Temperature tolerance of western Baltic Sea Fucus vesiculosus - growth, photosynthesis and survival

Fucus vesiculosus L. (Phaeophyceae) is the most abundant and hence ecologically most important primary producer, carbon sink and habitat provider in the western Baltic Sea. All F. vesiculosus L. specimens were collected on 23 April 2014 from a depth of 0.2-1 m in the non-tidal Kiel Fjord, western Baltic Sea (54°27'N; 10°12'E), where this species forms dense and almost monospecific stands on stones. After sampling the algal thalli were stored in a refrigerator box with water from the sampling site, transported to Bremerhaven and stored at 10 °C for one day in filtered seawater. Experiments were conducted with vegetative apical tips (6.7±0.5 cm length), the actively growing region of F. vesiculosus, which were randomly selected and cut from 144 different individuals prior to the experiments. These tips were acclimated to laboratory conditions for three days in filtered seawater at 10 °C before the start of the experiment. Furthermore, 30 additional vegetative apices were freeze-dried to document the initial biochemical status of F. vesiculosus in its native habitat. A temperature gradient was installed in a walk-in constant cooling chamber (15 °C) in nine water baths (5, 10, 15, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28 and 29 °C ± 0.1 °C) which were tempered by thermostats (5, 10 and 15 °C: Huber Variostat CC + Pilot ONE, Peter Huber Kältemaschinen GmbH, Offenburg, Germany; 20 and 28 °C: Haake DC3, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, USA; 24, 26, 27 and 29 °C: Haake DC10). Every temperature treatment consisted of four 2 L glass beakers (n = 4). In each beaker four F. vesiculosus apices were grown in 2 µm-filtered North Sea water diluted with demineralized water in a ratio of 1:1 and enriched with nutrients after Provasoli (1968; 1/10 enrichment), leading to a salinity of about 15.6 which equaled habitat conditions. The algae were exposed to an irradiance of 130 µmol photons m-2 s-1 ±10 % (Powerstar HGI-TS 150 W, OSRAM GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany) measured at the top of the beaker under a 16:8 h L:D cycle. The media in the beakers was changed every third or fourth day and aerated with artificial air containing 380 ppm CO2 (gas mixing device; HTK Hamburg GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). Before the experiment, the algae were acclimated to the final temperatures in steps of 5 °C for 2 days each, beginning at 10 °C. After 21 days exposure time, three out of four samples per replicate were freeze-dried for further biochemical analyses, and afterwards the thermostats were turned off to reduce the temperature to 16±0.4 °C for another 10 days permitting growth under post-culture conditions.

Pedology, geochronology, palynology and macrofossils of soil profiles in the Altdarss area, german Baltic Sea coast

A new site with Lateglacial palaeosols covered by 0.8 - 2.4 m thick aeolian sands is presented. The buried soils were subjected to multidisciplinary analyses (pedology, micromorphology, geochronology, dendrology, palynology, macrofossils). The buried soil cover comprises a catena from relatively dry ('Nano'-Podzol, Arenosol) via moist (Histic Gleysol, Gleysol) to wet conditions (Histosol). Dry soils are similar to the so-called Usselo soil, as described from sites in NW Europe and central Poland. The buried soil surface covers ca. 3.4 km**2. Pollen analyses date this surface into the late Aller0d. Due to a possible contamination by younger carbon, radiocarbon dates are too young. OSL dates indicate that the covering by aeolian sands most probably occurred during the Younger Dryas. Botanical analyses enables the reconstruction of a vegetation pattern typical for the late Allerod. Large wooden remains of pine and birch were recorded.

Grain size percentiles and Mk values of coastal sediments from Schleswig Holstein, western Baltic Sea

In einer Fülle sedimentpetrographischer Arbeiten wird versucht, aus der Korngrößenverteilung und der Mineralzusammensetzung von Sanden Schlüsse auf ihre Herkunft, ihre Transportrichtung oder ihr Ablagerungsmilieu abzuleiten, die für die Lösung geologischer und ebenso auch wasserbaulicher Probleme nötig sind. Diese Literatur steckt noch voller Widersprüche und Fehlschlüsse. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird daher versucht, den Mechanismus des Sandtransports vom Grundsätzlichen her besser verständlich zu machen. Das geschieht anhand zweier ausgewählter und eingehend untersuchter Beispiele aus dem Küstenbereich der westlichen Ostsee unter Einbeziehung der Erfahrungen an vielen Vergleichsproben aus verschiedensten Sedimentationsräumen. Unentbehrlich für das Verständnis der transportbedingten Veränderungen an den Sanden ist das sog. 'Äquivalenzprinzip' (Abschnitt 2). Es stellt fest, daß es in einem von einer Strömung transportierten Sediment immer Körner zwar verschiedener Korngröße, aber auch entsprechend verschiedener Dichte und/oder Kornform gibt, die miteinander transportiert und abgelagert werden, weil unter den herrschenden hydraulischen Bedingungen diese Eigenschaften einander voll kompensieren. In Abschnitt 3 wird kurz die von Rittenhouse angegebene Methode geschildert, mit der man an natürlichen Sedimenten unter der sehr allgemein gehaltenen 'Äquivalenzbedingung' gleicher Transportierbarkeit bestimmen kann, welches Korngrößenverhältnis ein bestimmtes Verhältnis der Dichten kompensieren kann. Die von Rittenhouse am Beispiel von Flußsanden gefundene Funktion zwischen der Dichte der Körner und ihrem Äquivalenzverhältnis gegen Quarzkörner wird hier als erste Näherung auch für die Transportverhältnisse von Strandsanden zugrunde gelegt. In Abschnitt 6 wird gezeigt, daß das auch gerechtfertigt ist. In Abschnitt 4 wird eine allgemein brauchbare Methode abgeleitet, mit der man nicht nur unter stark vereinfachenden Annahmen, sondern auch an Sanden mit realen, stets komplexen Korn-größenverteilungen die Folgen des Äquivalenzprinzips für die Verteilung von Mineralen verschiedener Dichte berechnen kann. Für jede Serie von Sanden, deren Korngrößenverteilungen entlang des Transportweges eine bestimmte, von den Transportbedingungen abhängige Entwicklung durchmachen, ergibt sich damit eine Kurvenschar, die beschreibt, wie sich die Mengen von Mineralien mit verschiedenen Dichten in den einzelnen Korngrößenklassen dabei ändern müßten, vorausgesetzt, daß sie im gesamten Korngrößenbereich gleich verfügbar wären. Diese Kurvenschar ist die 'Charakteristik' des betreffenden Transportfalles. Durch den Vergleich zwischen den nach der Charakteristik in den einzelnen Klassen zu erwartenden Mineralmengen mit den in dem betrachteten Transportfall tatsächlich gefundenen läßt sich deren relative, d. h. auf die Menge des Quarzes bezogene 'Verfügbarkeit' berechnen. Sie wird durch die sog. 'hydraulischen Verhältnisse' (Rittenhouse) ausgedrückt, die im Gegensatz zu den 'Klassenverhältnissen' von der Korngrößensonderung beim Transport unabhängig und nur von der Zusammensetzung des Ausgangsmaterials bestimmt sind, solange beim Transport allein das Äquivalenzprinzip wirksam ist. In den untersuchten Fällen von Sandtransport an zwei Strandabschnitten der westlichen Ostsee (Abschnitt 5) zeigte dieser Vergleich (Abschnitt 6), daß die beobachtete Verteilung von Schwermineralen nicht allein durch Transportsonderung unter Gültigkeit des Äquivalenzprinzips erklärt werden kann, sondern daß dabei offenbar auch mechanische Zerkleinerung der Körner während des Transports mitgewirkt haben muß. Nur ein solcher, von der Transportsonderung unabhängiger Effekt kann als Transportrichtungs-Kriterium benutzt werden, wenn die Entwicklung der Korngrößenverteilungen allein keine Entscheidung erlaubt. Wie die Beispiele zeigen, läßt sich Klarheit über die bisher noch sehr umstrittene Frage nach dem Ausmaß der transportbedingten mechanischen Zerkleinerung von Sandkörnern nur gewannen, wenn in Zukunft versucht wird, bei der Bearbeitung natürlicher Beispiele den Einfluß der stets vorhandenen Transportsonderung auf Veränderungen des Mineralbestandes unter Anwendung des Äquivalenzprinzips rechnerisch auszuschalten. Über dieses wesentlichste Ergebnis hinaus erlauben die dargestellten Zusammenhänge auch eine kritische Stellungnahme zu den oben erwähnten allgemeinen Problemen und führen zu methodischen und sachlichen Verbesserungsvorschlägen für weitere Untersuchungen an klastischen Sedimenten.

Bottom sediment of the Western Baltic Sea - sheet Darß

The sheet "Darß" of the Western Baltic sediment distribution map displays several features of the late- and postglacial sediments in the area between 54°00? and 54°30? northern latitude and 12°00? and 13°00? eastern longitude on a scale of 1: 100,000. The main map shows the surface deposits in this area. Special attention is given to a detailed presentation of the granulometric characteristics of the sandy sedimens which are prevailing here. For this purpose a new way of visualization of grain size data was developed. Six insets provide information on water depth, positions of the sampling sites, areal distribution of median and sorting of sands, depth of the till surface thickness of the late- and postglacial sediments on top of the uppermost till and the bathymetry.

Surfactants during upwelling events in the sea-surface microlayer and 1 m depth during METEOR cruise M117, Baltic Sea

Results from a study of surfactants (SAS) in the sea surface microlayer (SML) and underlying water (ULW) at different locations in the Baltic Sea. The total SAS concentrations were measured using phase-sensitive alternative current voltammetry with hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) in unfiltered samples. The concentrations of SAS were expressed as the equivalent concentration of nonanionic surfactants Triton-X-100. The enrichment factors (EF) of SAS were calculated as the ratio of concentration in SML to the corresponding ULW samples.

Elevated pCO2 from late summer coastal upwellings in the western Baltic Sea enhances vegetative growth in the brown algae Fucus serratus: a laboratory assessment

The brown algae Fucus serratus is one of the major meadow forming algae of the Western Baltic Sea nearshore ecosystem. At the end of summer, those meadows are exposed to local upwelling suddenly increasing the pCO2 and DIC up to 2500 µatm and 2250 µmol/kg resp., for period of days to weeks. This study investigates the growth response of summer's vegetative Fucus serratus to elevated pCO2 (1350 and 4080 µatm) during a 40 days laboratory incubation. After 10 days, increases of growth rates of 20 % and 47 % of the control were observed in the 1350 and 4080 µatm pCO2 treatments respectively. Beyond 20 days, the growth rates collapsed in all treatments due to nutrients shortage, as demonstrated by high C:N ratios (95:1) and low N tissue content (0.04 % of dry weight). The collapse occurs faster at higher pCO2. On day 30, growth rates were reduced by 40 % and 100 % relative to the control at 1350 and 4080 µatm respectively. These results are consistent with a fertilizing effect of elevated pCO2 on Fucus serratus presumably linked to the transition from active HCO3- to passive CO2(aq) uptake. This positive effect is limited by nutrients resources, low seawater dissolved inorganic N and P and shortage of the nutrients reserves accumulated over the previous autumn and winter.

Long-term eddy-covariance measurements from FINO2 platform above the Baltic Sea

The estimation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes above the open ocean plays an important role for the determination of the global carbon cycle. A frequently used method therefore is the eddy-covariance technique, which is based on the theory of the Prandl-layer with height-constant fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer. To test the assumption of the constant flux layer, in 2008 measurements of turbulent heat and CO2 fluxes were started within the project Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene (SOPRAN) at the research platform FINO2. The FINO2 platform is situated in the South-west of the Baltic Sea, in the tri-border region between Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. In the frame of the Research project SOPRAN, the platform was equipped with additional sensors in June 2008. A combination of 3-component sonic anemometers (USA-1) and open-path infrared gas analyzers for absolute humidity (H2O) and CO2 (LICOR 7500) were installed at a 9m long boom directed southward of the platform in two heights, at 6.8 and 13.8m above sea surface. Additionally slow temperature and humidity sensors were installed at each height. The gas analyzer systems were calibrated before the installation and worked permanently without any calibration during the first measurement period of one and a half years. The comparison with the measurements of the slow sensors showed for both instruments no significant long-term drift in H2O and CO2. Drifts on smaller time scales (in the order of days) due to the contamination with sea salt, were cleaned naturally by rain. The drift of both quantities had no influence on the fluctuation, which, in contrast to the mean values, are important for the flux estimation. All data were filtered due to spikes, rain, and the influence of the mast. The data set includes the measurements of all sensors as average over 30 minutes each for one and a half years, June 2008 to December 2009, and 10 month from November 2011 to August 2012. Additionally derived quantities for 30 minutes intervals each, like the variances for the fast-sensor variables, as well as the momentum, sensible and latent heat, and CO2 flux are presented.

The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region from Germany’s perspective. OSW Commentary No. 69, 2011-01-10

Germany is one of the eight EU member states which participate in the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region along with Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden. Germany had a positive approach to the EUSBSR strategy (see Appendix 1) right from planning stage. This project contributed to the continuation of Germany’s co-operation with the countries in this region, which has been conducted since the mid 1980s mainly by German federal states. Germany is playing a major role as part of this strategy because it is the coordinator of its three priority areas.However, the German federal government sees the EUSBSR as a project to be implemented at the level of federal states. This has been proven by the great activity of three German federal states participating in the strategy (Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein) and at the same time the low level of engagement from the Bundestag, the federal government and expert circles. Furthermore, federal states more often formulate evaluations of the effects of co-operation achieved so far as part of the EUSBSR. Still, the relatively low level of Berlin’s engagement does not mean that it is not interested in co-operation in the Baltic region as such. Germany actively participates in the work of such bodies as the Council of the Baltic Sea States or the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM). All German entities engaged in the strategy make its future attractiveness and the success of individual projects as part of it dependent on including Russia in the EUSBSR. As long as Germany has the opportunity of regional co-operation with Russia at other forums (for example, the Council of the Baltic Sea States), it is unlikely to become more engaged in developing the strategy and enhancing co-operation as part of this project.

(Table1) Living and dead benthic foraminifera abundance in sediments of the Bottsand-Lagoon, Western Baltic Sea

Seasonal collections were made from 3 stations in a brackish lagoon near Kiel/Germany from December 1964 to June 1967. In addition 120 samples were taken in June 1966 to investigate the general pattern of distribution. Two species of the offshore fauna were found to dominate the lagoon (high population densities): Cribrononion articulatum and Miliammina fusca. The 'Vegetation zone' of the lagoon contains an assemblage of seven euryhaline arenaceous species. All of them were previously recorded from different regions of the world. - C. articulatum seems to prefer shallow water with a high daily range of water temperature (up to 30° Cels.). Population density and distribution show considerable differences between the different years. Size distribution curves of C. articulatum indicate main reproduction activity in spring and subsequent growth in uniform populations. Growth is terminated after six months but most of the specimens will either die in winter or reproduce the next spring; only a smaller amount is reproducing in summer or autumn. - Annual differences of the observed degree make it difficult to calculate foraminiferal productivity in a lagoonal environment and require seasonal observation over a period of at least 3 or 4 years.