Does the use of multiple FTAs force firms to raise local input share? : evidence of the spaghetti bowl phenomenon

This paper empirically investigates the firm-level relationship between the local input share and the number of used FTAs by employing the data on FTA utilization in Japanese affiliates in ASEAN. As a result, we do not find a robust linear relationship. However, affiliates using a large number of FTAs (seven or eight) have an extremely higher share of local inputs. This result might be interpreted as the first evidence of the “spaghetti bowl phenomenon”.

Memorandum Concerning the Holyoke Bowl, 1904 June 14

One-page typed document reflecting the donation of the Holyoke Caudle Cup by Charlotte A. Hedge in 1903. Provenance information is also included. There is a handwritten note at the bottom of the page regarding the cup’s inclusion in an exhibition catalog published by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

IV. College bowl inscription, undated

Inscription likely composed in the eighteenth century by Boston attorney Josiah Quincy, Jr., father of Harvard President Josiah Quincy (1829-1845). There are no known records of this cup, but it may have been part of the College Plate. The inscription begins, "Crown high the Goblet," and references knowledge, truth, and virtue. The last line reads "inquit Quincy," which translates as "says Quincy."

Lloyd Carr, UM football coach, 1998 Rose Bowl game, post-game celebration

[Carr and Rob Swett (#44) celebrating Rose Bowl Victory]

UM Football, 1998 Rose Bowl, Universal Studio Tour

[Ryan Leaf (?) and Charles Woodson]