultural and historical dimension, however they showed sensibility to changes and revealed positive and negative aspects of the habit. The analysis of the semi-structured interviews showed the following categories and under-categories respectively: Initiation of the habit (Friends and Family and Appreciation and Beauty); Psychosocial Implications of smoking (Personal relationship, Work and Financial); Behavior when facing smoking (Positive, Negative and Neutral); Smoking Effects (Smokers´ health and the other people health); Description about oral diseases ( Bad breath, Oral cancer and Dental problems); Smoking treatment (Physician and psychological, Supernatural and Difficulties). ALCESTE analysis presented 4 classes: Ambivalence between pleasure and get ill, Smoking as a trouble and danger to society, Social discrimination of smokers and Mouth as a place of reaffirmation of the discrimination. Those helped us to understand the psychosocial repercussion of the habit. On the social representation structure we identified as a probable central nucleus of the smoker group the categories Pleasure and Bad to the health and as peripheral elements Alcoholic Drink, Financial damage and Nervousness. For the non-smoker group the category Bad to the health comes first and Stop Smoking comes as a peripheral element. Finally, we hope that the knowledge of these representations can contribute to plan and/or to rethink over the professional practices and public policies related to smoking. Besides that, for an amplified comprehension of the study object the discussions over the identified representations should be deepen and amplified to other population and social groups

A educação em saúde pública na práqtica cotidiana: atuação dos cirurgiões-dentistas do PSF de Natal-RN

Considering education a support to health promotion, care integration and citizenship formation,the purpose of this research was to analyze the perception of the oral surgeons from the Family Health Program of Natal-RN over education in health as well as their performance as educators based on their activities on the program. A qualitative study was accomplished by a semi-structured interview and a Free Association of Words Test with 80 oral surgeons from the Family Health Program of Natal-RN. The instruments were analyzed through the meaning analysis and the Central Nucleus of Vergès Theory. The results showed a lack of planning in health actions so there is no standardization on the educative practices done by the oral surgeons which mostly are focused on scholars. There was an agreement among the group according to the oral surgeons´ perception about education in health that education is related to its function of recall prevention ideas to the population. Most part of the context units analyzed by the professionals´ speech show the knowledge of education in health as an inadequate behavior change instrument of the individuals. An interesting point was a quotation cited by some professionals that included actual themes such as citizenship, motivation and life quality, put inside the speech of education in health. To the oral surgeons the biggest difficulties on the development of the educative actions are due to the lack of incentive by the Municipal Health Bureau and to the detachment and lack of valorization of the themes by the population. The oral surgeons consider themselves co-responsible for the formation of a population which is able to request its health. They also mention the knowledge about the need of the community participation on the planning of the Family Health Program actions. Finally, it is notable the need for more encouragement so the oral surgeons can be more capable and have more interest in applying education in health on the perspective of a new model in health, because once capable and stimulated they can awake the population to education importance as a great transformation instrument for people searching for a fair, equalitarian and citizeness society

Por trás das grades :reflexões sobre a experiência do ser apenado na situação de privação de liberdade

This research has resulted of investigations appeared from our work experience as psychologist in a prison of the state Rio Grande do Norte. It deals with the meeting with prisoner in the search for the rescue of the human being dignity, discovering the being that finds annulled by backwards of the prison. The current debate on the prisoners in Brazil has as focus the creation of efficient strategies in the combat to the criminal acts, not being worried in understanding the historical and social conditions in the context in which such acts develop. Our objective was to reach an understanding of the experience of the prisoner in the situation of freedom deprivation in Natal (RN) city. Its significant social relevance meets in emphasized thematic which intends to be revealing of the not-said one of these citizens. The epistemological space and the vision of adopted human being support in the humanist ideas of the Centered Approach in the Person and construct self, central nucleus of the personality theory proposal by Carl Rogers. We opt to the phenomenological method as way of access to the singularity of the experience of each one of the participants, supporting us in the strategy of the narrative as expression of the lived world. The results had pointed that the investigated experience is through suffering, that is, the way to be in the world of prisoner in the situation of freedom deprivation is felt by him/her as difficult to support. This reality is had by him/her as difficult to control, having a negative emotional repercussion for the self, leading the citizen to the alienation of his/her existential flow in these circumstances. The reflections produced in this work take us to consider that the punishment practices on behalf of a normalization of the behavior, linked to the recovery idea, do not meet to the intention of the arrests, that come demonstrating to the inefficacy of the objectives shown in the law as well as the loss of the human being dignity