Klammt's elastic open activator: Ricketts' cephalometrics results

The purpose of this study is to investigate the orthodontic and orthopaedic real effects of the Klammt's Elastic Open Activator (EOA) in 25 Class II Division 1 patients in growing period. We wanted to determine statistically the cephalometrics changes produced in the patients, comparing the lateral cranium teleradiographies we took for the diagnosis with the ones we took at the end of treatment. At the end of this study we confirm that by using the EOA we obtained the desired effects, especially reducing the molar relation 2.53 mm and the overjet 2.56 mm. The EOA corrected the inclination and protrusion of incisors, although we cannot avoid the use of fixed appliances to round off. The reduction of 2.48 mm of facial convexity stands out as the most important skeletal effect; the facial depth angle increases 0.8 degree, and the maxillary depth decreases 1.16 degrees. The length of the mandibular corpus also increases 6.7 mm, although this change is mainly due to the growth of the patient. The changes in the aesthetic profile do not stand out

Endocranial lesions: their distribution and aetiology

Reactive new bone on the endocranial surface of the skull in non-adults has recently received a lot of attention in the palaeopathological literature. These features appear as layers of new bone on the original cortical surface, expanding around meningeal vessels, as isolated plaques, 'hair-on-end' extensions of the diploe or, as 'capillary' impressions extending into the inner lamina of the cranium. These lesions are commonly found on the occipital bone, outlining the cruciate eminence, but have also been recorded on the parietal and frontal bones, and appear to follow the areas of venous drainage. Although recognized as resulting from haemorrhage or inflammation, their precise aetiology is still a matter of controversy. This paper outlines their possible causes and examines their nature and distribution in a group of non-adults from four archaeological sites in England. It is recommended that, when recording these lesions in the future, additional skeletal pathologies, the age of the child, and nature and distribution of the lesions also be taken into account. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Adult craniofacial stem cells: sources and relation to the neural crest

During the process of development, neural crest cells migrate out from their niche between the newly formed ectoderm and the neural tube. Thereafter, they give rise not only to ectodermal cell types, but also to mesodermal cell types. Cell types with neural crest ancestry consequently comprise a number of specialized varieties, such as ectodermal neurons, melanocytes and Schwann cells, as well as mesodermal osteoblasts, adipocytes and smooth muscle cells. Numerous recent studies suggest that stem cells with a neural crest origin persist into adulthood, especially within the mammalian craniofacial compartment. This review discusses the sources of adult neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs) derived from the cranium, as well as their differentiation potential and expression of key stem cell markers. Furthermore, the expression of marker genes associated with embryonic stem cells and the issue of multi- versus pluripotency of adult NCSCs is reviewed. Stringent tests are proposed, which, if performed, are anticipated to clarify the issue of adult NCSC potency. Finally, current pre-clinical and clinical data are discussed in light of the clinical impact of adult NCSCs.

Detecção ultrassonográfica do ovário fetal em loba-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus): relato de caso

Identificaram-se, por ultrassonografia, os ovários fetais e o sexo dos fetos em uma loba-guará. Ao exame ultrassonográfico, foi possível identificar estruturas fetais e realizar medidas (relação entre diâmetro cranial e abdominal dos fetos) que indicavam idade fetal de 59 dias. Observaram-se: estruturas torácicas e abdominais formadas, diafragma, membros, estruturas do crânio definidas, coluna vertebral, medula, costelas, batimentos cardíacos normais, movimentação fetal, câmaras e valvas cardíacas, grandes vasos, rins, peristaltismo intestinal e ovários fetais. O exame ultrassonográfico foi eficaz nessa espécie, pois foi possível observar estruturas fetais para a avaliação da viabilidade fetal e, também, identificou-se a imagem ovariana em um dos fetos, mostrando-se importante para estudos de sexagem fetal.

Histological and radiological changes in cranial bone in the presence of bone wax

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Geographic variation in cranial shape in the Pumpkin Toadlet (Brachycephalus ephippium): A geometric analysis

The description of patterns of variation in any character system within well-defined species is fundamental for understanding lineage diversification and the identification of geographic units that represent opportunities for sustained evolutionary divergence. In this paper, we analyze intraspecific variation in cranial shape in the Pumpkin Toadlet, Brachycephalus ephippium-a miniaturized species composed of isolated populations on the slopes of the mountain ranges of southeastern Brazil. Shape variables were derived using geometric-statistical methods that describe shape change as localized deformations in a spatial framework defined by anatomical landmarks in the cranium of B. ephippium. By statistically weighting differences between landmarks that are not close together (changes at larger geometric scale), cranial variation among geographic samples of B. ephippium appears continuous with no obvious gaps. This pattern of variation is caused by a confounding effect between within-sample allometry and among-sample shape differences. In contrast, by statistically weighting differences between landmarks that are at close spacing (changes at smaller geometric scale), differences in shape within- and among-sample variation are not confounded, and a marked geographic differentiation among population samples of B. ephippium emerges. The observed pattern of geographic differentiation in cranial shape apparently cannot be explained as isolation-by-distance. This study provides the first evidence that the detection of morphological variation or lack thereof, that is, morphological conservatism, may be conditional on the scale of measurement of variation in shape within the methodological formalism of geometric morphometrics.

Ontogenetic variation in skull shape of Thrichomys apereoides (Rodentia : Echimyidae)

The pattern of change in shape during postnatal development in skulls of punare (Thrichomys apereoides) skulls, was studied by geometric morphometric techniques. Skull shape observed in T. apereoides varied both with size and age, but variation in size explains most of the overall change in shape. Differences in shape observed among the eight age categories showed that main changes in shape occurred principally between the first and second age categories. Among the other age classes, changes became less pronounced leading to elongation of the snout and the mid-face and narrowing of the basicranium. The change in global shape resulted in lateral compression of the skull. Despite the high level of integration observed, localized transformations dominated the ontogenetic changes in shape indicating the presence of two large scale cranium components-the orofacial and the basicranial region. The ontogenetic pattern in this species seems to follow the same trends observed in the initial phases of development.

Desenvolvimento morfolôgico dos ovários em embriões e fetos bovinos da raça Nelore

The morphologic events related to the prenatal development of the ovaries in 81 Nelore breed embryos and fetuses gathered in a local slaughterhouse, with age range from 26 to 240 days following fecundation were studied. The age of fetuses was estimated from measures taken in the cranium-caudal direction. The sex was identified from macroscopic observations and using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. For histology the gonads were fixed in Bourn's fluid for 24 hours and 5 μm thick section's were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Formation of gonadal ridge and presence of germinal cells were found within it at 29 and 34 days, respectively. Oogonia and primordial follicles, unlike the growing follicles, exhibited significant differences in diameter in the various periods studied. Positive correlation (P<0.05) was found between the diameter of oogonia and their nucleus as well as between primordial and growing follicles with their oocytes and respective nuclei. The gonad was fully formed at 40 days. Primordial follicles, in the growing stage, and antral follicles first appeared, approximately at 95, 140, and 180 days, respectively. Despite the onset and duration of oogenesis being similar to that of taurine breeds, folliculogenesis initiates at an early stages in the Nelore breed.

Foetal echoencephalography and Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery in canine foetuses

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the brain and vascular indicesof the middle cerebral artery of canine foetuses. Methods: Twenty-five bitches were selected. Tissue development, echogenicity, echotexture and brain echobiometric data were studied, and the major structures were identified between the 5th and 8th gestational weeks. The area and volume of the brain mass (BMA and BMV), cranial area and volume (AC and VC), brain mass index (BMI) and brain volume index (BVI) were determined. A single ultrasound examination was performed during each studied week (6th, 7th and 8th). Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimum velocity, resistance and pulsatility index of middle cerebral artery of the foetuses. Results: Echoencephalography was performed to evaluate the morphological characteristics of the central nervous system. Cerebral echobiometry indicated an increase in area and volume of the hemispheres and cranium (P<0·001) but no changes in BMI or BVI over the gestational period studied. Doppler ultrasonography identified increases in peak systolic velocity (P=0·0188) and end diastolic velocity (P=0·0274) and decreases in resistance index (P=0·0002) and pulsatility index (P<0·001). Clinical Significance: Echoencephalography and spectral Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery in canine foetuses might be a useful technique for prenatal care. © 2013 British Small Animal Veterinary Association.

Avaliação de membrana experimental implantada em cavidade cirurgicamente confeccionada em calota craniana de coelhos: estudo histológico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo tomográfico encefálico de felinos hígidos adultos e idosos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

As implicações sociais da deficiência auditiva adquirida em adultos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análises de sequências ontogenéticas do crânio imaturo de Pipa arrabali: implicações filogenéticas e ecológicas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Considerações sobre a anatomia funcional e adptativa de alguns sigmodontinae (Mammalia : Rodentia : Muridae)

Entre os mamíferos, os pequenos roedores compõem um grupo singular. Devido sua grande capacidade reprodutiva e adaptabilidade aos diferentes hábitats tornaram-se animais em plena explosão evolutiva. Filogeneticamente, o grupo ainda não está bem caracterizado e apresenta fortes similaridades morfológicas para os roedores Sigmodontinae da Serra dos Carajás. Através de estudos das características externas e de alguns ossos do pós-crânio relacionados ao hábito locomotor observamos que: 1) a preferência de habitat dentro da região da Serra dos Carajás entre os roedores estudados, parece não está relacionada a um padrão filogenético; 2) não foi possível estabelecer uma correlação entre as características ecológicas e as principais feições morfológicas do pós-- crânio ligadas ao desenho corporal entre os Sigmodontinae; 3) a morfologia do úmero e fêmur contém forte sinal filogenético característico de subfamília Sigmodontinae 4) os índices intermembral, crural e braquial não foram eficazes na caracterização dos vários modos de locomoção entre os roedores Sigmodontinae.

Desenvolvimento do dimorfismo sexual nos macacos-de-cheiro (Saimiri VOIGT, 1831)

Os macacos-de-cheiro, Saimiri Voigt, 1831 são primatas arbóreos e ágeis, com um corpo relativamente pequeno, se comparado a outros primatas do Novo Mundo. Distribuem-se por toda a Amazônia e parte da América Central. Vários estudos foram realizados com a finalidade de estabelecer grupos taxonômicos em Saimiri. No entanto, os resultados desses estudos mostraram uma série de divergências quanto à classificação, tanto em relação à validade dos táxons, como ao status taxonômico dos mesmos. Neste gênero, observa-se a existência de diferenças sexuais no padrão de coloração da pelagem, no tamanho e forma dos dentes caninos e, ainda, um ciclo espermatogênico anual nos machos, caracterizado pela aquisição de gordura subcutânea, denominada de "condição de engorda". Durante este período, os machos apresentam um aumento de peso variando de 15 a 20%. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o dimorfismo sexual em Saimiri sciureus, comparando os resultados com os de cinco outras espécies de Saimiri (S. cassiquiarensis, S. juruanus, S. ustus, S. boliviensis e S. vanzolinii). Para tanto, foram analisados 610 espécimes pertencentes às coleções do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) e Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). As classes etárias foram determinadas de acordo com a morfologia da arcada, descrita com base na seqüência eruptiva dos dentes de leite e permanentes. Foram coletados dados sobre caracteres cromáticos, onde se analisou a coloração da mancha pré-auricular de fêmeas em relação ao processo de erupção dentária, morfologia craniana para verificação de diferenciação etária e sexual, além de vinte e uma medidas cranianas, analisadas através do Teste "t" de Student. A partir dos resultados obtidos, constatou-se que não existem diferenças na coloração da pelagem entre classes sexuais anteriores à idade adulta em nenhum dos sexos. Não foram observadas diferenças na coloração da pelagem entre classes de idade em machos. A mancha pré-auricular enegrecida é um caráter exclusivo de fêmeas adultas, mas não está estritamente relacionada à ontogenia. O aparecimento do dicromatismo sexual na pelagem não é sincronizado com o aparecimento do dimorfismo na morfologia do crânio, especialmente dos dentes. Diferenças sexuais visíveis macroscopicamente, como tamanho e forma da caixa craniana, forma da face, distância bi-zigomática e forma da mandíbula podem ser evidenciadas a partir da idade subadulta. Observou-se também que o dimorfismo sexual, para todas as espécies, é melhor evidenciado em variáveis relacionadas ao aparato mastigatório. Além disso, diferenças sexuais na morfologia dos ossos do crânio podem ser claramente observadas entre os indivíduos subadultos de qualquer táxon. Os machos se tornam maiores do que as fêmeas a partir da idade subadulta, e o caráter mais conspícuo do dimorfismo sexual é o comprimento do canino. Cada espécie difere das demais por apresentar exclusividade em alguma variável (ou conjunto de variáveis) morfométricas, evidenciando dimorfismo sexual.