Pharmacocinétique de population du propofol chez le chien

La variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques mesurées lors d’une anesthésie générale avec le propofol est directement reliée à une variabilité inter-animale, sa pharmacocinétique. L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser la pharmacocinétique du propofol et de rechercher les effets des caractéristiques démographiques sur la variation des paramètres pharmacocinétiques. Les chiens (n=44) ayant participé à cette étude ont été anesthésiés au propofol à 6 mois (n=29), 12 (n=21) mois et/ou 24 mois (n=35). L’anesthésie a été induite avec du propofol (en moyenne 5 mg) et maintenue avec une perfusion (débit initial de 360 mg/kg/h). Des ajustements de perfusion ainsi que des bolus supplémentaires seront administrés si le comportement de l’animal l’exige. Une randomisation stratifiée des sexes aux deux groupes de prémédication, le premier recevant de l’acépropmazine (0,05 mg/kg en I.M.) et le deuxième une association d’acépromazine (0.05 mg/kg IM) et de butorphanol (0.1mg/kg IM). Des échantillons sanguins ont été prélevés de t=0 jusqu'à t=300 minutes ou plus. Au total 1339 prélèvements ont été analysés. Un modèle mamillaire à 3 compartiments décrit de manière adéquate nos données. Les valeurs moyennes de CLt V1, CL2, V2, CL3 and V3 sont respectivement égales à 0.65 L/min (SD=0.24), 2.6 L (SD=2.04), 2.24 L/min (1.43), 9.6 L (SD=7.49), 0.42 L/min (SD=0.199), 46.4 L (SD=40.6). Les paramètres pharmacocinétiques obtenus ont révélé une grande variabilité interindividuelle, en particulier CL2, V1, V2 et V3 .Le poids est une co-variable significative pour CLt et V2. L’âge est une co-variable significative pour CL3 et V3. L’ajout de la parenté pour V2 et V3 au modèle a amélioré la qualité de l’ajustement du modèle. Les paramètres V1 et CL2 sont indépendants des facteurs physiologiques étudiés.

Epidural analgesia with morphine or buprenorphine in ponies with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis

This study evaluated the analgesia effects of the epidural administration of 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) of morphine or 5 mu g/kg BW of buprenorphine in ponies with radiocarpal joint synovitis. Six ponies were submitted to 3 epidural treatments: the control group (C) received 0.15 mL/kg BW of a 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution; group M was administered 0.1 mg/kg BW of morphine; and group B was administered 5 mu g/kg BW of buprenorphine, both diluted in 0.9% NaCl to a total volume of 0.15 mL/kg BW administered epidurally at 10 s/mL. The synovitis model was induced by injecting 0.5 ng of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the left or right radiocarpal joint. An epidural catheter was later introduced in the lumbosacral space and advanced up to the thoracolumbar level. The treatment started 6 h after synovitis induction. Lameness, maximum angle of carpal flexion, heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, respiratory rate, temperature, and intestinal motility were evaluated before LPS injection (baseline), 6 h after LPS injection (time 0), and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after treatments. Although the model of synovitis produced clear clinical signs of inflammation, the lameness scores in group C were different from the baseline for only up to 12 h. Both morphine and buprenorphine showed a reduction in the degree of lameness starting at 0.5 and 6 h, respectively. Reduced intestinal motility was observed at 0.5 h in group M and at 0.5 to 1 h in group B. Epidural morphine was a more effective analgesic that lasted for more than 12 h and without side effects. It was concluded that morphine would be a valuable analgesic option to alleviate joint pain in the thoracic limbs in ponies.

Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of buprenorphine and xylazine in horses

This study investigated the sedative, cardiopulmonary, and gastrointestinal effects produced by buprenorphine and xylazine given in combination to horses. Six healthy adult horses underwent 4 randomized treatments, with an interval of 1 wk between treatments. A control group was given a saline solution intravenously (IV) and the experimental groups received buprenorphine [10 mu g/kg bodyweight (BW)] in combination with 1 of 3 different doses of xylazine: 0.25 mg/kg BW (BX25), 0.50 mg/kg BW (BX50), or 0.75 mg/kg BW (BX75), all of them by IV. Cardiopulmonary parameters were evaluated for 120 min after the drugs were administered and intestinal motility was observed for 12 h after treatment. Sedation was found to be dose-dependent in all groups receiving buprenorphine and xylazine and it was observed that the heart rate decreased in the first 5 min and increased at the end of the sedation period. Arterial blood gas tension analyses showed minimal alterations during the experiment. Gastrointestinal hypomotility was observed for up to 8 h. The combination of buprenorphine and 0.50 mg/kg BW of xylazine (BX50) provided a 30-minute period of sedation without intense ataxia and maintained cardiopulmonary parameters within acceptable limits for the species.

Hemogasometria e variáveis cardiopulmonares após administração do butorfanol em cães anestesiados pelo desfluorano sob ventilação espontânea

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência do butorfanol sobre os períodos de latência e de ação da ropivacaína pela via peridural na ovariossalpingo-histerectomia em cadelas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeitos cardiovasculares e neuroendócrinos do butorfanol e da buprenorfina em cães anestesiados pelo desfluorano

Avaliaram-se os efeitos do butorfanol e da buprenorfina sobre variáveis cardiovasculares e neuroendócrinas em cães anestesiados com desfluorano, utilizando-se 30 cães adultos, machos e fêmeas, distribuídos em três grupos denominados grupo butorfanol (GBT), grupo buprenorfina (GBP) e grupo-controle (GCO). A anestesia foi induzida com propofol (8mg/kgIV) e nos animais intubados administrou-se desfluorano (1,5CAM). Após 30 minutos, nos cães do GBT, aplicou-se butorfanol (0,4mg/kgIM); nos do GBP, buprenorfina (0,02mg/kgIM); e nos do GCO, solução de NaCl a 0,9% (0,05ml/kgIM). Avaliaram-se: freqüência cardíaca; pressões arteriais sistólica, diastólica e média; débito cardíaco; pressão venosa central; cortisol; hormônio adrenocorticotrópico; noradrenalina; e glicose. As colheitas dos dados foram feitas aos 30 minutos após o início da administração do desfluorano (M0), 15 minutos após a administração do opióide ou placebo (M15), e a cada 15 minutos após M15 (M30, M45, M60 e M75). Para a avaliação neuroendócrina utilizaram-se os momentos M-30 (antes da administração dos fármacos), M0, M15 e M45. Na freqüência cardíaca houve diferença entre M0 e M15 (129 e 111bat/min) em GBT, e entre M0 e M30 (131 e 112bat/min) em GBP. Na pressão arterial média, a diferença foi entre M0 (86mmHg) e todos os momentos que se seguiram (todos os valores foram menores que 72mmHg), em GBT. A pressão arterial diastólica foi menor em todos os momentos (<53mmHg) quando comparada com a do M0 (67mmHg), em GBT. Na pressão arterial sistólica, a diferença foi entre M0 e M15 e M30 (112 versus 93 e 94mmHg, respectivamente) em GBT. A inclusão dos opióides determinou discreta redução nos parâmetros cardiovasculares, enquanto o desfluorano interferiu na função neuroendócrina elevando os níveis plasmáticos de glicose.

Avaliação algimétrica por estímulo nociceptivo térmico e pressórico em cães pré-tratados com levomepromazina, midazolam e quetamina associados ou não ao butorfanol ou buprenorfina

OBJETIVO: Quantificar a dor em cães sob anestesia dissociativa através de estímulo térmico e pressórico e o período hábil de dois analgésicos opióides. MÉTODOS: Empregaram-se 30 cães alocados em três grupos (n=10), onde os animais de GI receberam levomepromazina e midazolam associado na mesma seringa à quetamina. Os animais de GII receberam o mesmo tratamento de GI porém associado ao butorfanol e por fim os animais de GIII receberam o mesmo tratamento de GI associando-se a buprenorfina. Procedeu se a avaliação paramétrica rotineira, empregando-se, entretanto, a termoalgimetria mensurada em °C em média de 52°C e a pressoalgimetria em kg. RESULTADOS: Na termoalgimetria houve diferença significativa em GI nos momentos M0 e M1,e em M4 e M5. em GII houve diferença em M0, M1, M5 e M6. em GIII houve diferença entre momentos M0 e M1. Na pressoalgimetria houveram diferenças em GI em diferentes momentos: M0, M2 e M3. em GII observaram-se diferenças em todos os momentos. em GIII observaram-se diferenças em M0 e M9. Ocorreram diferenças entre os grupos, sendo o M2 de GII menor que GI e GIII. Já em M4 e M5 de GIII demonstrou-se maior que GI e GII. E na avaliação dos períodos observou-se um período de latência significativamente maior em GI, porém com período hábil e de recuperação menor em relação à GII e GIII. Já a recuperação do tônus postural foi maior em GIII seguido de GII e finalmente de GI. CONCLUSÃO: O método empregado para mensuração do estímulo álgico foi eficiente, observando-se um período hábil analgésico de 3 horas para o butorfanol e de 6 horas para a buprenorfina.

Efeitos eletrocardiográficos do butorfanol em cães anestesiados pelo desfluorano

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios do butorfanol em cães pré-tratados ou não pela levomepromazina

Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar os efeitos do butorfanol precedido ou não pela levomepromazina sobre a freqüência cardíaca (FC), as pressões arteriais sistólica, diastólica e média (PAS, PAD e PAM, respectivamente), a freqüência respiratória (f), a concentração de dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração (ETCO2), a saturação da oxihemoglobina (SpO2), o volume corrente (VC) e o volume minuto (VM), em cães. Para tal, foram empregados vinte animais adultos, clinicamente saudáveis, distribuídos igualmente em dois grupos (GC e GL). Ao GC administrou-se solução salina a 0,9% (Controle), no volume de 0,2mL kg-1, pela via intravenosa (IV). Decorridos 15 minutos, administrou-se butorfanol na dose de 0,3mg kg-1 pela mesma via. Aos animais do GL foi adotada a mesma metodologia, porém substituindo-se a solução salina pela levomepromazina na dose de 1mg kg-1. As medidas das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias iniciaram-se imediatamente antes da aplicação dos fármacos (M1). Novas mensurações foram realizadas 15 minutos após a administração da solução salina a 0,9% ou levomepromazina (M2) e 10 minutos após a administração de butorfanol (M3). As demais colheitas foram realizadas a intervalos de 10 minutos, durante 30 minutos (M4, M5 e M6, respectivamente). Os dados numéricos colhidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05) para as comparações das médias. O emprego do butorfanol promoveu diminuição significativa das freqüências cardíaca e respiratória e do volume minuto no grupo previamente tratado pela levomepromazina; entretanto, essas alterações foram discretas, não comprometendo os demais parâmetros circulatórios e respiratórios.

Development of a pressure nociceptive threshold testing device for evaluation of analgesics in cats

A pressure analgesiometric device was developed for unrestrained cats. Eleven cats were studied. Stimulation was via three rounded pins within a bracelet on the forearm. The pins were advanced by manual bladder inflation. Bladder pressure was measured using a strain gauge pressure transducer. The threshold was recorded at the behavioural end point. Thresholds were measured at 5 and 15 min intervals for 2-4 h, after removal/replacement of the cuff, for 120 min after SC butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), and with mild skin inflammation at the testing site. Data were analysed using ANOVA. Pressure thresholds in untreated cats were around 150 mmHg. The minimum interval for testing was established as 15 min. Data were reproducible over 4 h and beyond 24 h. Thresholds in 5 cats increased (P < 0.05) above baseline for 45 min after butorphanol with a maximum increase of 270 +/- 182 mmHg at 10 min. Thresholds decreased with inflammation. The method appears suitable for feline analgesia investigations. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Assessment of brachial plexus blockade in chickens by an axillary approach

Objective To assess the brachial plexus block in chickens by an axillary approach and using a peripheral nerve stimulator.Study design Prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.Animals Six, 84-week old, female chickens.Methods Midazolam (1 mg kg(-1)) and butorphanol (1 mg kg(-1)) were administered into the pectoralis muscle. Fifteen minutes later, the birds were positioned in lateral recumbency and following palpation of the anatomic landmarks, a catheter was inserted using an axillary approach to the brachial plexus. Lidocaine or bupivacaine (1 mL kg(-1)) was injected after plexus localization by the nerve stimulator. Sensory function was tested before and after blockade (carpus, radius/ulna, humerus and pectoralis muscle) in the blocked and unblocked wings. The latency to onset of motor and sensory block and the duration of sensory block were recorded. A Friedman nonparametric one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare scores from baseline values over time and to compare the differences between wings at each time point.Results A total of 18 blocks were performed with a success rate of 66.6% (12/18). The latency for motor block was 2.8 +/- 1.1 and 3.2 +/- 0.4 minutes for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. The latencies for and durations of the sensory block were 6.0 +/- 2.5 and 64.0 +/- 18.0 and 7.8 +/- 5.8 and 91.6 +/- 61.7 minutes for lidocaine and bupivacaine, respectively. There was no statistical difference between these times for lidocaine or bupivacaine. Sensory function was not abolished in nonblocked wings.Conclusions and clinical relevance The brachial plexus block was an easy technique to perform but had a high failure rate. It might be useful for providing anesthesia or postoperative analgesia of the wing in chickens and exotic avian species that have similar wing anatomy.

Effect of intraperitoneal or incisional bupivacaine on pain and the analgesic requirement after ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Objective To compare the effect of intraperitoneal (IP) or incisional (INC) bupivacaine on pain and the analgesic requirement after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.Study design Prospective, randomized clinical study.Animals Thirty female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE).Methods Dogs admitted for elective OHE were anesthetized with acepromazine, butorphanol, thiopental and halothane. Animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 10 per group). The treatments consisted of preincisional infiltration with saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) or bupivacaine with epinephrine and/or IP administration of the same solutions, as follows: INC and IP 0.9% NaCl (control group); INC 0.9% NaCl and IP bupivacaine (5 mg kg(-1), IP group); INC bupivacaine (1 mg kg(-1)) and IP 0.9% NaCl (INC group). Postoperative pain was evaluated by a blinded observer for 24 hours after extubation by means of a visual analog scale (VAS) and a numeric rating scale (NRS). Rescue analgesia (morphine, 0.5 mg kg(-1), IM) was administered if the VAS was > 5/10 or the NRS > 10/29.Results At 1 hour after anesthesia, VAS pain scores were [medians (interquartile range)]: 6.4 (3.1-7.9), 0.3 (0.0-2.6) and 0.0 (0.0-7.0) in control, IP and INC groups, respectively. VAS pain scores were lower in the IP compared to the control group. Over the first 24 hours, rescue analgesia was administered to 7/10, 5/10 and 3/10 dogs of the control, INC and IP groups, respectively. Total number of dogs given rescue analgesia over the first 24 hours did not differ significantly among groups.Conclusions and clinical relevance Intraperitoneal bupivacaine resulted in lower pain scores during the first hour of the postoperative period and there was a trend towards a decreased need for rescue analgesia after OHE in dogs.

Attitude of Brazilian veterinarians in the recognition and treatment of pain in horses and cattle

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the use of analgesics, describe the attitudes of Brazilian veterinarians towards pain relief in horses and cattle and evaluate the differences due to gender, year of graduation and type of practice. Study design: Prospective survey. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to 1000 large animal veterinarians by mail, internet and delivered in person during national meetings. The survey investigated the attitudes of Brazilian veterinarians to the recognition and treatment of pain in large animals and consisted of sections asking about demographic data, use of analgesic drugs, attitudes to pain relief and to the assessment of pain. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze frequencies. Simple post hoc comparisons were performed using the chi-square test. Results: Eight hundred questionnaires were collected, but 87 were discarded because they were incomplete or blank. The opioid of choice for use in large animals was butorphanol (43.4%) followed by tramadol (39%). Flunixin (83.2%) and ketoprofen (67.6%) were the most frequently used NSAIDs by Brazilian veterinarians. Respondents indicated that horses received preoperative analgesics for laparotomy more frequently (72.9%) than cattle (58.5%). The most frequently administered preoperative drugs for laparotomy in horses were flunixin (38.4%) and xylazine (23.6%), whereas the preoperative drugs for the same surgical procedure in cattle were xylazine (31.8%) and the local administration of lidocaine (48%). Fracture repair was considered the most painful surgical procedure for both species. Most veterinarians (84.1%) believed that their knowledge in this area was not adequate. Conclusions and clinical relevance: Although these Brazilian veterinarians thought that their knowledge on recognition and treatment of pain was not adequate, the use of analgesic in large animals was similar in Brazil to that reported in other countries. © 2013 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia.

Uso da lidocaína isolada ou associada à quetamina ou ao butorfanol, em anestesia epidural em cães: avaliação cardiorrespiratória e analgésica

Pós-graduação em Anestesiologia - FMB

Ropivacaína isolada ou associada à morfina, butorfanol ou tramadol pela via peridural em cadelas para realização de ovariosalpingohisterectomia

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA