Predicting body and carcass characteristics of 2 broiler chicken strains using support vector regression and neural network models

As a new modeling method, support vector regression (SVR) has been regarded as the state-of-the-art technique for regression and approximation. In this study, the SVR models had been introduced and developed to predict body and carcass-related characteristics of 2 strains of broiler chicken. To evaluate the prediction ability of SVR models, we compared their performance with that of neural network (NN) models. Evaluation of the prediction accuracy of models was based on the R-2, MS error, and bias. The variables of interest as model output were BW, empty BW, carcass, breast, drumstick, thigh, and wing weight in 2 strains of Ross and Cobb chickens based on intake dietary nutrients, including ME (kcal/bird per week), CP, TSAA, and Lys, all as grams per bird per week. A data set composed of 64 measurements taken from each strain were used for this analysis, where 44 data lines were used for model training, whereas the remaining 20 lines were used to test the created models. The results of this study revealed that it is possible to satisfactorily estimate the BW and carcass parts of the broiler chickens via their dietary nutrient intake. Through statistical criteria used to evaluate the performance of the SVR and NN models, the overall results demonstrate that the discussed models can be effective for accurate prediction of the body and carcass-related characteristics investigated here. However, the SVR method achieved better accuracy and generalization than the NN method. This indicates that the new data mining technique (SVR model) can be used as an alternative modeling tool for NN models. However, further reevaluation of this algorithm in the future is suggested.

A description of the growth of the major body components of 2 broiler chicken strains

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of dietary protein level on the broiler chicken's response to methionine and betaine supplements

Two experiments were conducted to compare broiler chicken responses to methionine and betaine supplements when fed diets with low protein and relatively high metabolizable energy levels (17%, 3.3 kcal/g) or moderate protein and lower metabolizable energy levels (24%, 3.0 kcal/g), resulting in different levels of carcass fat. In Experiment 1, the basal diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal, poultry by-product meal, and poultry oil. In Experiment 2, glucose monohydrate was also added, so that identical amino acid profiles could be maintained in the 17 and 24% protein diets. On average, feeding the 17 vs. 24% protein diet decreased 21-d body weight gain by 20%, increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 13%, and increased abdominal fat pad weight by 104%. Methionine and betaine supplements improved the performance of chicks fed the 24% protein diet in both experiments, as indicated by body weight gain and FCR. Only supplementary methionine increased performance of chicks fed 17% protein diets, and then only in Experiment 2. Neither methionine nor betaine decreased abdominal fat pad size in either experiment. Methionine supplementation decreased relative liver size and increased breast muscle protein. Both methionine and betaine increased sample feather weight, but when expressed as a percentage of body weight, no significant differences were detected. It is concluded that increasing carcass fat by manipulating percentage dietary protein level or amino acid balance does not influence betaine's activity as a lipotropic agent.

Poultry offal meal in broiler chicken feed

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Light emitting diode (LED) use in artificial lighting for broiler chicken production

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Extrinsic factors affecting water absorption in chilling of broiler chicken carcasses

Brazil occupies an outstanding position as a producer and exporter of chicken meat, and the maintenance and expansion of this position require a constant evolution, especially in variables which determine quality. An important quality parameter of poultry meat is the amount of water absorbed by the carcass during processing. In Brazil, carcasses chilling is done by immersion in chilled water. In this process, the carcass is rehydrated and the water lost during transport and initial operations is replaced. At this stage, some care is needed to prevent the absorption of water upper than the level allowed by Brazilian law. This project aimed to evaluate extrinsic factors that can influence the absorption of water by the chicken meat. For this, 144 Cobb chickens divided into 24 groups of six birds were used. At 42 days of age, one chicken of each group, with weight ranging up to 10% more or less from the average of the group, was slaughtered in an experimental pilot scale abattoir where slaughter procedures were conducted under strictly controlled conditions. The chilling procedure was performed following a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 3x2, where the factors were: three temperatures in the first section of the chilling system (4, 10 and 16ºC) and two degrees of water hardness (hard and soft water), with six treatments and four replications. Brazilian law provides that the water temperature in the first section of the chiller must not be higher than 16ºC, and the length of the carcasses in this section shall not exceed 30 minutes. All carcasses remained in the first section of the chiller for 30 minutes and then were transferred to another tank with water at 4ºC, remaining there until reaching 7ºC. The carcasses were weighed before and after chilling, to evaluate the percentage of water absorbed. The water absorption was influenced by the initial temperature of the water in the chiller and by the water hardness. When initially immersed in water at 4ºC, carcasses water absorption averaged 2.70%, a significantly lower absorption than the values found for the carcasses that were initially immersed in water at 16ºC, 3.83% (p<0.05). The carcasses immersed in water at 10ºC had mean water absorption of 3.66%, not differing from the means observed in the other two treatments (p>0.05). In hard water, the average water absorption was 2.46% and, in soft water, 4.33% (p<0.05). In all treatments, the water absorption did not exceed the limit established by Brazilian legislation, which is a maximum of 8%. This information is important to control the absorption of water by carcasses in chicken meat processing, preventing consumers from being harmed.

Bands of respiratory rate and cloacal temperature for different broiler chicken strains

The objective of this investigation was to estimate ideal bands of respiratory rate and cloacal temperature for broiler chicken strains during the rearing period and to evaluate the influence of time of exposure on bird physiological variables under different thermal stress conditions. The research was conducted in a climatic chamber during the six weeks of the rearing period, with Avian and Cobb strains exposed to two climatic conditions (comfort and stress), in three distinct times of exposure, in three conditions (before going to the chamber; at the end of exposure time; 30 minutes after the end of exposure), in four treatments: comfort with 60 minutes of exposure; stress with 30 minutes of exposure; stress with 60 minutes of exposure; stress with 90 minutes of exposure. Bands of respiratory rate and cloacal temperature were elaborated for both strains, for each one of the weeks of the rearing period. Strains differed, regardless of treatments and conditions adopted in the research on the third, fifth and sixth weeks of life in relation to the cloacal temperature. The Cobb strain is more tolerant to thermal stress in comparison with the Avian. There was difference for both variables between comfort and stress, but time of exposure to stress did not influence the physiological response of birds, except for cloacal temperature on the second week of life.

An investigation of the possible health-promoting modes of action of regular- and super- doses of phytase in the broiler chicken

The overall objective of this thesis was to study the effects of regular and high (super-) doses of phytase in the gut of broilers, with the aim of documenting the mechanism of their action leading to improvements in animal health. Phytase is often supplemented to commercial broiler diets to facilitate the hydrolysis of plant phytate and release of phosphorus for utilisation. Although not the original intention of its addition, phytase supplementation leads to improvements in growth performance parameters and enhanced nutrient utilisation. Further benefits have also been observed following the addition of super-doses of phytase which are not explained by an increase in phosphorus release, and thus have been termed ‘extra-phosphoric effects’. Using diets formulated to be adequate or marginally deficient in available phosphorus (aP; forming the negative control, NC), phytase was supplemented at 1,500 and 3,000 FTU/kg phytase in the first study (both super-doses) and the partitioning of nutrients within the body was investigated. It appeared that there were some metabolic changes between 1,500 and 3,000 FTU/kg, switching between protein and fat accretion, potentially as a consequence of nutrient availability, although these changes were not reflected by changes in growth performance parameters. However, the loss of the NC treatment without phytase on day 12 limits the comparison of the phytase within the NC treatment, but does allow for comparison of each dose at adequate or low dietary aP levels. As expected, a greater degree of phytate hydrolysis was achieved with 3,000 than with 1,500 FTU/kg phytase, but changes in carcass accretion characteristics were greater with 1,500 than 3,000 FTU/kg. Using these findings and the observation that there were no further changes in the parameters measured by increasing phytase from 1,500 to 3,000 FTU/kg (aside from phytate hydrolysis), 1,500 FTU/kg phytase was selected as the super-dose to be used in subsequent studies. The next study considered the influence of regular (500 FTU/kg) and super doses (1,500 FTU/kg) of phytase from within the gut. Overall, it was observed that changes were occurring to the gut environment, which ultimately would influence the absorptive capacity and conditions for further phytate hydrolysis. Dietary treatment influenced gut conditions such as pH, intestinal morphology and bacterial populations which can subsequently influence nutrient utilisation and potential for growth. The subsequent study was designed to investigate the effects within the gut in more detail. The release of nutrients from phytate hydrolysis and their bioavailability within the digesta can influence conditions within intestine, facilitating enhanced absorption. One of the parameters investigated was the expression of genes involved in the transport of nutrients in the intestine. Overall, there were few significant dietary treatment influences on gene expression in the intestine, however there was a dose-dependent response of phytase on the expression of the jejunual divalent mineral transporter. This indicates a change in divalent mineral bioavailability in the intestine, with correlations with inositol phosphate esters (IPs) being identified. This is likely explained by the IPs produced by phytase hydrolysis and accumulating in the digesta, differing between regular and high doses of phytase. It became apparent that interactions between the products of phytate hydrolysis (IP3, IP4) and minerals in the digesta had the potential to influence the gut environment and subsequent nutrient bioavailability and overall phytase action. The final study was designed to increase the content of the IPs, and investigate the influence of phytase under these conditions. As the complete hydrolysis of phytate to myo-inositol has been reported to be beneficial due to its proposed insulin mimetic effects, myo-inositol was also supplemented to one of the diets to see if any further benefits would be observed when supplemented alongside super-doses of phytase. Neither increased concentrations of the higher IP esters (IP6, IP5 and IP4) nor myo-inositol (myo-) had any effect on broiler growth performance, however there were still apparent beneficial influences of phytase supplementation. The results suggest considerable and important interactions between minerals and IP esters within the digesta, which ultimately have the potential to influence gut conditions and thus nutrient utilisation and growth performance. Reduced concentrations of blood glucose in the high IP ester diet with additional phytase supplementation suggest some insulin-like effects of myo- production. Additionally, the lack of effect of myo- supplementation on blood glucose and insulin concentrations suggests a difference between the structure of phytase-produced myo- and supplemented myo-. Although there were no improvements in growth performance by increasing phytase from 500 to 1,500 FTU/kg, there were changes occurring at the level of the gut and expression of genes in the intestine, influencing nutrient utilisation and the partitioning of nutrients within the body. There are many factors to be considered when supplementing phytase, with dietary nutrient content and nutrient release and IP production during phytate hydrolysis having an influence on phytase action, nutrient absorption and conditions within the gut. Super-doses of phytase may be beneficial for maintaining optimal gut conditions, clearing IP esters from the digesta, reducing their potential to form complexes with minerals and other nutrients, ultimately influencing the efficiency of production.

Immunity Response of Gumboro and ND Vaccination Result which Given with Time Spacing in Broiler Chicken

An experiment was planed to know  the possibility of negative effect on Gumboro vaccination program. This program has a possibility to cause “Sick” condition on fabrious bursal of broiler chicken. From that case, it need time spacing for subsequent vaccination program, for instance ND vaccination program.  Time spacing is very importance to broiler chicken for recovering that “Sick” condition because of Gumboro vaccination effect. The purpose of his research was to know the best time spacing between Gumboro and ND vaccination program on broiler chicken. An experimental  method was used in this research, and the material used was 216 broiler chickens. A 3x4 factorial arrangement (Gumboro vaccination as factor A and ND vaccination  as factor B) with three broiler chickens per unit and six replicates of each treatment combination was used in the  research. Variables tested of  this experiment HI ND antibody titer, body weight  of 4 weeks old, and the symptom appeared after vaccination program. Anava was used to analyze the data obtained and used orthogonal polynomial for subsequent analysis. The research  results showed that the best time spacing was eight days and there was no symptom  appeared after  Gumboro  vaccination program. There were no significantly influence of vaccination treatments on broiler chicken health and body weight. (Animal Production 3(2): 67-73 (2001) Key Words: Vaccination, symptom, antibody

The Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) Extract on Water Holding Capacity, Cooking Loss, pH Values and Tenderness of Broiler Chicken Meat

Abstract.  This study was aimed to determine the influences of turmeric extract supplementation on water holding capacity, cooking loss, pH value and tenderness of broiler chicken meat Data analysis was subject to completely randomized design 5 treatments namely T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 containing non-turmeric extract, 100 mg/kgBW/day, 200 mg/kgBW/day, 300 mg/kgBW/day and 400 mg/kgBW/day, respectively. Each unit of experiment administered 3 heads with four replications. The results indicated no effect from turmeric extract supplementation on water holding capacity, cooking loss, pH value and tenderness of broiler chicken meat. The average treatments of T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 had water holding capacities of  39.86, 37.58, 36.41, 36.94, respectively; cooking losses of 26.00, 27.58, 27.57, 27.11, and 27.49%, respectively; tenderness of 1.97, 1.95, 1.63, 1.77 and 1.99 Nmm, respectively, and final Body weights of 1,618.5, 1,568, 1,692.5, 1,651.75 and 1,462 g/head, respectively. However, a highly significant influence was observed on the pH values of 6.46, 6.04, 6.21, 6.08 and 5.98. The results indicated that none of the turmeric extract supplementation increased water holding capacity, cooking losses, tenderness and body weight. Key words: broiler, cooking loss, pH values, tenderness, water holding capacity, turmeric Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kunyit terhadap daya ikat air, susut masak, nilai pH dan keempukan daging ayam broiler. Manfaat penelitian yaitu tersedianya informasi ilmiah tentang ekstrak kunyit terhadap danging ayam broiler. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah T0 tanpa ekstrak kunyit, T1 100, T2 200, T3 300, dan T4 400 mg/kgBB/hari. Data analisis yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dan 4 replikasi. Setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 3 ekor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada pengaruh pemberian ekstrak kunyit terhadap daya ikat air, susut masak, dan keempukan daging ayam broiler. Rataan untuk perlakuan T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 pada Daya Ikat Air masing–masing 39,86; 37,58; 36,41; 36,94; 34,78%; susut masak 26,00; 27,58; 27,57; 27,11; 27,49%, keempukan 1,97; 1,95; 1,63; 1,77; 1,99 Nmm, dan bobot badan akhir 1.618,5; 1.568; 1.692,5; 1.651,75; 1.462g/ekor. Namun, memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata pada nilai pH 6,46; 6,04; 6,21; 6,08; 5,98. Hasil  menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kunyit  tidak meningkatkan daya ikat air, susut masak, keempukan dan bobot badan. Kata Kunci : Broiler, Susut Masak, pH, Keempukan, Daya Ikat Air, Kunyit

Non-intrusive tracking of commercial broiler chickens in situ at different stocking densities

Unlike several other farm animal species, the broiler chicken remains unprotected by species-specific legislation. The densities at which broilers should be kept is a highly contentious issue-some studies have demonstrated increased welfare problems at higher densities, whilst a few others have, contrary to expectations, suggested that broilers may actually find crowds of other birds attractive. A tracking method was developed and used to provide an insight into the social preferences of commercial broiler chickens in situ-inside commercial, closed-system broiler houses. The aim was to simultaneously assess the relative impact of global measures of density, such as target and actual stocking densities and local measures of the social environment on the behaviour and route taken to feed by focal birds. Birds were tracked inside 20 commercial broiler houses across the UK. Results from this study show that stocking density per se seems to have little direct effect on the individual behaviours of focal broiler chickens. However, there may still be an indirect effect of stocking density on broiler behaviour, mediated through the local social environment. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluating environmental enrichment options for commercial broiler chickens

Implications Provision of environmental enrichment in line with that required by welfare-based quality assurance schemesdoes not always appear to lead to clear improvements in broiler chicken welfare. This research perhaps serves to highlightthe deficit in information regarding the ‘real world’ implications of enrichment with perches, string and straw bales.

Introduction Earlier work showed that provision of natural light and straw bales improved leg health in commercial broilerchickens (Bailie et al., 2013). This research aimed to determine if additional welfare benefits were shown in windowedhouses by increasing straw bale provision (Study 1), or by providing perches and string in addition to straw bales (Study 2).

Material and methods Commercial windowed houses in Northern Ireland containing ~23,000 broiler chickens (placed inhouses as hatched) were used in this research which took place in 2011. In Study 1 two houses on a single farm wereassigned to one of two treatments: (1) 30 straw bales per house (1 bale/44m2), or (2) 45 straw bales per house (1bale/29m2). Bales of wheat straw, each measuring 80cm x 40cm x 40cm were provided from day 10 of the rearing cycle,as in Bailie et al. (2013). Treatments were replicated over 6 production cycles (using 276,000 Ross 308 and Cobb birds),and were swapped between houses in each replicate. In Study 2, four houses on a single farm were assigned to 1 of 4treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Treatments involved 2 levels of access to perches (present (24/house), or absent), and2 levels of access to string (present (24/house), or absent), and both types of enrichment were provided from the start of thecycle. Each perch consisted of a horizontal, wooden beam (300 cm x 5 cm x 5cm) with a rounded upper edge resting on 2supports (15 cm high). In the string treatment, 6 pieces of white nylon string (60 cm x 10 mm) were tied at their mid-pointto the wire above each of 4 feeder lines. Thirty straw bales were also provided per house from day 10. This study wasreplicated over 4 production cycles using 368,000 Ross 308 birds. In both studies behaviour was observed between 0900and 1800 hours in weeks 3-5 of the cycle. In Study 1, 8 focal birds were selected in each house each week, and generalactivity, exploratory and social behaviours recorded directly for 10 minutes. In Study 2, 10 minute video recordings weremade of 6 different areas (that did not contain enrichment) of each house each week. The percentage of birds engaged inlocomotion or standing was determined through scan sampling these recordings at 120 second intervals. Four perches andfour pieces of string were filmed for 25 mins in each house that contained these enrichments on one day per week. The totalnumber of times the perch or string was used was recorded, along with the duration of each bout. In both studies, gaitscores (0 (perfect) to 5 (unable to walk)) and latency to lie (measured in seconds from when a bird had been encouraged tostand) were recorded in 25 birds in each house each week. Farm and abattoir records were also used in both studies todetermine the number of birds culled for leg and other problems, mortality levels, slaughter weights, and levels of pododermatitis and hock burn. Data were analysed using SPSS (version 20.0) and treatment and age effects on behaviouralparameters were determined in normally distributed data using ANOVA (‘Straw bale density*week’, or‘string*perches*week’ as appropriate), and in non-normally distributed data using Kuskall-Wallace tests (P<0.05 forsignificance) . Treatment (but not age) effects on performance and health data were determined using the same testsdepending on normality of data.

Results Average slaughter weight, and levels of mortality, culling, hock burn and pododermatitis were not affected bytreatment in either study (P<0.05). In Study 1 straw bale (SB) density had no significant effect on the frequency orduration of behaviours including standing, walking, ground pecking, dust bathing, pecking at bales or aggression, or onaverage gait score (P>0.05). However, the average latency to lie was greater when fewer SB were provided (30SB 23.38s,45SB 18.62s, P<0.01). In Study 2 there was an interaction between perches (Pe) and age in lying behaviour, with higherpercentages of birds observed lying in the Pe treatment during weeks 4 and 5 (week 3 +Pe 77.0 -Pe 80.9, week 4 +Pe 79.5 -Pe 75.2, week 5 +Pe 78.4 -Pe 76.2, P<0.02). There was also a significant interaction between string (S) and age inlocomotory behaviour, with higher percentages of birds observed in locomotion in the string treatment during week 3 butnot weeks 4 and 5 (week 3 +S 4.9 -S 3.9, week 4 +S 3.3 -S 3.7, week 5 +S 2.6 -S 2.8, P<0.04). There was also aninteraction between S and age in average gait scores, with lower gait scores in the string treatment in weeks 3 and 5 (week3: +S 0.7, -S 0.9, week 4: +S 1.5, -S 1.4, week 5: +S 1.9, -S 2.0, P<0.05). On average per 25 min observation there were15.1 (±13.6) bouts of perching and 19.2 (±14.08) bouts of string pecking, lasting 117.4 (±92.7) and 4.2 (±2.0) s for perchesand string, respectively.

Conclusion Increasing straw bale levels from 1 bale/44m2 to 1 bale/29m2 floor space does not appear to lead to significantimprovements in the welfare of broilers in windowed houses. The frequent use of perches and string suggests that thesestimuli have the potential to improve welfare. Provision of string also appeared to positively influence walking ability.However, this effect was numerically small, was only shown in certain weeks and was not reflected in the latency to lie.Further research on optimum design and level of provision of enrichment items for broiler chickens is warranted. Thisshould include measures of overall levels of activity (both in the vicinity of, and away from, enrichment items).

Epidemiological study on antimicrobial use and non-compliance with withdrawal times in broiler farms in Vietnam

L’utilisation d’antimicrobiens chez les animaux de consommation est une source de préoccupation importante pour la santé publique à travers le monde en raison de ses impacts potentiels sur l’émergence de micro-organismes résistants aux antimicrobiens et sur la présence de résidus antimicrobiens néfastes dans la viande. Cependant, dans les pays en développement, peu de données sont disponibles sur les pratiques d’utilisation des antimicrobiens à la ferme. Par conséquent, une étude épidémiologique transversale a été menée de juin à août 2011 dans des élevages de poulets de chair situés dans le sud du Vietnam, ayant pour objectifs de décrire la prévalence d’utilisation des antimicrobiens ajoutés à l’eau de boisson ou aux aliments à la ferme, et de tester les associations entre les caractéristiques des fermes et la non-conformité avec les périodes de retrait recommandés sur l’étiquette des produits. Un échantillon d’accommodement de 70 fermes a été sélectionné. Les propriétaires des fermes ont été interrogés en personne afin de compléter un questionnaire sur les caractéristiques des fermes et les pratiques d’utilisation d’antimicrobiens. Au cours des 6 mois précédant les entrevues, il a été rapporté que la colistine, la tylosine, l’ampicilline, l’enrofloxacine, la doxycycline, l’amoxicilline, la diavéridine et la sulfadimidine ont été utilisés au moins une fois dans les fermes échantillonnées, avec une fréquence descendante (de 75.7% à 30.0%). D’après deux scénarios de risque basés sur la comparaison de la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette du produit et celle pratiquée à la ferme, de 14.3% à 44.3% des propriétaires de ferme interrogés n’ont pas respecté la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette au moins une fois au cours des 6 derniers mois, et ce pour au moins un antimicrobien. Les facteurs de risque associés (p<0.05) avec une non-conformité avec la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette pour au moins un des deux scénarios sont les suivants : élever des oiseaux qui n’appartiennent pas tous à des races d’origine asiatique, vacciner contre la bronchite infectieuse, avoir utilisé plus de 6 différents antimicrobiens à la ferme au cours des 6 derniers mois, et utiliser un mélange d’aliments fait maison et commerciaux. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance d’utiliser les antimicrobiens de façon judicieuse et en respectant les temps de retrait officiels, afin de protéger le consommateur contre les risques pour la santé causés par une exposition à des niveaux nocifs de résidus antimicrobiens.

Prevalence of Salmonella in retail whole chicken carcasses in Hanoi, Vietnam

Au Vietnam, les informations sur la contamination de la viande de volaille par les salmonelles sont presque limitées. L’étude cherche à comparer la prévalence des salmonelles entre les marchés traditionnels et les supermarchés ainsi qu’entre les carcasses fraîches et congelées en plus de mesurer la température interne au moment de l’achat. Deux cent quarante-cinq carcasses de poulets entiers ont été achetées des marchés et des supermarchés dans sept arrondissements de la ville de Hanoi au Vietnam de juin à juillet 2011. L’échantillonnage a inclu 110 carcasses fraîches de marchés traditionnels (F/M), 109 carcasses fraîches des supermarchés (F/SM) et 26 carcasses congelées des supermarchés (FZ/SM). La température intérieure des carcasses a été évalué au moment de l’achat des carcasses. Salmonella a été isolé à partir de rinçage de carcasses et les isolats ont été sérotypés. La prévalence de carcasses positives pour Salmonella était de 66,5% (163/245) et variait entre les trois catégories : 84,55% (93/110) de F/M, 59,63% (65/109) de F/SM et 19,23% (5/26) de FZ/SM (P<0.05). Pour un total de 25 sérovars détectés, le sérovar principal fut Agona (24,78%) suivi de Albany (20,43%) et enfin Corvallis (10%). Deux des sérovars repérés se retrouvaient sur les mêmes carcasses pour 66 échantillons (26,9%). La température interne des carcasses des marchés traditionnels et des supermarchés était associé une différence significative (P < 0.05) avec une température moyenne de 27,3°C et 15,8°C respectivement. Cette étude dévoile une prévalence élevée de Salmonellaspp.des carcasses de poulets à Hanoi et démontre une difficulté partagée par tous les types de marchés à maintenir une température adéquate des carcasses.