Atmospheric corrosion of quaternary bronzes (Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb): laboratory tests (accelerated ageing in wet & dry conditions)and field studies (the Bottego monument in Parma, Italy).

The interactions between outdoor bronzes and the environment, which lead to bronze corrosion, require a better understanding in order to design effective conservation strategies in the Cultural Heritage field. In the present work, investigations on real patinas of the outdoor monument to Vittorio Bottego (Parma, Italy) and laboratory studies on accelerated corrosion testing of inhibited (by silane-based films, with and without ceria nanoparticles) and non-inhibited quaternary bronzes are reported and discussed. In particular, a wet&dry ageing method was used both for testing the efficiency of the inhibitor and for patinating bronze coupons before applying the inhibitor. A wide range of spectroscopic techniques has been used, for characterizing the core metal (SEM+EDS, XRF, AAS), the corroded surfaces (SEM+EDS, portable XRF, micro-Raman, ATR-IR, Py-GC-MS) and the ageing solutions (AAS). The main conclusions were: 1. The investigations on the Bottego monument confirmed the differentiation of the corrosion products as a function of the exposure geometry, already observed in previous works, further highlighting the need to take into account the different surface features when selecting conservation procedures such as the application of inhibitors (i.e. the relative Sn enrichment in unsheltered areas requires inhibitors which effectively interact not only with Cu but also with Sn). 2. The ageing (pre-patination) cycle on coupons was able to reproduce the relative Sn enrichment that actually happens in real patinated surfaces, making the bronze specimens representative of the real support for bronze inhibitors. 3. The non-toxic silane-based inhibitors display a good protective efficiency towards pre-patinated surfaces, differently from other widely used inhibitors such as benzotriazole (BTA) and its derivatives. 4. The 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (PropS-SH) additivated with CeO2 nanoparticles generally offered a better corrosion protection than PropS-SH.

Le musée de Grenoble, peintures, dessins, marbres, bronzes, etc.,

Mode of access: Internet.

Les bronzes d'Osuna; fragments nouvellement découverts de la loi coloniale de Genetiva Juliae.

Mode of access: Internet.

A treatise on brasses, bronzes, and other alloys : and their constituent metals /

Includes bibliographical references.

Catalogue of casts, marbles, bronzes, etc.

Includes general index.

Marbles and bronzes; fifty plates from selected subjects in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities,

Mode of access: Internet.

Prints, drawings and bronzes by Degas : exhibited from January 26 to February 28.

Catalog of an exhibition held at the Grolier Club.

Materials of engineering. v.3. A treatise on brasses, bronzes and other alloys, and their constituent metals.

Mode of access: Internet.

Observaçoens sobre a lingua e orthografia latina : tiradas dos marmoles, bronzes e medalhas dos antiguos Cezares, principalemente desde Augusto até os Antoninos /

Mode of access: Internet.

Objets d'art anciens de la China : ceramique ... pierres dures, meubles et paravents, tapis, bronzes, sculptures, peintures.

At head of title: Liquidation des biens Worch ayant fait l'objet d'une mesure de Séquestre de Guerre.

Greek bronzes,

On cover: The Portfolio monographs ... no. 36, April, 1898.

Catalogue of bronzes, etc., in Field museum of natural history reproduced from originals in the National museum of Naples.

Mode of access: Internet.

La chinoiserie en Europe au XVIIIe siècle; tapisseries, meubles, bronzes d'ameublement, céramiques, peintures et dessins, exposés au Musée des arts décoratifs:

Issued in portfolio.

A catalogue and description of King Charles the first's capital collection of pictures, limnings, statues, bronzes, medals, and other curiosities : now first published from an original manuscript in the Ashmolean Musæum at Oxford /

Includes index.

Tractatus bini de nova variolas per transplantationem excitandi methodo.

By Giacomo Pilarino and Emanuele Timoni.