954 resultados para Auditor opinion
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The outcome effect occurs where an evaluator, who has knowledge of the outcome of a judge's decision , assesses the quality of the judgment of that decision maker. If the evaluator has knowledge of a negative outcome, then that knowledge negatively influences his or her assessment of the ex ante judgment. For instance, jurors in a lawsuit brought against an auditor for alleged negligence are informed of an undetected fraud, even though an unqualified opinion was issued. This paper reports the results of an experiment in an applied audit judgment setting that examined methods of mitigating the outcome effect by means of instructions. The results showed that simply instructing or warning the evaluator about the potential biasing effects of outcome information was only weakly effective. However, instructions that stressed either (1) the cognitive non-normativeness of the outcome effect or (2) the seriousness and gravity of the evaluation ameliorated the effect significantly. From a theoretical perspective, the results suggest that there may both motivational and cognitive components to the outcome effect. In all, the findings suggest awareness of the outcome effect and use of relatively nonintrusive instructions to evaluators may effectively counteract the potential for the outcome bias.
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This study further examines the phenomenon of conservative auditor behaviour by considering the level of voluntary disclosure of Year 2000 remediation information in company annual reports. Previous studies have provided evidence of conservative auditor behaviour by examining the link between Big 6 auditor choice and accruals (Francis and Krishnan 1999; Becker et al., 1998; Defond and Subramanyam 1998). Protecting their reputation capital increases Big 6 auditor incentives to act conservatively to avoid litigation risk. We propose and find that Big 6 auditor clients disclose more Year 2000 remediation information than non–Big 6 auditor clients.
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Abstract This paper analyses public opinion during the João Goulart government in Brazil (1961-1964), focusing on public perceptions on domestic and foreign policies. We employ a recently declassified public opinion survey conducted on behalf of United States Information Agency (USIA) in urban areas. We found that the Brazilian public opinion was somewhat coherent, supporting redistributive reforms domestically and a neutralist approach in foreign affairs.
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La Unión Europea pretende renovar la Octava Directiva, entre otras razones, para reforzar la independencia de los auditores y abordar los conflictos de intereses inherentes al panorama actual. Este trabajo plantea conocer las expectativas sobre estas propuestas 2 concretando los factores que afectan, tanto positiva como negativamente, a que el auditor mantenga su independencia ante el cliente. Se comprueba que se perciben como factores negativos todos los relacionados con la dependencia económica y los conflictos de intereses en la negociación entre el auditor y la empresa. Sin embargo no se perciben como positivos los mecanismos empleados habitualmente como salvaguardas (como por ejemplo el Comité de Auditoría y la rotación), considerando que la independencia depende fundamentalmente de la persona del auditor y su carácter.
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The European Union considers it appropriate to further discuss how to strengthen the independence of the auditors to address conflicts of interest inherent in the current scenario, characterized by factors such as the appointment of auditors for the audited company, low turnover or different service delivery to the audit. This paper aims to realize the expectations of the factors that affect, both positively and negatively, the auditor maintains its independence from the client.
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As constantes mudanças que ocorrem no tecido empresarial instigam a instabilidade e desconfiança dos utilizadores da informação financeira. Neste contexto, os stakeholders procuram informação financeira fiável e clara para tomarem decisões ponderadas e com o menor risco possível. No sentido de satisfazer estas necessidades, os organismos profissionais de contabilidade têm manifestado grande preocupação em garantir a qualidade da informação financeira. A solução para o cumprimento dos objetivos anteriores deve passar pela realização de uma auditoria uma vez que esta função desempenha um importante papel no seio das empresas, quer no processo de prestação de contas, quer na redução das assimetrias de informação. No entanto, o processo de auditoria apresenta limitações que nem sempre são consideradas pelos utilizadores da informação financeira. Há, de facto, uma série de determinantes que pretendemos estudar neste trabalho que são suscetíveis de influenciar a opinião que o auditor irá emitir na certificação legal de contas (CLC). Para o efeito, debruçamo-nos sobre os relatórios e contas, referentes ao ano de 2011, de 50 empresas registadas na Comissão do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários (CMVM) para analisar a a influência dos seguintes fatores: tipo de Sociedade de Revisores Oficiais de Contas (SROC) a que o auditor pertence, o sexo e a experiência profissional do auditor, os honorários recebidos pelo auditor pelos serviços de Revisão Legal de Contas (RLC) e extra RLC. Os resultados revelaram que a opinião do auditor não é influenciada, significativamente, por nenhum dos fatores estudados, o que pode indiciar grande independência do auditor.
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Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Auditoria Orientada por: Doutora Alcina Dias
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Mestrado em Auditoria
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A ocorrência de grandes escândalos financeiros na última década, um pouco por todo o mundo, provocou uma crise de confiança na informação financeira prestada pelas empresas e levou à discussão de conceitos como Corporate Governance e Expectation Gap e a uma “revolução” no mundo da auditoria. A necessidade de confiança na opinião dos auditores conduziu à discussão acerca de como é que o trabalho de auditoria é realizado, em que “bases” é que o auditor determina o que analisar e, por último, como decide o que é material ou não. Esta discussão traz a si associado o conceito de materialidade. O objectivo deste estudo é compreender os aspectos inerentes à determinação da materialidade e a sua importância, tanto no planeamento como na avaliação de resultados. O presente trabalho está estruturado em sete capítulos, correspondendo os cinco primeiros ao enquadramento teórico do tema, realizado através de revisão de literatura. No sexto capítulo explicita-se a investigação empírica realizada sobre a forma como a materialidade é entendida e utilizada pelas Sociedades de Revisores Oficiais de Contas (SROC) em Portugal. Terminamos com a conclusão do estudo, em que, para além das conclusões obtidas, se indicam os problemas e obstáculos encontrados ao longo do mesmo, bem como possibilidades de investigação futura.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the opinion of doctors who participated in the Latin American Study on Cesarean section in Brazil regarding the second opinion strategy when faced with the decision of performing a C-section. METHODS: Seventy-two doctors from the hospitals where the study took place (where the second opinion was routinely sought) and 70 from the control group answered a pre-tested self-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive tables were prepared based on the frequency of relevant variables on opinion of physicians regarding: effectiveness of the application of the second opinion strategy; on whether they would recommend implementation of this strategy and reasons for not recommending it in private institutions; feasibility of the strategy implementation and reasons for not considering this implementation feasible in private institutions. RESULTS: Half of the doctors from the intervention hospitals (50%) and about two thirds of those in the control group (65%) evaluated the second opinion as being or having the potential of being effective/very effective in their institutions. The great majority of those interviewed from both intervention and control hospitals considered this strategy feasible in public (87% and 95% respectively) but not in private hospitals (64% and 70% respectively), mainly because in the latter the doctors would not accept interference from a colleague in their decision-making process. CONCLUSION: Although the second opinion strategy was perceived as effective in reducing C-section rates, doctors did not regard it feasible outside the public health system in Brazil.
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Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Auditoria
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Dissertação de Mestrado apresentado ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do obtenção do grau de Mestre em Auditoria Auditoria, sob orientação de Adalmiro Álvaro Malheiro de Castro Andrade
Expert opinion on best practice guidelines and competency framework for visual screening in children
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PURPOSE: Screening programs to detect visual abnormalities in children vary among countries. The aim of this study is to describe experts' perception of best practice guidelines and competency framework for visual screening in children. METHODS: A qualitative focus group technique was applied during the Portuguese national orthoptic congress to obtain the perception of an expert panel of 5 orthoptists and 2 ophthalmologists with experience in visual screening for children (mean age 53.43 years, SD ± 9.40). The panel received in advance a script with the description of three tuning competencies dimensions (instrumental, systemic, and interpersonal) for visual screening. The session was recorded in video and audio. Qualitative data were analyzed using a categorical technique. RESULTS: According to experts' views, six tests (35.29%) have to be included in a visual screening: distance visual acuity test, cover test, bi-prism or 4/6(Δ) prism, fusion, ocular movements, and refraction. Screening should be performed according to the child age before and after 3 years of age (17.65%). The expert panel highlighted the influence of the professional experience in the application of a screening protocol (23.53%). They also showed concern about the false negatives control (23.53%). Instrumental competencies were the most cited (54.09%), followed by interpersonal (29.51%) and systemic (16.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Orthoptists should have professional experience before starting to apply a screening protocol. False negative results are a concern that has to be more thoroughly investigated. The proposed framework focuses on core competencies highlighted by the expert panel. Competencies programs could be important do develop better screening programs.