Reactive Attachment Disorder in infants in foster care and associated mental health and cognitive functioning

Background: Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) has been described as one of the least researched and most poorly understood psychiatric disorders (Chaffin et al., 2006). Despite this, given what is known about maltreatment and attachment, it is likely that RAD has profound consequences for child development. Very little is known about the prevalence and stability of RAD symptoms over time. Until recently it has been difficult to investigate the presence of RAD due to limited measures for informing a diagnosis. However this study utilised a new observational tool Method: A cross sectional study design with a one-year follow-up explored RAD symptoms in maltreated infants in Scotland (n=55, age range= 16-62 months) and associated mental health and cognitive functioning. The study utilised the Rating of Inhibited Attachment Behavior Scale (Corval, et al., unpublished 2014) that has recently been developed by experts in the field along side The Disturbances of Attachment Interview (Smyke & Zeanah, 1999). Children were recruited as part of the BeST trial, whereby all infants who came in to the care of the local authority in Glasgow due to child protection concerns were invited to participate. The study sample was representative of the larger pool of data in terms of age, gender, mental health and cognitive functioning. Results: The sample was found to be representative of the population of maltreated children from which it was derived. Prevalence of RAD was found to be 7.3% (n=3, 95% CI [0.43 – 14.17]) at T1, when children are first placed in to foster care. At T2, following one year in improved care conditions, 4.3% (n=2, 95% CI [below 0 – 10.16]) met a borderline RAD diagnosis. Levels of observed RAD symptoms decreased significantly at T2 in comparison to T1 but carer reported symptoms of RAD did not. Children whose RAD symptoms did not improve were found to be significantly older and showed less prosocial behaviour. RAD was associated with some mental health and cognitive difficulties. Lower Verbal IQ and unexpectedly, prosocial behaviour were found to predict RAD symptoms. Conclusions: The preliminary findings have added to the developing understanding of RAD symptoms and associated difficulties however further exploration of RAD in larger samples would be invaluable.

Le soutien maternel à l’autonomie : stabilité et relation avec le développement des fonctions exécutives à l'âge préscolaire

Bien qu’il y ait de plus en plus d’études sur le soutien maternel à l’autonomie, de nombreuses questions restent à éclaircir dans le domaine. Notamment, on en sait très peu sur ses relations avec le développement cognitif de l’enfant, sa stabilité temporelle et les antécédents de celle-ci. La thèse est composée de trois articles empiriques. Le premier explore le rôle médiateur du langage dans la relation entre le soutien maternel à l'autonomie et les fonctions exécutives de l'enfant. Le deuxième examine la stabilité relative et absolue du soutien maternel à l'autonomie entre la petite enfance et l’âge préscolaire en fonction des représentations d'attachement de la mère, des évènements de vie stressants et du sexe de l'enfant. Le troisième article se penche sur le rôle du soutien maternel à l’autonomie mesuré à la petite enfance et à l’âge préscolaire dans la prédiction des fonctions exécutives de l’enfant, ainsi que sur l’impact de différents patrons de stabilité du soutien maternel à l’autonomie sur les fonctions exécutives. 70 dyades mère-enfant ont participé à 5 visites à domicile. Lorsque l’enfant était âgé de 7-8 mois, les représentations d’attachement de la mère ont été mesurées à l’aide de l’entrevue d’attachement à l’âge adulte (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1996). Le soutien maternel à l’autonomie a été mesuré à 15 mois et à 3 ans à l’aide du système de codification de Whipple, Bernier, et Mageau (2011). Les évènements de vie stressants ont été mesurés à 3 reprises entre l’âge de 15 mois et 3 ans à l’aide de l’inventaire des expériences de vie (Sarason, Johnson, & Siegel, 1978). À 2 ans, le langage de l’enfant a été évalué à l’aide des inventaires MacArthur du développement de la communication (Dionne, Tremblay, Boivin, Laplante, & Pérusse, 2003). Les fonctions exécutives de l’enfant ont quant à elles été mesurées à l’âge de 3 ans à l’aide d’une batterie de tâches (Carlson, 2005). Les résultats du premier article indiquent que le langage de l’enfant joue un rôle médiateur dans la relation entre le soutien maternel à l’autonomie et une composante des fonctions exécutives de l’enfant, l’inhibition volontaire. Les résultats du deuxième article démontrent que le soutien maternel à l’autonomie est stable de façon relative, mais non absolue. Les résultats démontrent aussi que les mères qui ont une fille, qui ont vécu peu d’évènements de vie stressants ou qui ont des représentations d’attachement sécurisées sont plus stables dans leur degré de soutien à l’autonomie. Le troisième article démontre d’abord que la moyenne de soutien maternel à l’autonomie entre 15 mois et 3 ans est un prédicteur plus efficace des fonctions exécutives de l’enfant que ne l’est le soutien à l’autonomie à 15 mois ou à 3 ans pris séparément. De plus, les enfants dont les mères conservent un degré élevé de soutien à l’autonomie entre 15 mois et 3 ans performent mieux aux tâches d’inhibition que les enfants dont les mères conservent un faible degré de soutien à l’autonomie. Les résultats présentés dans les articles sont discutés ainsi que leurs implications.

Duration of unspecific prodromal and clinical high risk states, and early help-seeking in first-admission psychosis patients

PURPOSE Prevention of psychosis requires both presence of clinical high risk (CHR) criteria and early help-seeking. Previous retrospective studies of the duration of untreated illness (i.e. prodrome plus psychosis) did not distinguish between prodromal states with and without CHR symptoms. Therefore, we examined the occurrence of CHR symptoms and first help-seeking, thereby considering effects of age at illness-onset. METHODS Adult patients first admitted for psychosis (n = 126) were retrospectively assessed for early course of illness and characteristics of first help-seeking. RESULTS One-hundred and nine patients reported a prodrome, 58 with CHR symptoms. In patients with an early illness-onset before age 18 (n = 45), duration of both illness and psychosis were elongated, and CHR symptoms more frequent (68.9 vs. 33.3 %) compared to those with adult illness-onset. Only 29 patients reported help-seeking in the prodrome; this was mainly self-initiated, especially in patients with an early illness-onset. After the onset of first psychotic symptoms, help-seeking was mainly initiated by others. State- and age-independently, mental health professionals were the main first point-of-call (54.0 %). CONCLUSIONS Adult first-admission psychosis patients with an early, insidious onset of symptoms before age 18 were more likely to recall CHR symptoms as part of their prodrome. According to current psychosis-risk criteria, these CHR symptoms, in principle, would have allowed the early detection of psychosis. Furthermore, compared to patients with an adult illness-onset, patients with an early illness-onset were also more likely to seek help on their own account. Thus, future awareness strategies to improve CHR detection might be primarily related to young persons and self-perceived subtle symptoms.

Is cannabis use a contributory cause of psychosis?

Objective: To assess whether cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood is a contributory cause of schizophreniform psychosis in that it may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Method: We reviewed longitudinal studies of adolescents and young adults that examined the relations between self-reported cannabis use and the risk of diagnosis with a psychosis or of reporting psychotic symptoms. We also reviewed studies that controlled for potential confounders, such as other forms of drug use and personal characteristics that predict an increased risk of psychosis. We assessed evidence for the biological plausibility of a contributory causal relation. Results: Evidence from 6 longitudinal studies in 5 countries shows that regular cannabis use predicts an increased risk of a schizophrenia diagnosis or of reporting symptoms of psychosis. These relations persisted after controlling for confounding variables, such as personal characteristics and other drug use. The relation did not seem to be a result of cannabis use to self-medicate symptoms of psychosis. A contributory causal relation is biologically plausible because psychotic disorders involve disturbances in the dopamine neurotransmitter systems with which the cannabinoid system interacts, as demonstrated by animal studies and one human provocation study. Conclusion: It is most plausible that cannabis use precipitates schizophrenia in individuals who are vulnerable because of a personal or family history of schizophrenia.

Représentations d'attachement mère-enfant et troubles anxieux pendant l'enfance: une étude de cas multiples

Les troubles anxieux et les symptômes associés s’avèrent être reconnus comme l’une des formes de psychopathologies vécues le plus fréquemment chez les enfants et les adolescents (Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003). Le degré de sécurité d’attachement est considéré depuis longtemps comme un facteur ayant une influence fondamentale sur le développement de l’enfant et dans l’émergence de psychopathologie (DeKlyen & Greenberg, 2008; Kobak, Cassidy, Lyons-Ruth, & Zir, 2006), s’avérant ainsi une variable importante pour comprendre l’émergence des troubles anxieux pendant l’enfance (Colonnesi et al., 2011). La présente étude de cas multiples s’avère la première à utiliser des mesures représentationnelles afin d’observer l’attachement auprès d’une population clinique d’enfants d’âge scolaire ayant un trouble anxieux (Child Attachment Interview) et chez leur mère (Adult Attachment Interview). Trois principaux objectifs, tous de nature exploratoire, sont visés: 1) procéder à une analyse approfondie des profils d’attachement chez les enfants ayant un trouble anxieux et leur mère, tant sur le plan des catégories que des dimensions d’attachement; 2) décrire les correspondances entre les représentations d’attachement de la mère et de son enfant; 3) examiner les associations entre les types de représentations d’attachement mère-enfant et les types de symptômes anxieux chez l’enfant. Pour ce faire, des mesures de ces deux variables ont été prises auprès de six enfants âgés entre 8 et 15 ans et leurs mères, recrutés au sein d’une clinique de troisième ligne spécialisée en traitement des troubles anxieux. Les résultats démontrent que la majorité des enfants ayant un trouble anxieux présente une insécurité des représentations d’attachement, accompagnée principalement d’une tendance à l’attachement détaché. Concernant les dimensions d’attachement, la majorité des enfants anxieux présente d’importants déficits liés à l’ouverture émotionnelle. De plus, toutes les mères présentent des représentations d’attachement se situant sur le continuum de la préoccupation, impliquant des stratégies d’hyperactivation (de modérées à élevées). Les mères des enfants ayant un attachement sécurisant composent avec des représentations d’attachement préoccupées par des évènements traumatiques. Ensuite, peu de correspondances intergénérationnelles sont observables. Une tendance à présenter des stratégies d’attachement complémentaires est plutôt relevée, particulièrement concernant des stratégies d’hyperactivation chez la mère (pôle préoccupé) et de désactivation chez l’enfant (pôle détaché). Par ailleurs, peu d’associations spécifiques sont identifiées entre les représentations d’attachement et les troubles anxieux, mis à part la présence d’insécurité chez les enfants ayant un trouble d’anxiété de séparation. Enfin, une importante tendance aux difficultés d’ordre psychosomatique est observée chez les enfants ayant un trouble anxieux. À la lumière de ces principales tendances relatives à l’attachement, des pistes cliniques seront proposées afin de soutenir l’intervention des équipes traitantes auprès des enfants composant avec un trouble anxieux et de leur mère.

Quality of institutional care and early childhood development

Institutional rearing adversely affects children’s development, but the extent to which specific characteristics of the institutional context and the quality of care provided contribute to problematic development remains unclear. In this study, 72 preschoolers institutionalised for at least 6 months were evaluated by their caregiver using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Disturbances of Attachment Interview. Distal and proximate indices of institutional caregiving quality were assessed using both staff reports and direct observation. Results revealed that greater caregiver sensitivity predicted reduced indiscriminate behaviour and secure-base distortions. A closer relationship with the caregiver predicted reduced inhibited attachment behaviour. Emotional and behavioural problems proved unrelated to caregiving quality. Results are discussed in terms of (non)-shared caregiving factors that influence institutionalised children’s development.

Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program (TIPP-Lausanne): implementation of an early intervention programme for psychosis in Switzerland.

AIM: In a survey conducted in the Lausanne catchment area in 2000, we could estimate on the basis of file assessment that first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients had psychotic symptoms for more than 2 years before treatment and that 50% did not attend any outpatient appointment after discharge from hospital. In this paper, we describe the implementation of a specialized programme aimed at improving engagement and quality of treatment for early psychosis patients in the Lausanne catchment area in Switzerland. METHOD: The Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program-Lausanne is a comprehensive 3-year programme composed of (i) an outpatient clinic based on assertive case management; (ii) a specialized inpatient unit; and (iii) an intensive mobile team, connected for research to the Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience. RESULTS: Eight years after implementation, the programme has included 350 patients with a disengagement rate of 9% over 3 years of treatment. All patients have been assessed prospectively and 90 participated in neurobiological research. Based on this experience, the Health Department funded the implementation of similar programmes in other parts of the state, covering a total population of 540 000 people. CONCLUSION: Programmes for early intervention in psychosis have a major impact on patients' engagement into treatment. While development of mobile teams and assertive case management with specific training are crucial, they do not necessitate massive financial support to be started. Inclusion of a research component is important as well, in terms of service planning and improvement of both quality of care and impact of early intervention strategies.

Event-related potentials and changes of brain rhythm oscillations during working memory activation in patients with first-episode psychosis.

Background: Earlier contributions have documented significant changes in sensory, attention-related endogenous event-related potential (ERP) components and θ band oscillatory responses during working memory activation in patients with schizophrenia. In patients with first-episode psychosis, such studies are still scarce and mostly focused on auditory sensory processing. The present study aimed to explore whether subtle deficits of cortical activation are present in these patients before the decline of working memory performance. Methods: We assessed exogenous and endogenous ERPs and frontal θ event-related synchronization (ERS) in patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy controls who successfully performed an adapted 2-back working memory task, including 2 visual n-backworking memory tasks as well as oddball detection and passive fixation tasks. Results: We included 15 patients with first-episode psychosis and 18 controls in this study. Compared with controls, patients with first-episode psychosis displayed increased latencies of early visual ERPs and phasic θ ERS culmination peak in all conditions. However, they also showed a rapid recruitment of working memory-related neural generators, even in pure attention tasks, as indicated by the decreased N200 latency and increased amplitude of sustained θ ERS in detection compared with controls. Limitations: Owing to the limited sample size, no distinction was made between patients with first-episode psychosis with positive and negative symptoms. Although we controlled for the global load of neuroleptics, medication effect cannot be totally ruled out. Conclusion: The present findings support the concept of a blunted electroencephalographic response in patients with first-episode psychosis who recruit the maximum neural generators in simple attention conditions without being able to modulate their brain activation with increased complexity of working memory tasks.

Family Alliance as a Moderator of the Link Between Maternal Postpartum Depression and Child Symptoms Assessed by Both Parents

We investigated the moderating effect of family relationships on the links between maternal postpartum depression and child symptoms in a low-risk community sample of families with 3-month-old infants (n = 57). The level of maternal depression was assessed by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale from a clinical interview, child symptoms by the Symptom Check List completed by both parents, and family relationships by direct observation of father-mother-baby interactions (Lausanne Trilogue Play). Families were categorized as high coordination or low coordination from their overall coordination level throughout the play. Results showed no significant links between maternal depression level and child symptoms reported by both parents. Mothers with a high depressive level in high coordination families tended to report more symptoms in their child than did mothers with lower depressive scores, whereas this link was not found in low coordination families. Prevention perspectives and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

O Contributo dos Fatores Psicológicos na Ocorrência do Parto Pré-termo

Some psychological variables of women seem to be in close relationship with the clinical course of pregnancy and delivery outcome. However, about risk factors for preterm birth, it is necessary to deepen the knowledge of the psychological risk area to enable more effective prevention. Aim: To relate the result of delivery, with regard to gestational age, mode of delivery and infant characteristics with psychological variables assessed during pregnancy, prenatal maternal attachment, psychopathological symptomatology and coping. Methodology: A prospective, descriptive correlational study; participants were 395 women at the second trimester of pregnancy and at postpartum, who attended antenatal clinics at the center of Portugal. The following instruments were used: Clinical Questionnaire about the Result of Delivery; Sociodemographic and Clinical Questionnaire in Pregnancy; Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale; Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI); Problems’ Resolution Inventory (PRI). Results: Gestational age and birth weight of the baby, on one side, and variables of prenatal attachment, BSI and PRI, on the other side, did not correlate significantly. The quality of prenatal maternal attachment was higher in women who came to have a delivery by forceps or vacuum extraction, compared with those that had caesarean birth (p = .05). The majority of women had a healthy pregnancy (75.7%). Coping strategies like Interpersonal Sensitivity and Help-seeking seem to influence the occurrence of obstetrical pathology. Women with higher scores on Total Prenatal Attachment and Intensity of Preocupation are more likely to have newborns with health problems. There is an association between clinical variables, the newborn´s health at birth and obstetric pathology of the II and III trimesters. Conclusion: Prenatal psychological factors such as prenatal attachment do not seem to influence the obstetric condition or the result of delivery but appear to play an important role about how pregnant women experience pregnancy and labor.

Psychotic symptom and cannabis relapse in recent-onset psychosis - Prospective study

Background: Cannabis use appears to exacerbate psychotic symptoms and increase risk of psychotic relapse. However, the relative contribution of cannabis use compared with other risk factors is unclear. The influence of psychotic symptoms on cannabis use has received little attention. Aims: To examine the influence of cannabis use on psychotic symptom relapse and the influence of psychotic symptom severity on relapse in cannabis use in the 6 months following hospital admission. Method: At baseline, 84 participants with recent-onset psychosis were assessed and 81 were followed up weekly for 6 months, using telephone and face-to-face interviews. Results: A higher frequency of cannabis use was predictive of psychotic relapse, after controlling for medication adherence, other substance use and duration of untreated psychosis. An increase in psychotic symptoms was predictive of relapse to cannabis use, and medication adherence reduced cannabis relapse risk. Conclusions: The relationship between cannabis use and psychosis may be bidirectional, highlighting the need for early intervention programmes to target cannabis use and psychotic symptom severity in this population. Declaration of interest: None. Funding detailed in Acknowledgements.

Psychotic symptoms are associated with physical health problems independently of a mental disorder diagnosis:results from the WHO World Health Survey

This study explored whether physical health problems are related to psychotic symptoms independently of a mental disorder diagnosis. A total of 224,254 subjects recruited for the World Health Organization World Health Survey were subdivided into those with both a lifetime diagnosis of psychosis and at least one psychotic symptom in the 12 months prior to the evaluation, those with at least one psychotic symptom in the past 12 months but no lifetime diagnosis of psychosis, and those without psychotic symptoms in the past 12 months and without a lifetime diagnosis of psychosis. The three groups were compared for the presence of medical conditions, health problems, and access to health care. Medical conditions and health problems (angina, asthma, arthritis, tuberculosis, vision or hearing problems, mouth/teeth problems, alcohol consumption, smoking, and accidents), medication consumption, and hospital admissions (but not regular health care visits) were more frequent in individuals with psychotic symptoms but no psychosis diagnosis, compared to those with no symptoms and no diagnosis. The number of medical conditions increased with the number of psychotic symptoms. Given the sample analyzed, this trend seems to be independent from the socio-economic development of the country or the specific health care system.

Opposite Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function and Psychopathology

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the two main ingredients of the Cannabis sativa plant have distinct symptomatic and behavioral effects. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy volunteers to examine whether Delta-9-THC and CBD had opposite effects on regional brain function. We then assessed whether pretreatment with CBD can prevent the acute psychotic symptoms induced by Delta-9-THC. Fifteen healthy men with minimal earlier exposure to cannabis were scanned while performing a verbal memory task, a response inhibition task, a sensory processing task, and when viewing fearful faces. Subjects were scanned on three occasions, each preceded by oral administration of Delta-9-THC, CBD, or placebo. BOLD responses were measured using fMRI. In a second experiment, six healthy volunteers were administered Delta-9-THC intravenously on two occasions, after placebo or CBD pretreatment to examine whether CBD could block the psychotic symptoms induced by Delta-9-THC. Delta-9-THC and CBD had opposite effects on activation relative to placebo in the striatum during verbal recall, in the hippocampus during the response inhibition task, in the amygdala when subjects viewed fearful faces, in the superior temporal cortex when subjects listened to speech, and in the occipital cortex during visual processing. In the second experiment, pretreatment with CBD prevented the acute induction of psychotic symptoms by Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Delta-9-THC and CBD can have opposite effects on regional brain function, which may underlie their different symptomatic and behavioral effects, and CBD`s ability to block the psychotogenic effects of Delta-9-THC. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 764-774; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.184; published online 18 November 2009

Agenesis of the posterior arch of the atlas

PURPOSE: To illustrate the radiological findings and review the current literature concerning a rare congenital abnormality of the posterior arch of the atlas. CASE REPORT: An adult female without neurological symptoms presented with an absent posterior arch of the atlas, examined with plain films and helical computerized tomography. Complete agenesis of the posterior arch of the atlas is a rare entity that can be easily identified by means of plain films. Although it is generally asymptomatic, atlantoaxial instability and neurological deficits may occur because of structural instability. Computerized tomography provides a means of assessing the extent of this abnormality and can help evaluate the integrity of neural structures. Although considered to be rare entities, defects of the posterior arch of the atlas may be discovered as incidental asymptomatic findings in routine cervical radiographs. Familiarity with this abnormality may aid medical professionals in the correct management of these cases.

Instruments measuring spirituality in clinical research: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous instruments have been developed to assess spirituality and measure its association with health outcomes. This study's aims were to identify instruments used in clinical research that measure spirituality; to propose a classification of these instruments; and to identify those instruments that could provide information on the need for spiritual intervention. METHODS: A systematic literature search in MEDLINE, CINHAL, PsycINFO, ATLA, and EMBASE databases, using the terms "spirituality" and "adult$," and limited to journal articles was performed to identify clinical studies that used a spiritual assessment instrument. For each instrument identified, measured constructs, intended goals, and data on psychometric properties were retrieved. A conceptual and a functional classification of instruments were developed. RESULTS: Thirty-five instruments were retrieved and classified into measures of general spirituality (N = 22), spiritual well-being (N = 5), spiritual coping (N = 4), and spiritual needs (N = 4) according to the conceptual classification. Instruments most frequently used in clinical research were the FACIT-Sp and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Data on psychometric properties were mostly limited to content validity and inter-item reliability. According to the functional classification, 16 instruments were identified that included at least one item measuring a current spiritual state, but only three of those appeared suitable to address the need for spiritual intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Instruments identified in this systematic review assess multiple dimensions of spirituality, and the proposed classifications should help clinical researchers interested in investigating the complex relationship between spirituality and health. Findings underscore the scarcity of instruments specifically designed to measure a patient's current spiritual state. Moreover, the relatively limited data available on psychometric properties of these instruments highlight the need for additional research to determine whether they are suitable in identifying the need for spiritual interventions.