1000 resultados para Categorias e Indicadores
Resumo:
Na década de oitenta aconteceram dois fatos fundamentais para o federalismo brasileiro: a redemocratização do país em 1985 e o aprofundamento da descentralização fiscal impulsionada pela Constituição de 1988. Mais de uma década depois, toma-se necessário avaliar os custos e beneficios do processo de descentralização no período democrático 1985 - 97. Tal avaliação pode adotar várias dimensões. De uma perspectiva macroeconômica não há dúvidas que o processo de descentralização fiscal impõe sérias restrições para a administração da política macroeconômica, no sentido em que o comportamento fiscal das esferas inferiores de governo nem sempre é compatível com os objetivos de política do governo central. De uma visão micro econômica, a desconcentração de responsabilidades e a maior autonomia financeira adquirida pelos níveis inferiores de governo deveria incidir numa maior eficiência na provisão de bens e serviços públicos. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir na compreensão do comportamento fiscal dos estados brasileiros num contexto de crescente autonomia política e econômica e de esforços de ajuste macroeconômico. Por outro lado, tenta-se avaliar os efeitos das políticas fiscais dos governos estaduais sobre o bem-estar da população de seus estados. Especificamente, este trabalho tem três objetivos. O primeiro é identificar e analisar a postura fiscal dos estados brasileiros a partir da evolução das principais categorias de receita e despesa estadual durante o período 1985 - 97. O segundo objetivo é explicar estas posturas fiscais no período democrático 1985- 1997 com base nas características do sistema político de cada estado, analisando sua influência sobre o desenho e implementação da política fiscal.Finalmente, o terceiro objetivo é testar até que ponto a descentralização foi eficiente, verificando se a política fiscal dos governos estaduais teve efeitos significativos sobre as principais variáveis sócio - econômicas estaduais tais como desemprego, pobreza e distribuição de renda. Os resultados encontrados na primeira parte mostram a impossibilidade de se fazer generalizações sobre o comportamento fiscal dos estados, já que, nem todos os estados exibiram falta de disciplina fiscal durante o período analisado. A grande maioria dos estados adotou uma política de "stop and go", isto é, as contrações foram seguidas de expansões fiscais e vice-versa, impedindo que se extraia tendências regulares de deterioração ou de melhoras progressivas na situação fiscal dos estados. Na segunda parte do trabalho, verificou-se que políticas fiscais expansionistas estão associadas a períodos eleitorais e sistemas com elevada fragmentação política. Por sua vez, apesar de não ser conclusiva, pode-se inferir que a orientação ideológica dos administradores estaduais , especificamente quando estes pertencem à esquerda, está associada a maiores níveis de despesa pública estadual. Finalmente, os resultados da última parte mostram que a política de gastos estaduais afeta algumas variáveis sócio - econômicas, tais como renda familiar per capita e desigualdade na distribuição de renda, mas não tem efeitos significativos sobre a taxa de desemprego, a proporção de pobres e a intensidade da pobreza em cada estado
Resumo:
Innumerable studies have focused been reported on the sleep spindles (SS), Sharp Vertex Waves (SVW) and REM, NREM Sleep as indicators interpreting EEG patterns in children. However, Frequency and Amplitud Gradient (FAG) is rarely cited sleep parameter in children,that occurs during NREM Sleep. It was first described by Slater and Torres, in 1979, but has not been routinely evaluated in EEG reports. The aim of this study was to assess the absence of SS, SVW and FAG, as an indication of neurological compromise in children. The sample consisted of 1014 EEGs of children referred to the Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, Hospital Universitário de Brasília (HUB), from January 1997 to March 2003, with ages ranging from 3 months to 12 years old, obtained in spontaneous sleep or induced by choral hydrate. The study was transversal and analytical, in which, visual analysis of EEG traces was perfumed individually and independently by two electroencephalographers without prior knowledge of the EEG study or neurological findings. After EEG selection, the investigators analyzed the medical reports in order to define and correlate neurological pattern was classified according to the presence or absence of neurological compromise, as Normal Neurological Pattern (NNP), and Altered Neurological Pattern (ANP) respectively. From the visual analysis of the EEG(s), it was possible to characterize 6 parameters: 1- FAG present (64,1%); 2- FAG absent (35,9%); 3 - normal SS (87,9%); 4 - altered SS s (12,1%); 5 - normal SVW s (95,7%); 6 - altered SVW s (4,3%). The prevalence of well-formed FAG is found in the 3 months to 5 years age group in the children with NNF. FAG was totally absent from the age of 10 years. When comparing the three sleep graphielements, it was observed that SVW and SS were predominant in children with NNF. However, FAG absent was more prevalent in the ANF than in altered SS an SVW. The statistical analysis showed that there is a strong association of FAG absent, with isolated alteration, in ANF patients, in that the prevalence ratio was 6,60. The association becomes stronger when FAG absent + altered SS(s) is considered (RP= 6,68). Chi-square test, corrected by Yates technique, showed a highly significant relation for FAG ρ= 0,00000001, for error X of 5%, or else the 95% confidence interval (ρ<0,05). Thus, the FAG absent were more expressive in ANF patient than altered SS(s) and SVW(s). The association becomes stronger in order to establish a prognostic relation, when the FAG is combined with the SS. The results os this study allow us to affirm that the FAG, when absent at ages ranging from 3 months to 5 years , is an indication of neurological compromise. FAG is an age-dependent EEG parameter and incorporated systematically, in the interpretation criteria of the EEG of children s sleep, not only in the maturational point of view, but also neurological disturbances with encephalic compromise
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Currently one of the major concerns in sports is to identify, select, discover and reveal talents in soccer. As principal reasons is perceived the search direct or indirect for resources for players, clubs, media, sports brands and their sponsors. However, high salaries are an exception and not a rule, because the majority of professional players in Brazil receives 1 minimum salary per month. It is also known that on professional clubs, daily, arriving several players to try to be a professional soccer player, however, the majority of clubs - almost all does not present methodological, systematic and analytical aspects to select promising players. The selective processes ("sieves" or "big sieves") developed by technical observers ( olheiros") summarized in the observation of the sportive performance of a big group of players in a period of few minutes given to each player. In this period the target behavior is the ability with the ball. If promising players are identified on that selection, they are referred to the club for a new observation, which will be conducted by the responsible coach of base category in question. It is understood by base categories, the amateur categories (not professional), to serve as a "base" for the formation of the cast of professional clubs. What are sub-13 (under 13 years), sub-15 (under 15 years), sub-17 (under 17 years) and sub-20 (under 20 years). The absence of common criterias and performance indicators of these professionals may hamper the evaluation of promising players, and be a costly activity for the club. This study proposes to identify, characterize and categorize the criterias and methods of behavioral evaluation, used by coaches of base categories of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) to evaluate the sportive performance of young soccer players, with the purpose of to compare the criterias of evaluation of sportive performance of young soccer players, used by coaches with different time of experience in function. The proposal had 2 pilot studies, the first (June and July, 2007) were interviewed 29 coaches, 17 of category sub-13 and 12 of category sub-17. The data were tabulated and organized into spreadsheets in order to describe, and developed a set of descriptors of behavior. And the second (May and June, 2008), with revisions made based on observations, analysis and descriptions found in the first, were interviewed 14 technical of category sub-15. After the results found in pilots, it was possible to outline the study in question, which had 46 coaches base categories of the RN. And from the results show that the characteristic of greatest importance, according to the interviewees was the behavior, the 2nd most important characteristic considered was the motivation, the 3rd was the ability and the 4th was the physical condition and the last was the affiliation. And by analyzing the results to the methods of evaluation of sportive performance used by coaches, it was noted clearly that most uses only the observation to select young soccer players. Therefore, needs a systematization to the selection of soccer players, since there is complexity in the verification of characteristics and aspects involved with purpose to avoid wrong evaluations and selections and the results negligible
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The present study aimed to understand patients' experience with osteoporosis treatment. The methodological and theoretical frameworks were, respectively, the Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism. The research subjects were 12 patients monitored in a specialized outpatient unit. The obtained statements were transcribed and analyzed, leading to a synthesis of the described themes. From the analysis process, two phenomena emerged: "self-evaluating health conditions according to the disease signs" and "making a decision about the treatment targeting at well-being". The realignment and the inter-relationship of the components belonging to these phenomena (themes, categories, and subcategories) allowed to identify the core category: "self-managing osteoporosis treatment for well-being recovery mediated by the (in)visibility of the disease signs". Furthermore, it allowed for the design of a theoretical model concerning the process used by the player in his cyclic movement of the experience, between adherence to and relaxation from the osteoporosis treatment.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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a geração de indicadores quantitativos e qualitativos para analisar as ações presentes na ciência não pode representar a dimensão exata de toda atividade científica, até porque há relações e procedimentos que não comportam avaliações por parâmetros matemáticos. ao tempo em que se estimula seu uso, as críticas a respeito de sua utilização crescem, sob argumentos variados: não refletem a qualidade dos documentos; cada artigo contribui de maneira diferente para o progresso da ciência; e os estilos e as categorias se diversificam segundo as disciplinas. formação de disciplinas encarregadas de analisar as iniciativas de difusão e de divulgação dos resultados de pesquisa. Indicadores que representam os mecanismos de comunicação entre universidades, institutos de pesquisa, comunidades científicas e pesquisadores. A atenção, antes concentrada na medição de insumos, com destaque para a formação dos pesquisadores, se desloca, mais e mais, para os indicadores alusivos aos resultados.
Resumo:
Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de indicadores para a avaliação da capacidade de gestão do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica no âmbito estadual. Avaliar este componente é detectar obstáculos e oportunidades e propor estratégias de avanços na gestão. A escolha do referencial teórico de capacidade de governo de Carlos Matus, refletido no conceito de capacidade de gestão e de gestão da assistência farmacêutica, tem por base a necessidade de superar a fragmentação e a redução tecnicista imposta à assistência farmacêutica. Iniciou-se com estudos exploratórios com os atores diretamente envolvidos com o cotidiano do componente, os quais visaram aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre o objeto. Tendo como base estes estudos foram propostos os modelos teórico e lógico, para definição das categorias de análise e o protocolo de indicadores. A metodologia utilizada, incluindo a validação do protocolo, a definição dos instrumentos de coleta de dados e as diretrizes para a pesquisa de campo, assim como a discussão sobre o processo de construção, são apresentadas neste artigo. Os referenciais adotados e o protocolo de indicadores proposto trazem avanços para o referencial da gestão da assistência farmacêutica ao propor uma mudança do foco técnico-logístico, para as ações de natureza estratégica e política, ou aquelas que fomentem maior participação, autonomia e sustentabilidade.
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Knowing the importance that the poultry industry represents for the Brazilian economy, this work, searched to understand and to identify new welfare pointers inherent to the animal that contributed for the increase of the productive effectiveness, studying different behavior reactions in broiler breeders, in climatic chamber. The experiment was delineated as a Latin Square 3x3x3, where the variable: temperature of air, birds ration and birds age had been controlled. The birds of different ages had been lodged in distinct boxes. Observations of the behavior of the birds in two schedules of the day had been made, being one in the morning and the other one in the afternoon, during a period of 15 minutes each through video cameras, installed in the ceiling of the climatic chamber, having no interference of human being in the register of the data. It was verified the influence of the controlled variables in diverse observed behaviors where it was concluded that the presence of food resulted in bigger occurrences of aggressiveness reactions.
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The study of female broiler breeders is of great importance for the country as poultry production is one of the largest export items, and Brazil is the second largest broiler meat exporter. Animal behavior is known as a response to the effect of several interaction factors among them the environment. In this way the internal housing environment is an element that gives hints regarding to the bird s thermal comfort. Female broiler breeder behavior, expresses in form of specific pattern the bird s health and welfare. This research had the objective of applying predictive statistical models through the use of simulation, presenting animal comfort scenarios facing distinct environmental conditions. The research was developed with data collected in a controlled environment using Hybro - PG® breeding submitted to distinct levels of temperature, three distinct types of standard ration and age. Descriptive and exploratory analysis were proceeded, and afterwards the modeling process using the Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE). The research allowed the development of the thermal comfort indicators by statistical model equations of predicting female broiler breeder behavior under distinct studied scenarios.
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física