Estudo exploratório comparativo do declínio cognitivo senil após estimulação multissensorial e cognitiva em idosos institucionalizados e não institucionalizados

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar, empregando testes neuropsicológicos selecionados, a duração dos efeitos benéficos do programa de estimulação multissensorial e cognitiva realizado em idosos vivendo em instituições de longa permanência ou em comunidade. Os participantes do estudo foram idosos institucionalizados (n=20, 75,1 ± 6,8 anos de idade) e não institucionalizados (n=15, 74,1 ± 3,9 anos de idade), com 65 anos de idade ou mais, sem histórico de traumatismo crânio-encefálico, acidente vascular encefálico ou depressão primária, acuidade visual mínima 20/30 mensurada pelo Teste de Snellen e que participaram regularmente do Programa de Estimulação Multissensorial e Cognitiva. Foram realizadas reavaliações em cinco períodos (2, 4, 6, 8 e 12 meses) após a finalização da intervenção multissensorial e cognitiva. Para isso empregou-se o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM); nomeação de Boston; fluência verbal semântica (FVS) e fonológica (FVF), testes da Bateria Montreal de Avaliação da Comunicação (MAC), Teste de Narrativa “Roubo de Biscoitos” e testes neuropsicológicos selecionados da Bateria Cambridge (CANTAB) incluindo: Triagem Motora (Motor Screening – MOT); Processamento Rápido de Informação Visual (Rapid Visual Information Processing – RVP); Tempo de Reação (Reaction Time - RTI); Aprendizagem Pareada (Paired Associates Learning - PAL); Memória de Trabalho Espacial (Spatial Working Memory - SWM) e Pareamento com Atraso (Delayed matching to sample - DMS). Os resultados apontaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos revelando taxa de declínio cognitivo maior nos idosos institucionalizados. Esses resultados confirmam sugestão anterior de que o ambiente pobre de estímulos somato-motores e cognitivos das instituições de longa permanência aceleram o declínio cognitivo senil. Além disso, a análise das curvas ROC seguido dos cálculos de sensibilidade, especificidade e eficiência para cada teste revelou que os testes da bateria CANTAB para memória e aprendizado espacial pareado assim como para memória espacial de trabalho permitiram a distinção entre os grupos I e NI em todas janelas de reavaliação. Os resultados demonstraram que uma vez cessado o programa de estimulação, se observa em ambos os grupos declínio cognitivo progressivo, com perdas mais precoces e mais intensas nos idosos institucionalizados do que naqueles vivendo em comunidade com suas famílias. Além disso, observou-se que a duração dos efeitos benéficos sobre o desempenho nos testes neuropsicológicos de ambos os grupos é heterogêneo, e que os efeitos de proteção guardam relação estreita com a natureza das oficinas. Por conta disso os escores dos testes de linguagem declinaram mais lentamente. Os resultados reúnem evidências que permitem a recomendação de programas regulares de estimulação somatomotora e cognitiva para idosos institucionalizados com o intuito de promover a redução da taxa de progressão do declínio cognitivo senil.

Reduced serum levels of adiponectin in elderly patients with major depression

Recent studies have implicated adiponectin and other adipocytokines in brain function, particularly in processes related to memory and cognition. Blood levels of adiponectin are reduced in patients with primary cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment, and in adult patients with major depression. The aim of the present study is to determine serum levels of adiponectin in a sample of elderly patients with major depressive disorder (MOD) as compared to healthy older adults, and to examine the correlations between adiponectin levels and parameters indicative of mood and cognitive state. We recruited fifty-one unmedicated outpatients with late-life depression (LLD) and 47 age-matched controls in this study. The diagnosis of MDD was made according to the DSM-IV criteria, and the severity of depressive episode was determined with the 21-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HORS). Cognitive state was ascertained with the Cambridge Cognitive Test (CAMCOG) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Serum concentrations of adiponectin were determined using a sandwich ELISA method. Serum levels of adiponectin were significantly reduced in individuals with LLD (F = p < 0.001). Adiponectin level remained significantly reduced in after controlling for BMI index, scores on the CAMCOG, MMSE and HDRS and educational level (p < 0.001). Adiponectin levels showed a negative correlation with HORS scores (r = -0.59, p < 0.001) and BMI index (r = -0.42, p < 0.001); and showed a positive correlation with CAMCOG (r = 0.34, p < 0.01) and MMSE scores (r = 0.20, p = 0.05). The availability of circulating adiponectin is reduced in older adults with major depression, with likely implications on cognitive and mood state. Additional studies are required to determine whether this abnormality pertains to the pathophysiology of geriatric depression per se, or is a consequence of the morbid state. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Genome-wide scan of IQ finds significant linkage to a quantitative trait locus on 2q

A genome-wide linkage scan of 795 microsatellite markers (761 autosomal, 34 X chromosome) was performed on Multidimensional Aptitude Battery subtests and verbal, performance and full scale scores, the WAIS-R Digit Symbol subtest, and two word-recognition tests (Schonell Graded Word Reading Test, Cambridge Contextual Reading Test) highly predictive of IQ. The sample included 361 families comprising 2-5 siblings who ranged in age from 15.7 to 22.2 years; genotype, but not phenotype, data were available for 81% of parents. A variance components analysis which controlled for age and sex effects showed significant linkage for the Cambridge reading test and performance IQ to the same region on chromosome 2, with respective LOD scores of 4.15 and 3.68. Suggestive linkage (LOD score > 2.2) for various measures was further supported on chromosomes 6, 7, 11, 14, 21 and 22. Where location of linkage peaks converged for IQ subtests within the same scale, the overall scale score provided increased evidence for linkage to that region over any individual subtest. Association studies of candidate genes, particularly those involved in neural transmission and development, will be directed to genes located under the linkage peaks identified in this study.

The mobile arm support project as a test-bed for design research at the Cambridge EDC

A host of methods and tools to support designing are being developed in Cambridge EDC. These range from tools for design management to those for the generation and selection of design ideas, layouts, materials and production processes. A project, to develop a device to improve arm mobility of muscular dystrophy sufferers, is undertaken as a test-bed to evaluate and improve these methods and tools as well as to observe and modify its design and management processes. This paper presents the difficulties and advantages of using design methods and tools within this rehabilitation design context, with special focus on the evolution of the designs, tools, and management processes.

The mosaic test:benchmarking colour-based image retrieval systems using image mosaics

Evaluation and benchmarking in content-based image retrieval has always been a somewhat neglected research area, making it difficult to judge the efficacy of many presented approaches. In this paper we investigate the issue of benchmarking for colour-based image retrieval systems, which enable users to retrieve images from a database based on lowlevel colour content alone. We argue that current image retrieval evaluation methods are not suited to benchmarking colour-based image retrieval systems, due in main to not allowing users to reflect upon the suitability of retrieved images within the context of a creative project and their reliance on highly subjective ground-truths. As a solution to these issues, the research presented here introduces the Mosaic Test for evaluating colour-based image retrieval systems, in which test-users are asked to create an image mosaic of a predetermined target image, using the colour-based image retrieval system that is being evaluated. We report on our findings from a user study which suggests that the Mosaic Test overcomes the major drawbacks associated with existing image retrieval evaluation methods, by enabling users to reflect upon image selections and automatically measuring image relevance in a way that correlates with the perception of many human assessors. We therefore propose that the Mosaic Test be adopted as a standardised benchmark for evaluating and comparing colour-based image retrieval systems.

The mosaic test:measuring the effectiveness of colour-based image retrieval

A variety of content-based image retrieval systems exist which enable users to perform image retrieval based on colour content - i.e., colour-based image retrieval. For the production of media for use in television and film, colour-based image retrieval is useful for retrieving specifically coloured animations, graphics or videos from large databases (by comparing user queries to the colour content of extracted key frames). It is also useful to graphic artists creating realistic computer-generated imagery (CGI). Unfortunately, current methods for evaluating colour-based image retrieval systems have 2 major drawbacks. Firstly, the relevance of images retrieved during the task cannot be measured reliably. Secondly, existing methods do not account for the creative design activity known as reflection-in-action. Consequently, the development and application of novel and potentially more effective colour-based image retrieval approaches, better supporting the large number of users creating media for use in television and film productions, is not possible as their efficacy cannot be reliably measured and compared to existing technologies. As a solution to the problem, this paper introduces the Mosaic Test. The Mosaic Test is a user-based evaluation approach in which participants complete an image mosaic of a predetermined target image, using the colour-based image retrieval system that is being evaluated. In this paper, we introduce the Mosaic Test and report on a user evaluation. The findings of the study reveal that the Mosaic Test overcomes the 2 major drawbacks associated with existing evaluation methods and does not require expert participants. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Impact of simulated visual impairment on the cognitive test performance of young adults

Aims: This study investigated the effect of simulated visual impairment on the speed and accuracy of performance on a series of commonly used cognitive tests. ----- Methods: Cognitive performance was assessed for 30 young, visually normal subjects (M=22.0yrs ± 3.1 yrs) using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B and the Stroop Colour Word Test under three visual conditions: normal vision and two levels of visually degrading filters (VistechTM) administered in a random order. Distance visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were also assessed for each filter condition. ----- Results: The visual filters, which degraded contrast sensitivity to a greater extent than visual acuity, significantly increased the time to complete (p<0.05), but not the number of errors made, on the DSST and the TMT A and B and affected only some components of the Stroop test.----- Conclusions: Reduced contrast sensitivity had a marked effect on the speed but not the accuracy of performance on commonly used cognitive tests, even in young individuals; the implications of these findings are discussed.

Face authentication test on the BANCA database

This work details the results of a face authentication test (FAT2004) (http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/banca/icpr2004) held in conjunction with the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. The contest was held on the publicly available BANCA database (http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/banca) according to a defined protocol (E. Bailly-Bailliere et al., June 2003). The competition also had a sequestered part in which institutions had to submit their algorithms for independent testing. 13 different verification algorithms from 10 institutions submitted results. Also, a standard set of face recognition software packages from the Internet (http://www.cs.colostate.edu/evalfacerec) were used to provide a baseline performance measure.

Internationalizing school curriculum in Australasia: As niche, by test, or at heart?

Global citizenship has emerged as a pressing curricular priority which all educational systems are currently grappling with. The challenge is to negotiate how this orientation might sit alongside the more traditional mission of mass school curriculum in building collective ballast for a national identity through a common morality and shared narratives, or may conflict with efforts to protect and promote indigenous and minority identities. As a case study of how these agendas interact, this chapter will consider curricular responses to global imperatives in the variegated conditions across the Australasian region (defined as Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea). The chapter will outline recent developments in the social, economic and political contexts surrounding curricular reforms in these settings, and demonstrate how these developments have changed the conditions of possibility and strength of purpose behind efforts to internationalise school curricula. Three types of systemic responses are then described: firstly, an appetite for globally branded curricula such as the International Baccalaureate, Montessori, and Cambridge University Certificates to distinguish some in a stratified market; secondly, convergence in curriculum to improve national performance on international standardised tests; and thirdly, the infusion of cosmopolitan sensibilities, regional identities and intercultural competencies as a core curricular goal for all. The chapter considers the various pragmatic interpretations of ‘internationalisation’ in these responses, and argues that the third response seems both the most difficult to enact, and the most vulnerable to political interference.

Multi-colour switching of polymer stabilized chiral nematic liquid crystal devices

We have fabricated a series of polymer stabilized chiral nematic test cells for use as flexoelectro-optic devices. The devices fabricated were based on commercial chiral nematic mixtures which were polymer stabilized so as to enhance the uniformity and stability of the uniform lying helix texture in the cells. During fabrication and test procedures a series of unusual scattering states have been observed within the devices at different viewing angles. The observations made so far indicate that the properties of the scattering state lies somewhere between the focal conic texture and the Grandjean or planar texture and that the devices exhibit both a helical pitch selective reflection and scattering effect. What is even more dramatic is that the wavelength selectivity of the scattering effect can be tuned by an applied field. In addition, we show that it is possible to achieve good uniform lying helix textures from such devices. Moreover, we show that in certain cases the spontaneous alignment of the helix in the plane of the device opens up the possibility of a new mode of switching. Flexoelectric, Redshift, Coloured scattering, Liquid crystal, Polymer-stabilized liquid-crystal;.