Blüten- und Fruchtstände : Phytolacca acinosa - Chevaliera veitchii - Potamogeton natans - Iberis sempervirens - Carex grayi - Iberis sempervirens

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Riedgräser und Binsen : Cyperus alternifolius - Scirpus lacustris - Juncus alpinus - Carex cyperoides - Scirpus holoschoe - Nus - Scirpus

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Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gattung Carex

von Otto Appel

Observations on the British species of Carex.

Linn. soc.-Trans. II. 126-211.

Illustrations of the genus Carex.

Pt. 4 (species 292-524, plates 412-600) was edited by J. D. Hooker from descriptions and drawings left by the author; unpublished drawings numbered 601-684, for species 417-485, were deposited in the herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew; species 486-524 had no drawings prepared for them.

Facteurs influençant le succès de la restauration des populations de carex faux-lupulina

Ce mémoire visait à déterminer les pratiques et les facteurs favorables au succès des réintroductions du carex faux-lupulina (Carex lupuliformis), une espèce vivace menacée poussant dans divers types de milieux humides ouverts du nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord. Pour répondre à cet objectif, des expériences de germination en serres ont été réalisées, et la survie, la vigueur et le microhabitat de chaque plant de carex faux-lupulina connu au Québec (sauvage ou réintroduit) ont été mesurés. Nos résultats montrent que le carex faux-lupulina est une espèce facile à propager ex situ. Une stratification froide (4°C) des semences dans du sable humide pendant un mois induit des taux de germination élevés. Nos résultats montrent également que des pucerons exotiques, ainsi qu’une transplantation dans des habitats inadaptés aux besoins de l’espèce en termes d’humidité du sol et de lumière disponible, ont causé la mort prématurée d’un grand nombre de transplants. Notre programme de réintroduction a permis d’établir une nouvelle population de l’espèce au Québec, et a potentiellement permis de sextupler la taille des populations de la province. Globalement, cette étude a permis de mieux comprendre l’écologie du carex faux-lupulina, et ainsi de faciliter la restauration de ses populations.

Facteurs influençant le succès de la restauration des populations de carex faux-lupulina

Ce mémoire visait à déterminer les pratiques et les facteurs favorables au succès des réintroductions du carex faux-lupulina (Carex lupuliformis), une espèce vivace menacée poussant dans divers types de milieux humides ouverts du nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord. Pour répondre à cet objectif, des expériences de germination en serres ont été réalisées, et la survie, la vigueur et le microhabitat de chaque plant de carex faux-lupulina connu au Québec (sauvage ou réintroduit) ont été mesurés. Nos résultats montrent que le carex faux-lupulina est une espèce facile à propager ex situ. Une stratification froide (4°C) des semences dans du sable humide pendant un mois induit des taux de germination élevés. Nos résultats montrent également que des pucerons exotiques, ainsi qu’une transplantation dans des habitats inadaptés aux besoins de l’espèce en termes d’humidité du sol et de lumière disponible, ont causé la mort prématurée d’un grand nombre de transplants. Notre programme de réintroduction a permis d’établir une nouvelle population de l’espèce au Québec, et a potentiellement permis de sextupler la taille des populations de la province. Globalement, cette étude a permis de mieux comprendre l’écologie du carex faux-lupulina, et ainsi de faciliter la restauration de ses populations.

Phenological changes in six Australian subalpine plants in response to experimental warming and year-to-year variation

The likely phenological responses of plants to climate warming can be measured through experimental manipulation of field sites, but results are rarely validated against year-to-year changes in climate. Here, we describe the response of 1-5 years of experimental warming on phenology (budding, flowering and seed maturation) of six common subalpine plant species in the Australian Alps using the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) protocol.2. Phenological changes in some species (particularly the forb Craspedia jamesii) were detected in experimental plots within a year of warming, whereas changes in most other species (the forb Erigeron bellidioides, the shrub Asterolasia trymalioides and the graminoids Carex breviculmis and Poa hiemata) did not develop until after 2-4 years; thus, there appears to be a cumulative effect of warming for some species across multiple years.3. There was evidence of changes in the length of the period between flowering and seed maturity in one species (P. hiemata) that led to a similar timing of seed maturation, suggesting compensation.4. Year-to-year variation in phenology was greater than variation between warmed and control plots and could be related to differences in thawing degree days (particularly, for E. bellidioides) due to earlier timing of budding and other events under warmer conditions. However, in Carex breviculmis, there was no association between phenology and temperature changes across years.5. These findings indicate that, although phenological changes occurred earlier in response to warming in all six species, some species showed buffered rather than immediate responses.6. Synthesis. Warming in ITEX open-top chambers in the Australian Alps produced earlier budding, flowering and seed set in several alpine species. Species also altered the timing of these events, particularly budding, in response to year-to-year temperature variation. Some species responded immediately, whereas in others the cumulative effects of warming across several years were required before a response was detected.

Precipitation-induced runoff and leaching from milled peat mining mires by peat types : a comparative method for estimating the loading of water bodies during peat pruduction

Precipitation-induced runoff and leaching from milled peat mining mires by peat types: a comparative method for estimating the loading of water bodies during peat production. This research project in environmental geology has arisen out of an observed need to be able to predict more accurately the loading of watercourses with detrimental organic substances and nutrients from already existing and planned peat production areas, since the authorities capacity for insisting on such predictions covering the whole duration of peat production in connection with evaluations of environmental impact is at present highly limited. National and international decisions regarding monitoring of the condition of watercourses and their improvement and restoration require more sophisticated evaluation methods in order to be able to forecast watercourse loading and its environmental impacts at the stage of land-use planning and preparations for peat production.The present project thus set out from the premise that it would be possible on the basis of existing mire and peat data properties to construct estimates for the typical loading from production mires over the whole duration of their exploitation. Finland has some 10 million hectares of peatland, accounting for almost a third of its total area. Macroclimatic conditions have varied in the course of the Holocene growth and development of this peatland, and with them the habitats of the peat-forming plants. Temperatures and moisture conditions have played a significant role in determining the dominant species of mire plants growing there at any particular time, the resulting mire types and the accumulation and deposition of plant remains to form the peat. The above climatic, environmental and mire development factors, together with ditching, have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the existence of peat horizons that differ in their physical and chemical properties, leading to differences in material transport between peatlands in a natural state and mires that have been ditched or prepared for forestry and peat production. Watercourse loading from the ditching of mires or their use for peat production can have detrimental effects on river and lake environments and their recreational use, especially where oxygen-consuming organic solids and soluble organic substances and nutrients are concerned. It has not previously been possible, however, to estimate in advance the watercourse loading likely to arise from ditching and peat production on the basis of the characteristics of the peat in a mire, although earlier observations have indicated that watercourse loading from peat production can vary greatly and it has been suggested that differences in peat properties may be of significance in this. Sprinkling is used here in combination with simulations of conditions in a milled peat production area to determine the influence of the physical and chemical properties of milled peats in production mires on surface runoff into the drainage ditches and the concentrations of material in the runoff water. Sprinkling and extraction experiments were carried out on 25 samples of milled Carex (C) and Sphagnum (S) peat of humification grades H 2.5 8.5 with moisture content in the range 23.4 89% on commencement of the first sprinkling, which was followed by a second sprinkling 24 hours later. The water retention capacity of the peat was best, and surface runoff lowest, with Sphagnum and Carex peat samples of humification grades H 2.5 6 in the moisture content class 56 75%. On account of the hydrophobicity of dry peat, runoff increased in a fairly regular manner with drying of the sample from 55% to 24 30%. Runoff from the samples with an original moisture content over 55% increased by 63% in the second round of sprinkling relative to the first, as they had practically reached saturation point on the first occasion, while those with an original moisture content below 55% retained their high runoff in the second round, due to continued hydrophobicity. The well-humified samples (H 6.5 8.5) with a moisture content over 80% showed a low water retention capacity and high runoff in both rounds of sprinkling. Loading of the runoff water with suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen, and also the chemical oxygen demand (CODMn O2), varied greatly in the sprinkling experiment, depending on the peat type and degree of humification, but concentrations of the same substances in the two sprinklings were closely or moderately closely correlated and these correlations were significant. The concentrations of suspended solids in the runoff water observed in the simulations of a peat production area and the direct surface runoff from it into the drainage ditch system in response to rain (sprinkling intensity 1.27 mm/min) varied c. 60-fold between the degrees of humification in the case of the Carex peats and c. 150-fold for the Sphagnum peats, while chemical oxygen demand varied c. 30-fold and c. 50-fold, respectively, total phosphorus c. 60-fold and c. 66-fold, total nitrogen c. 65-fold and c. 195-fold and ammonium nitrogen c. 90-fold and c. 30-fold. The increases in concentrations in the runoff water were very closely correlated with increases in humification of the peat. The correlations of the concentrations measured in extraction experiments (48 h) with peat type and degree of humification corresponded to those observed in the sprinkler experiments. The resulting figures for the surface runoff from a peat production area into the drainage ditches simulated by means of sprinkling and material concentrations in the runoff water were combined with statistics on the mean extent of daily rainfall (0 67 mm) during the frost-free period of the year (May October) over an observation period of 30 years to yield typical annual loading figures (kg/ha) for suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand of organic matter (CODmn O2), total phosphorus (tot. P) and total nitrogen (tot. N) entering the ditches with respect to milled Carex (C) and Sphagnum (S) peats of humification grades H 2.5 8.5. In order to calculate the loading of drainage ditches from a milled peat production mire with the aid of these annual comparative values (in kg/ha), information is required on the properties of the intended production mire and its peat. Once data are available on the area of the mire, its peat depth, peat types and their degrees of humification, dry matter content, calorific value and corresponding energy content, it is possible to produce mutually comparable estimates for individual mires with respect to the annual loading of the drainage ditch system and the surrounding watercourse for the whole service life of the production area, the duration of this service life, determinations of energy content and the amount of loading per unit of energy generated (kg/MWh). In the 8 mires in the Köyhäjoki basin, Central Ostrobothnia, taken as an example, the loading of suspended solids (SS) in the drainage ditch networks calculated on the basis of the typical values obtained here and existing mire and peat data and expressed per unit of energy generated varied between the mires and horizons in the range 0.9 16.5 kg/MWh. One of the aims of this work was to develop means of making better use of existing mire and peat data and the results of corings and other field investigations. In this respect combination of the typical loading values (kg/ha) obtained here for S, SC, CS and C peats and the various degrees of humification (H 2.5 8.5) with the above mire and peat data by means of a computer program for the acquisition and handling of such data would enable all the information currently available and that deposited in the system in the future to be used for defining watercourse loading estimates for mires and comparing them with the corresponding estimates of energy content. The intention behind this work has been to respond to the challenge facing the energy generation industry to find larger peat production areas that exert less loading on the environment and to that facing the environmental authorities to improve the means available for estimating watercourse loading from peat production and its environmental impacts in advance. The results conform well to the initial hypothesis and to the goals laid down for the research and should enable watercourse loading from existing and planned peat production to be evaluated better in the future and the resulting impacts to be taken into account when planning land use and energy generation. The advance loading information available in this way would be of value in the selection of individual peat production areas, the planning of their exploitation, the introduction of water protection measures and the planning of loading inspections, in order to achieve controlled peat production that pays due attention to environmental considerations.

苔草属大花序苔草亚属植物的研究

本文主要对苔草属（Carex L．）中大花序苔草亚属（subgcnus IndocarexBaill．）植物的花序结构，叶片、果囊和小坚果的表皮细胞的特征进行了系统的研究，结果表明该亚属是一个自然的类群，通过与同属中其它亚属的比较，认为其作为一个亚属是比较合理的。应用微机对大花序苔草亚属和与其相近类群的聚类分析得出了相同的结果。大花序苔草亚属植物具有许多原始的性状，是苔草属中比较原始的类群;植物地理学的资料也支持这种观点．以观察到的叶片、果囊和小坚果的表皮细胞的特征为依据，对我国大花序苔草亚属植物16个种（包括变种）的聚类分析，综合外部形态特征及前人的分类，将我国该亚属植物分为6个组．在扫描电镜下首次观察到苔草属大花序苔亚属植物的果囊表面具有气孔器’其表皮细胞的特征与叶片表皮细胞亦相似，说明了果囊来源于叶片，因之称为先出叶。

青藏高原不同构型克隆植物对资源供应的表型反应

克隆植物，尤其是丛生禾草（如紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea Griseb）、丝颖针茅（S. capillacea Keng））和根茎苔草（如青藏苔草（Carex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott）、窄叶苔草（C. montis-everestii Kük.）），在环境条件非常特殊的青藏高原高寒草原生态系统中，作为建群种或优势种而存在。本文利用控制实验研究不同构型克隆植物对资源供应的表型反应。 源于典型草地和灌木地的窄叶苔草和丝颖针茅对养分添加和光照处理产生广泛的表型反应。植物生长型影响分株数、比叶面积和叶鞘长度对光照强度的可塑性，源生境改变分株数、植株生物量和根茎总长对光照强度的可塑性。各性状对养分水平的可塑性反应均不受生长型和源生境的影响。游击型克隆植物窄叶苔草对高度异质性的灌木生境有较强的适应能力，而密集型克隆植物丝颖针茅的生长受生境的影响较小。 青藏苔草和紫花针茅对养分供应表现出了高度的表型可塑性。种群类型对少数性状有显著影响;除生物量分配和光合特征外，其它许多性状在基因型间有显著分化;除根茎生物量分配外，没有检测出表型可塑性的遗传分化;表型性状间有着广泛的表型整合及可塑性整合，并且整合格局随养分添加范围而变化，在种间也存在整合格局的差异。青藏高原高寒草原上强烈、稳定而持续的选择压力，以及一些与适合度相关的性状间的表型整合和可塑性整合可能对表型可塑性的进化有一定的限制作用。反应规范分析显示，高寒生境的克隆植物可能具有既能利用高养分环境，又能在低养分环境下维持生长的能力，这是植物适应养分环境变化的重要对策。 青藏苔草和紫花针茅的表型反应主要受养分供应量的影响，对由等量养分不同供应频次组成的实验处理的反应并不显著。青藏苔草的分株均重、叶片长度、比根长、根茎生物量分配和紫花针茅的比根长等性状在基因型间存在遗传分化;青藏苔草的分株数和总干重，以及紫花针茅的总干重和总根长表现出表型可塑性的遗传分化。比根长、根茎生物量分配等性状的遗传变异，以及这些性状的表型可塑性和可塑性的遗传变异对于不同基因型适应不同养分供应格局可能具有适应意义。 总之，青藏高原克隆植物对资源供应表现出了高度的表型可塑性，多数表型性状在不同基因型间存在显著的遗传分化，但表型可塑性的遗传分化相对有限。克隆植物可能通过遗传变异和表型可塑性适应异质性资源分布环境。表型可塑性及其遗传变异仍需要更多的研究，以便深入理解其适应性进化。

青藏苔草和紫花针茅形态结构及其生态适应性

为了研究高原植物对青藏高原特殊环境的适应机制，本文选取青藏高原高寒草原优势物种紫花针茅和青藏苔草作为研究物种，运用数量分析的方法对它们的形态结构及生态适应性进行了研究。试图通过对环境因子和这些形态结构变化之间的关系进行分析以找出这两种植物是如何适应严酷的环境以及这两种具有不同克隆生长方式的植物是否具有不同的适应机制。 2004年8月，我们沿青藏公路设置一条从西大滩到羊八井的样带，并进行取样。样带的生态特征从南到北变化较大：海拔从4586m上升到4901m，生长季降水量从384.0cm下降到202.2cm，生长季月均温从5.1℃下降到1.4℃，生长季月均相对湿度从65%，下降到54%，生长季蒸发量从1242cm下降到798cm，生长季月均风速从2.4m/s增大到4.0m/s。将采集的植物叶片材料制成石蜡切片，采用番红固绿对染，在显微镜下观察测量。同时研究了青藏苔草的根茎特征。数据分析中运用了变异系数比较，多重比较，相关分析和回归分析被用来分析结构变化及其与生态因子的关系。 结果表明，两物种的叶片结构特征在不同环境中的种群间存在显著差异。总体上，青藏苔草的保护组织、光合组织以及综合指标变异系数明显大于紫花针茅的，仅输导组织相关指标的变异系数小于紫花针茅的。这些结果表明，在叶片结构水平上青藏苔草比紫花针茅具有较大的可塑性，也意味着青藏苔草对生态因子变化的潜在适应能力可能较紫花针茅强。 紫花针茅和青藏苔草的大部分叶片结构特征与其生存环境的生态因子间存在着线性回归关系：紫花针茅叶肉细胞大小随土壤有效K含量增高而减小;下表皮厚度和韧皮部面积随生长季云盖度增高而增大;单一导管半径和导管平均面积随生长季月均湿度的增加而增大;青藏苔草上表皮细胞厚度随生长季月均最低温的降低而增厚;泡状细胞厚度随大陆度的增强而增加;上表皮细胞大小随土壤pH的增大而增大;导管总数和韧皮部面积随土壤速效P含量的增高而增加;气腔总面积随土壤有效K含量增高而增大。 青藏苔草分枝方式为典型的合轴分枝。分株间由埋藏在地下的匍匐根状茎连接，其扩展方式不呈直线形。青藏苔草喜沙质土，其根茎一般分布在沙土中10cm以下，在部分通气性能良好的风成沙丘或沙地，深度可超过50cm，间隔子长度依生境的不同而变化很大，短的仅约3cm，而长的可达2m多。 青藏苔草的间隔子长度和节间长度随有效温度的增加而减小，根茎每间隔子节间数随降水的增加而减少，在较低有效温度下和较低水分供给的情况下单位面积分布的克隆分株数量较少，在较高有效温度下和较高水分供给的情况下单位面积的克隆分株数量分布较多。这种变化趋势有助于青藏苔草有效迅速地占领条件适合的生境，充分利用生境内的各种资源，扩大种群;在不利条件下，青藏苔草则减少单位面积内克隆分株的分布，以适应不良生境。

青藏高原紫花针茅与青藏苔草的遗传多样性及克隆格

青藏高原是世界上最高的高原，被称为“地球第三极”，环境条件相当严酷。本研究通过ISSR标记的方法研究青藏高原两种相对克隆构型的克隆植物紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea Griseb.）和青藏苔草（Carex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott）不同种群的遗传多样性及克隆格局，在分子水平上揭示两种植物对极端环境适应的机理。主要结果如下： 与其它针茅属植物相比，紫花针茅各种群平均遗传多样性相对较低，其遗传变异主要存在于种群之内;与其它苔草属植物相比，青藏苔草各种群平均遗传多样性也较低，而总的遗传多样性较高，其遗传变异主要存在于种群之间。紫花针茅各种群平均遗传多样性高于青藏苔草各种群平均遗传多样性，尽管差异不显著。紫花针茅和青藏苔草各种群间具有较高的遗传分化。 紫花针茅具有与其它分蘖型克隆植物相当的克隆多样性，说明有性生殖在其生活史中起着重要作用。青藏苔草具有与其它克隆植物相当的克隆多样性，而与北极地区苔草属植物相比，其克隆多样性则较低。 Pearson相关显示，紫花针茅遗传多样性与纬度、经度均成显著负相关，而与海拔高度相关关系不显著;青藏苔草克隆多样性及遗传多样性与纬度、经度、海拔高度均不相关，而克隆多样性与遗传多样性的比值则与纬度显著相关。唐古拉山对紫花针茅遗传格局未产生显著影响，山南北地区遗传多样性无显著差别;唐古拉山对青藏苔草遗传格局产生了重要影响，唐古拉山南北地区基因交流有显著隔离，唐古拉山以北地区种群遗传多样性显著高于以南地区，推测其种群自北向南迁移过程中的瓶颈效应起着重要作用。青藏苔草种群的克隆多样性与遗传多样性成显著正相关。Mantel test检验显示，紫花针茅和青藏苔草的地理距离与遗传距离间的关系均不显著。 紫花针茅以分蘖生长的方式由源株向外扩展，有明确、致密的边界，野外观察和室内检测的结果显示其环上其它基株也可进行生长成活，可形成一种克隆环镶嵌格局，克隆环或其边界可能是幼苗定居有利的生境;空间自相关也显示在较小的尺度内紫花针茅遗传相关性强，推测克隆繁殖在其中也起重要作用。青藏苔草种群不同尺度的取样其克隆多样性不同，小面积（1 × 1 m2）的克隆多样性均小于大面积的（10 × 10 m2），空间自相关也显示克隆生长在其中起重要作用;尽管青藏苔草有较强的克隆生长能力，在环境条件较好时其呈密集分布，表现出较强的可塑性。 总之，尽管青藏高原环境非常严酷，紫花针茅与青藏苔草仍有较高水平的克隆多样性和一定的遗传多样性;高原严酷的环境造成了两种植物较大的遗传隔离。紫花针茅环状结构对其有性更新有重要作用，青藏苔草克隆生长具有较大可塑性，这些都是植物对高原严酷环境的适应形式。

放牧对内蒙古草原植物C:N:P化学计量特征和资源分配的影响

C、N、P是生物地球化学循环中的重要元素，其可利用性和各元素之间的平衡关系将生态系统的物质循环有机统一为一个整体。化学计量生态学为研究这几种基本元素间的平衡提供了一个有力的理论框架。许多研究表明，过度放牧会改变生态系统的结构和功能，而放牧如何影响植物的C:N:P化学计量关系的却少见报道。本研究以内蒙古锡林河流域沿水分梯度分布的草甸、草甸草原、典型草原和沙地四种植被类型中的灰脉苔草（Carex appendiculata）、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigid)、克氏针茅(S. krylovii)和榆树(Ulmus Pumila)疏林沙地8个草地群落为研究对象，对长期禁牧样地和自由放牧样地中273种植物，其中禁牧与放牧样地中的共有植物种为144个，测定了植物叶片C: N: P化学计量特征以及植株高度、丛幅面积、茎、叶和株（丛）生物量、茎叶比等功能性状，系统地研究了放牧对植物C:N:P化学计量特征和资源分配的影响。取得了如下主要研究结果和结论： 1. 放牧降低了植物叶片的C:N比，但增加了N:P比和C:P比。C:N:P 化学计量比的变化主要受叶片N和P含量变化的影响； 2. 植物C:N:P化学计量特征对放牧的响应同时受水分条件的制约。沿水分梯度分布的不同植被类型中，植物叶片C:N:P化学计量特征对放牧的响应不同。草甸群落中，植物叶片C含量显著降低，N和P含量显著增加；在草甸草原群落中，植物叶片C、P含量减少，N含量显著增加；而在典型草原群落中，植物叶片C、N和P含量均显著降低； 3. 在物种水平上，C、N、P含量对放牧的响应分为：显著增加、显著降低和没有显著变化三种类型。放牧影响下，植物叶片N含量和N:P比在显著升高的物种多于显著降低的，而叶片C含量、C:N和C:P显著降低的物种占的比例很小，表明植物对放牧适应策略与物种本身的生物学特性有着密切的关系。 4. 过度放牧使植物的植株高度、丛幅大小、株丛数、茎叶比和单株生物量均显著降低，即植物整体呈现小型化现象，进而导致群落初级生产力、茎和叶生物量下降。轻度放牧对物种的资源分配没有显著影响，单株（丛）生物量和群落茎、叶及总生物量均呈增加趋势，这与过度放牧的影响正好相反。 5. 过度放牧显著改变了物种的资源分配策略，使生物量向叶的分配比例增加，向茎的分配比例减少。资源优先向同化器官分配可能是草地植物对长期放牧干扰的一种重要适应对策。

克隆植物对异质性生境的适应对策研究

植物的生境在时间和空间上都是异质性的，即使在很小的尺度上这种异质性也是存在的。克隆生长使得克隆植物在理论上更适应利用异质性环境，本文以几种克隆植物为对象，采用实验生态学方法，着重从生理生态特性、信号物质传导方面探讨克隆植物对异质性环境的适应对策。 以匍匐茎克隆植物野草莓(Fragaria vesca)为对象，研究了不同海拔梯度种群(1800m和3900m)对光照和养分资源斑块性分布生境的响应。研究结果显示：与资源的空间同质性处理(I) 和(II) 相比, 资源的空间异质性处理(III) 和(IV) 两个种群野草莓的近端、远端和整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数均获得显著增加。经历低光高养近端分株与经历高光低养的远段分株相连时，相比与低光高养的同质生境，来自两个海拔的种群分配更多的生物量到根；经历高光低养近端分株与经历低光高养远端分株相连时，相比于高光低养的同质生境，来自两个海拔的种群分配更少的生物量到根，类似的生物量分配格局在远端分株也被观察到。相比于高光低养同质性生境，当与低光高养远端分株相连时经历高光低养近端分株有更大的叶面积；相比于高光低养同质性生境，当与低光高养近端分株相连时经历高光低养远端分株有更大叶面积。实验结果表明, 资源交互斑块性生境中野草莓发生了克隆内分工。通过克隆内分工, 克隆植物能有效的利用异质性分布的资源, 缓解资源交互斑块性分布对克隆植物生长的不利影响。 以匍匐茎克隆植物蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)为对象, 研究其在高光照低水分斑块和低光照高水分斑块组成的资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内分工。结果显示，当生长于高光照低水分(HL)条件下近端分株(basal ramets)与生长于低光照高水分(LH)条件下的远端分株(apical ramets)之间的匍匐茎连接时，近端分株根冠比显著下降，而远端分株根冠比显著增加，近端分株叶面积和远端分株总根长显著增加；当与低光照高水分条件下的远端分株相连时，近端分株叶片光合速率和叶绿素含量也相应增加。此外，克隆分株间资源交互传输显著提高蛇莓的生长表现（生物量和分株数）。因此，在光、水资源交互斑块性环境中克隆植物蛇莓分株在生物量分配、资源获取器官形态和生理特性方面发生了环境诱导的功能特化。这种对局部丰富资源的趋富特化在一定的程度上增强了克隆分株对资源的吸收利用能力，克隆内资源共享有助于缓解资源交互性斑块生境对克隆植物生长的不利影响，有效地提高克隆植物在其生境中存活与定居能力。 一个盆栽实验被采用以便调查克隆整合对经受局部沙埋的根状茎克隆植物沙生苔草(Carex praeclara)的影响，结果显示随着沙埋深度的增加，切断分株间的根状茎连接将显著降低经受沙埋处理分株的存活。当克隆植物经历局部沙埋时，切断分株间根状茎连接对其克隆生长（生物量、分株数和叶片数量）有显著负影响。耗-益(cost-benefit)分析显示，当与经历沙埋处理的远端分株相连时，近端分株的生长表现没有遭受任何负面影响。与经历沙埋处理远端分株相连时，近端分株的光合能力随沙埋深度的增加而增加。分株间的源-汇反馈调节机制所导致的补偿性反应减缓了局部沙埋对克隆植物生长的负效应。因此，克隆整合有助于提高经历局部沙埋克隆植物的存活，克隆植物在沙化地区植被恢复与重建方面具有重要意义。 克隆植物分株间的匍匐茎或根状茎连接不仅可以传输水分、矿质养分、光合产物，而且还可以传输信号物质。以根状茎克隆植物黑褐苔草(Carex alrofusca)为对象，采用盆栽实验研究外源茉莉酸诱导克隆片段相连分株间信号物质传导。结果显示，相比中龄和老龄分株，幼年分株对1mM茉莉酸诱导有显著反应。茉莉酸引起幼年分株叶片浓缩单宁含量显著增加，同时其叶片可溶性碳水化合物和氮含量降低。茉莉酸诱导后，幼年分株被昆虫咬食叶面积比率显著下降。因此匍匐茎或根状茎传也是克隆植物分株间信号物质传导重要通道，克隆植物通过分株间的风险扩散策略增强了对幼嫩植物组织器官的保护，这对克隆植物的存活或生长具有重要意义。