Tapinoma pygmaeum (Dufour, 1857) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), not a rare species

Tapinoma pygmaeum is an ant known from seven localities. Five of them are in theprovince of Girona (Spain). The apparent rarity and skewed distribution of this species isprobably an artifact due to the confussion, in field samplings, with a similar speciesPlagiolepis pygmaea

Sobre o gênero Lophyraspis Stål e descrição de novas espécies (Hemiptera, Aetalionidae, Biturritiinae)

O gênero Lophyraspis e as seguintes espécies, juntamente com algumas mudanças nomenclaturais, são tratados: Lophyraspis Stål, 1869 = Gerridius Fowler, 1896 syn. rest.; Lophyraspis muscaria (Fabricius, 1803) = Gerridius scutellatus Fowler, 1896 syn. nov. = Gerridius abbreviatus Baker, 1907 syn. nov.; Lophyraspis pygmaea (Fabricius, 1803); Lophyraspis scutellata (Fabricius, 1803) = L. cristata Stål, 1869 syn. nov. = L. armata Haviland, 1925 syn. nov.; Lophyraspis spinosa (Funkhouser, 1930) comb. nov. (anteriormente em Mina Walker, 1858); Lophyraspis fenestrata sp. nov. (Brasil, Amazonas); Lophyraspis diminuta sp. nov. (Brasil, Mato Grosso).

Numerical Dominance of the Argentine Ant vs Native Ants and Consequences on Soil Resource Searching in Mediterranean Cork-Oak Forests (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

This study is focused on the dominance exerted by the invasive Argentine ant over native ants in a coastal Mediterranean area. Theimpact of this invasive ant on native ant assemblages and its consequences on total ant biomass and on the intensity of habitat explorationwere evaluated. Foraging ants were observed and their trajectories recorded during 5-minute periods in two study zones, one invaded andthe other non-invaded. Ant species detected, ant worker abundance, ant biomass and the intensity of soil surface searching done by antswere compared between the two zones. The Argentine ant invasion provoked a drastic reduction of the ant species richness. Apparentlyonly one native ant species is able to coexist with the Argentine ant, the cryptic Plagiolepis pygmaea. Ant worker abundance was also modified after the invasion: the number of Argentine ant workers detected, which represented 92% of the invaded zone, was two times higher than the number of native ant workers detected in the non-invaded zone. The total ant biomass was inversely affected, becoming four times lower in the invaded zone highly dominated by Linepithema humile. The higher number of Argentine ant workers and their fast tempo of activity implied an alteration of the intensity of soil surface searching: scanning by the Argentine ants in the invaded zone was higher than that done by the native ants in the non-invaded zone, and the estimated time for a complete soil surface scan was 64 minutes in the invaded zone and 108 minutes in the non-invaded zone. Consequently, resources will be discovered faster by ants in the invaded zone than in the non-invaded zone. The increase of the mean temperature and the decrease of the relative humidity from May to August reduced the ant activity in the two study zones but this reduction was greater in the invaded zone

Harvinaisten maakotiloiden esiintymisestä Lounais-Suomessa ja niiden elinympäristövaatimuksista

Julkaisun tarkoituksena on lisätä tietämystä harvinaisten maakotiloiden (Mollusca, Gastropoda) esiintymisestä ja ekologiasta. Lisäksi tarkoituksena on edistää kotiloharrastusta sekä luoda tietopohjaa mahdollisille suojelupäätöksille. Maakotiloita on tutkittu Suomessa niukasti, joten julkaisuja ja kirjallisuutta on vähän. Tämä raportti on jatkoa aiemmin julkaistulle kahden siemenkotilolajin tarkastelulle (Kapeasiemenkotilon Vertigo angustior ja pienisiemenkotilon Vertigo pygmaea esiintymisestä ja ekologiasta Suomessa. Lounais-Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 20/2008). Julkaistavat tiedot pohjautuvat kirjoittajan kattavasti Lounais-Suomesta keräämien noin 1100:n maaperänäytteen tutkintaan sekä Turun yliopiston eläinmuseon laajoihin kokoelmiin. Kaikki tiedot perustuvat olemassa oleviin talletettuihin kuorinäytteisiin ellei toisin mainita. Tarkemmin esitellään kuusi maakotilolajia: laukkakotilo (Oxychilus alliarius), piikkikotilo (Acanthinula aculeata), poimusulkukotilo (Macrogastra plicatula), uurteiskotilo (Balea perversa), kääpiösarvikotilo (Carychium minimum) ja kaksihammaskotilo (Perforatella bidentata). Havaintopaikat, yksityiskohtainen sijainti, löytövuosi, yksilömäärä, havainnoitsija sekä löydön elinympäristötiedot esitetään taulukkomuodossa. Esiintymiskartoissa havainnot on jaoteltu ennen ja jälkeen vuotta 1990 tehtyihin. Harvinaisten lajien seuralaiskotilot esitetään taulukkomuodossa. Myös esiintymispaikkojen putkilokasvit esitellään kolmen maakotilolajin osalta. Populaatiorakennetta tarkastellaan piikkikotilon lounaissuomalaisilta löytöpaikoilta ja uurteiskotilon osalta yhdeltä saarelta. Lounais-Suomen lehtometsistä esitellään tarkemmin Turun Ruissalon alue. Vuosien 1991 - 2009 tutkimuksissa saarelta löydettiin 40 maakotilolajia, osa harvinaisuuksia.Seitsemän lähteen 11 näytealan tulokset esitellään. Lähdepurojen varsilla, lähdehetteiköissä ja avolähteitten laiteilla elää maakotiloharvinaisuuksia.Kaksihammaskotilo ja laukkakotilo ovat Lounais-Suomessa harvinaisia ja vähälukuisia. Piikkikotilo ja kääpiösarvikotilo ovat melko harvinaisia, mutta esiintymispaikoillaan usein runsaita. Poimusulkukotilo on melko yleinen alueen itäosassa. Uurteiskotilo on yleinen saaristokivikoiden laji, mutta kenties harvinaistumassa. Näin on tapahtunut toiselle Lounais-Suomen kalliolajille nappikotilolle.

Armazenamento de sementes de orquídeas

Sementes de dezesseis espécies de orquídeas foram armazenadas a 5ºC por até 42 meses, sendo verificada a viabilidade pelo teste de tetrazólio e de germinação. Houve perda da viabilidade conforme incremento no período de armazenamento. Por doze meses, a maioria das espécies estocadas a 5ºC, em dessecador com umidade relativa de ± 6% de conteúdo de água, conservou a viabilidade próxima aos 100%, com exceção da Cattleya labiata que apresentou queda de cerca de 50% da viabilidade inicial. Cattleya intermedia, Encyclia pygmaea, E. odorantissima, Grobya sp., Oncidium flexuosum, Oncidium pumilum e um híbrido natural, Laeliocattleya conservaram, em geladeira, a viabilidade das sementes acima de 90%, por até 24 meses. Para Cattleya intermédia, realizou-se armazenamento de sementes em tubos de polipropileno a 5, -18 e a 25ºC, em dessecador ou condições ambientais sem controle de umidade. Em condições de laboratório houve perda quase total da viabilidade das sementes. A estocagem em geladeira a 5ºC ou em "freezer" a - 18ºC fornece condições adequadas para conservar a viabilidade de sementes de orquídeas. Com essa mesma espécie, as sementes foram armazenadas a -18ºC durante 24 semanas, sendo testada semanalmente sua viabilidade. Para tais avaliações, as sementes eram transferidas diretamente de -18ºC para temperatura ambiente de laboratório (25ºC) ou indiretamente, por uma hora a 5ºC, depois para temperatura ambiente por uma hora. A transferência indireta foi mais eficiente na conservação da viabilidade.

PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF "CHANTRANSIA" STAGES IN MEMBERS OF THE BATRACHOSPERMALES AND THOREALES (RHODOPHYTA)

This study evaluated the phylogenetic relationship among samples of ""Chantransia"" stage of the Batrachospermales and Thoreales from several regions of the world based on sequences of two genes-the plastid-encoded RUBISCO LSU gene (rbcL) and the nuclear SSU ribosomal DNA gene (SSU rDNA). All sequences of ""Chantransia macrospora"" were shown to belong to Batrachospermum macrosporum based on both molecular markers, confirming evidence from previous studies. In contrast, nine species are now associated with ""Chantransia pygmaea,"" including seven species of the Batrachospermales and two of the Thoreales. Therefore, the presence of ""C. macrospora"" in a stream can be considered reliable evidence that it belongs to B. macrosporum, whereas the occurrence of ""C. pygmaea"" does not allow the recognition of any particular species, since it is associated with at least nine species. Affinities of ""Chantransia"" stages to particular taxa were congruent for 70.5% of the samples comparing the rbcL and SSU analyses, which were associated with the same or closely related species for both markers. Sequence divergences have been reported in the ""Chantransia"" stage in comparison to the respective gametophyte, and this matter deserves further attention.

PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES of "CHANTRANSIA" STAGES IN MEMBERS of THE BATRACHOSPERMALES and THOREALES (RHODOPHYTA)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Photoacclimation in three species of freshwater red algae

Three freshwater Rhodophyta species (Audouinella eugenea, A. hermannii and Compsopogon coeruleus) were tested as to their responses (photosynthesis, growth and pigment concentration) to two irradiances (low light, LL, 65 μmol m -2 s-1 and high light, HL, 300 μmol m-2 s-1) and two periods (short time, ST, 4 d, and long time, LT, 28 d). Higher growth rates were consistently observed at LL but significant differences were observed only for A. hermannii. Higher values of photoinhibition at LL were found for the three species, which is consistent with the dynamic photoinhibition as a reversible photoprotective mechanism against high irradiance. Light-induced decreases of effective quantum yield (EQY) were observed in the three species consisting of pronounced decreases from LL to HL. Rapid increases of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were observed mainly at LL, indicating energy dissipation by reaction centers. Results revealed distinct photoacclimation strategies to deal with high irradiances: the two Audouinella species had only characteristics of shade-adapted algae: acclimation by changes of size of photosy stem units (PSU) under LT and by PSU number under ST; higher values of the photoinhibition parameter (β) and NPQ, and lower values of EQY at LL; higher recovery capacity of potential quantum yield (PQY) at LL and under ST; highly significant positive correlation of electron transport rate (ETR) with NPQ. In addition, C. coeruleus mixed some characteristics of sun-adapted algae: acclimation by changes of PSU number under LT and by PSU size under ST; higher recovery capacity of EQY than the other two species; weak or no correlation of ETR with NPQ. Thus, these characteristics indicate that C. coeruleus cope with high irradiances more efficiently than the Audouinella species.

Distribuição ecológica das comunidades de macroalgas de ambientes lóticos em duas unidades de conservação abrangendo os biomas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e Campos no estado do Paraná

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Macroalgas lóticas do Parque Nacional Chapada dos Veadeiros e arredores (GO): levantamento florístico e distribuição ecológica das comunidades

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pasture degradation modifies the water and carbon cycles of the Tibetan highlands

The Tibetan Plateau has a significant role with regard to atmospheric circulation and the monsoon in particular. Changes between a closed plant cover and open bare soil are one of the striking effects of land use degradation observed with unsustainable range management or climate change, but experiments investigating changes of surface properties and processes together with atmospheric feedbacks are rare and have not been undertaken in the world's two largest alpine ecosystems, the alpine steppe and the Kobresia pygmaea pastures of the Tibetan Plateau. We connected measurements of micro-lysimeter, chamber, 13C labelling, and eddy covariance and combined the observations with land surface and atmospheric models, adapted to the highland conditions. This allowed us to analyse how three degradation stages affect the water and carbon cycle of pastures on the landscape scale within the core region of the Kobresia pygmaea ecosystem. The study revealed that increasing degradation of the Kobresia turf affects carbon allocation and strongly reduces the carbon uptake, compromising the function of Kobresia pastures as a carbon sink. Pasture degradation leads to a shift from transpiration to evaporation while a change in the sum of evapotranspiration over a longer period cannot be confirmed. The results show an earlier onset of convection and cloud generation, likely triggered by a shift in evapotranspiration timing when dominated by evaporation. Consequently, precipitation starts earlier and clouds decrease the incoming solar radiation. In summary, the changes in surface properties by pasture degradation found on the highland have a significant influence on larger scales.

Foraminifera and microfossil occurence in Late Jurassic sediments of the North and South Atlantic

Biostratigraphical, taxonomical, and palaeocological results were obtained from Oxfordian to Tithonian foraminifers of the Northern and Southern Atlantic Ocean boreholes of the DSDP Legs 1, 11, 36, 41, 44, 50, and 79. An oversight on the cored Jurassic sections of the DSDP Legs 79 and the corresponding foraminiferal descriptions are given. The reddish brown, clayey and carbonaceous Cat Gap Formation (Oxfordian to Tithonian) of the Northern Atlantic Ocean, rich in radiolarians, yields less or more uniform, in most cases allochthonous foraminiferal faunas of Central European shelf character. No Callovian and Upper Tithonian foraminiferaI zones can be established. The zone of Pseudomarssonella durnortieri covers the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian, the zone of Neobulimina atlantica the Kimmeridgian/Lower Tithonian interval. Characteristic foraminiferal faunas are missing since the Upper Tithonian to Valanginian for reason of a widely distributed regression which caused hiatuses observed all over the Northern Atlantic Ocean and in parts of Europe. The Upper Jurassic cannot be subdivided into single stages by foraminiferal biostratigraphy alone. The fovaminiferal zones established by Moullad (1984) covering a Callovian-Tithonian interval may be of some local importance in the Tethyan realm: It has too long-ranging foraminiferal species to be used as index marker in the word-wide DSDP boreholes. Some taxonomical confusion is caused because in former publications some foraminiferal species have got different names both in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The foraminiferal biostratigraphy of drilled sections from DSDP boreholes is restricted by the drilling technique and for palaeo-oceanographical, biological, and geological reasons. Foraminiferal faunas from the DSDP originally described as ,,bathyal, or ,,abyssal,, have to be derived from shallower water. This contrasts the palaeo-water depths of 3000-4000 m which result from sedimentological and palaeo-geographical investigations.

(Appendix) Benthic foraminifera distribution of upper Creatceous and Paleocene at DSDP Hole 72-516F

Benthic foraminifers of the Coniacian-Santonian through the Paleocene were recovered from a continuous pelagic carbonate section from Hole 516F on the Rio Grande Rise. Sixty-five genera and 153 species have been identified, most of which have been reported from other localities. Bathyal depths are reflected in the benthic assemblages dominated by gavelinellids (Gavelinella beccariiformis, G. velascoensis), Nuttallides truempyi, and various gyroidinids and buliminids. Rapid subsidence during the Coniacian-Santonian from nearshore to upper to middle bathyal depths was followed by much reduced subsidence, with the Campanian-Paleocene interval accumulating at middle bathyal to lower bathyal depths. A census study based on detailed sampling reveals major changes in benthic faunal composition at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary transition. It was a time of rapid turnover, with the extinctions of numerous species and the introduction of many new species. Overall, species diversity decreases about 20%, and approximately one-third of latest Maestrichtian species do not survive to the end of the Cretaceous. This shift indicates a significant environmental change in the deep sea, the precise nature of which is not apparent from the foraminifers or their enclosing sediments.

(Table 3) Collembola species density and diversity in control and OTC plots near Abisco Research Station

Ecosystems at high northern latitudes are subject to strong climate change. Soil processes, such as carbon and nutrient cycles, which determine the functioning of these ecosystems, are controlled by soil fauna. Thus assessing the responses of soil fauna communities to environmental change will improve the predictability of the climate change impacts on ecosystem functioning. For this purpose, trait assessment is a promising method compared to the traditional taxonomic approach, but it has not been applied earlier. In this study the response of a sub-arctic soil Collembola community to long-term (16 years) climate manipulation by open top chambers was assessed. The drought-susceptible Collembola community responded strongly to the climate manipulation, which substantially reduced soil moisture and slightly increased soil temperature. The total density of Collembola decreased by 51% and the average number of species was reduced from 14 to 12. Although community assessment showed species-specific responses, taxonomically based community indices, species diversity and evenness, were not affected. However, morphological and ecological trait assessments were more sensitive in revealing community responses. Drought-tolerant, larger-sized, epiedaphic species survived better under the climate manipulation than their counterparts, the meso-hydrophilic, smaller-sized and euedaphic species. Moreover it also explained the significant responses shown by four taxa. This study shows that trait analysis can both reveal responses in a soil fauna community to climate change and improve the understanding of the mechanisms behind them.