L'atomo di idrogeno: righe, serie e sua importanza in astrofisica

L'atomo di idrogeno è il più leggero ed abbondante dell'universo. Esiste sotto forma di molecola H2, ionizzato e neutro: di seguito si analizzeranno le principali caratteristiche di queste tre fasi e si sottolineeranno i criteri ambientali che determinano la presenza di idrogeno in una o nell'altra fase e in particolare a quali processi radiattivi corrispondono. Si accenna inoltre al ruolo fondamentale che esso svolge in alcuni ambiti della ricerca astrofisica come la determinazione della curva di rotazione delle galassie a spirale o l'osservazione di regioni di formazione stellare. L'elaborato si apre con una panoramica sulla trattazione quantistica dell'atomo di idrogeno. Si parlerà delle sue autofunzioni e dei livelli energetici relativi, delle regole di selezione tra gli stati e in particolare degli effetti di struttura iperfine che portano alla formazione della riga a 21 cm, potentissimo mezzo di indagine in nostro possesso. Si aggiunge infine una breve trattazione su come l'idrogeno funga da carburante per la vita delle stelle.

Campi magnetici in astrofisica: determinazione dell'intensità minima e massima del campo magnetico delle pulsar

L’intento dell’elaborato è quello di ricavare i limiti teorici ai quali è soggetta l’intensità del campo magnetico delle pulsar. Troveremo due relazioni: una che esprime il valore massimo dell’intensità del campo magnetico per una pulsar, e una che ne esprime il valore minimo. Combineremo infine i nostri due risultati in una disequazione, nella quale l'intensità del campo magnetico di una pulsar è minorata e maggiorata dai due termini trovati. Il valore massimo che può assumere l’intensità del campo magnetico di una pulsar verrà derivato dalla condizione di stabilità espressa dal teorema del viriale per un sistema sferico rotante in presenza di un campo magnetico. Enunceremo inizialmente il teorema del viriale nella sua forma generale, dopodiché ne presenteremo l'espressione in un caso statico in presenza di un campo magnetico. Abbandoneremo poi il caso statico per includere l'effetto della rotazione, non trascurabile nel caso delle pulsar. Dopo aver adattato la condizione di stabilità derivante dal teorema del viriale al nostro modello di pulsar, ricaveremo il valore massimo dell'intensità del campo magnetico. Il valore minimo che può assumere l’intensità del campo magnetico di una pulsar verrà ricavato uguagliando la potenza emessa dalla pulsar mentre ruota (approssimata ad un dipolo rotante) con la perdita di energia rotazionale che si osserva normalmente per questi oggetti. Otterremo alla fine due termini che delimitano i valori che può assumere l’intensità del campo magnetico per una pulsar. Sostituendo alla relazione trovata i valori di raggio e massa tipici per una pulsar, saremo in grado di riscrivere tale relazione unicamente in funzione del periodo di rotazione della pulsar e della sua derivata rispetto al tempo. Sostituiremo i valori di periodo e derivata temporale del periodo di una pulsar esistente per avere un’idea del range di valori sotteso dai due termini trovati.

Processi di scattering in astrofisica

L'attenzione è stata posta su tre fenomeni fondamentali di scattering: Thomson, Compton e Compton inverso. Sono state sottolineate alcune ed eventuali applicazioni astrofisiche di questi e valutate le implicazioni o generalizzazioni che da tali fenomeni possono derivare: Synchrotron Self-Compton, Comptonizzazione ed effetto Sunyaev-Zeldovich termico. Infine è stato preso un caso astrofisico come applicazione di questi fenomeni: Sagittarius A*, una fonte radio proveniente dal centro della nostra galassia, molto studiata negli anni, citando un articolo pubblicato su una rivista scientifica nel 2012.

A fluorescence model of the C3 radical in comets

Theoretical resonance fluorescence calculations are presented of the triatomic C3 radical and are compared with observations of the C3 emission in comets Hale-Bopp and de Vico. A theoretical model of the C3 vibration-rotational structure in the A1Piu - X1Sigmag + electronic system is introduced. The model takes into account the detailed structure of the bending mode nu2 which is responsible for the emission of the 4050 Å group. A total of 1959 levels are considered, with 515 levels in the ground state. The main effort is to model high-resolution spectra of the 4050 Å emission in comets C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp and 122P/1995 S1 de Vico. The agreement between observed and theoretical spectra is good for a value of the dipole moment derivative of dmu/dr ~ 2.5 Debye Å-1. The modeled C3 emission exhibits a pronounced Swings effect. Based on observations made with William Herschel Telescope operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, and on observations made at the McDonald Observatory, which is operated by the University of Texas at Austin, USA.

Actividades sencillas de astrof??sica

Se trata de una gu??a escolar para los profesores, realizada por la Asociaci??n para la Ense??anza de la Astronom??a (ApEA), en la que se dan a conocer los principios b??sicos de astronom??a. En esta obra se han recopilado 13 actividades, que est??n relacionadas con los conceptos de la astrof??sica. En las actividades se realizan estimaciones relacionadas con la astrof??sica, como calcular la distancia a las estrellas, calcular la luminosidad del Sol o conocer el n??mero de estrellas de la galaxia. Se realizan observaciones sencillas de temas complejos, como de las emisiones de radio de J??piter, los meteoritos que provienen de la formaci??n del sistema solar o del espectro de emisi??n de gases calientes. Se realizan modelos de conceptos usados en astrof??sica como la expansi??n del Universo, la curvatura del espacio, las distancias en el sistema solar, los cr??teres de impacto, el n??cleo de un cometa, o la explosi??n de una supernova. Las actividades proceden de p??ginas de Internet, libros y revistas, de los encuentros de la Asociaci??n para la Ense??anza de la Astronom??a y otras desarrolladas por alumnos en el aula.

Metallicity effects on the modified wind momentum of CSPN

Recent investigations on the central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPN) indicate that the masses based on model atmospheres can be much larger than the masses derived from theoretical mass-luminosity relations. Also, the dispersion in the relation between the modified wind momentum and the luminosity depends on the mass spread of the CSPN, and is larger than observed in massive hot stars. Since the wind characteristics probably depend on the metallicity, we analyze the effects on the modified wind momentum by considering the dispersion in this quantity caused by the stellar metallicity. Our CSPN masses are based on a relation between the core mass and the nebular abundances. We conclude that these masses agree with the known mass distribution both for CSPN and white dwarfs, and that the spread in the modified wind momentum can be explained by the observed metallicity variations.

PLANETARY NEBULAE IN THE INNER MILKY WAY II: THE BULGE-DISK TRANSITION

In this work, a sample of planetary nebulae located in the inner-disk and bulge of the Galaxy is used in order to find the galactocentric distance which better separates these two populations, from the point of view of abundances. Statistical distance scales are used to study the distribution of abundances across the disk-bulge interface. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to find the distance at which the chemical properties of these regions better separate. The results of the statistical analysis indicate that, on the average, the inner population has lower abundances than the outer. Additionally, for the a-element abundances, the inner population does not follow the disk radial gradient towards the galactic center. Based on our results, we suggest a bulge-disk interface at 1.5 kpc, marking the transition between the bulge and inner-disk of the Galaxy as defined by the intermediate mass population.

PLANETARY NEBULAE IN THE INNER MILKY WAY: NEW ABUNDANCES

The study of planetary nebulae in the inner-disk and bulge gives important information on the chemical abundances of elements such as He, N, O, Ar, Ne, and on the evolution of these abundances, which is associated with the evolution of intermediate-mass stars and the chemical evolution of time Galaxy. We present accurate abundances of the elements He, N, 5, 0, Ar, and Ne for a sample of 54 planetary nebulae located towards the bulge of the Galaxy, for 33 of which the abundances are derived here for the first time. The abundances are obtained based on observations in the optical domain made at the National Laboratory for Astrophysics (LNA, Brazil). The data show a good agreement; with other results in the literature, in the sense that the distribution of the abundances is similar to that of those works.

PLANETARY NEBULAE AND THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS

The determination of accurate chemical abundances of planetary nebulae (PN) in different galaxies allows us to obtain important constraints on chemical evolution models for these systems. We have a long-term program to derive abundances in the galaxies of the Local Group, particularly the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. In this work, we present our new results on these objects and discuss their implications in view of recent abundance determinations in the literature. In particular, we obtain distance-independent correlations involving He, N, O, Ne, S, and Ar, and compare the results with data from our own Galaxy and other galaxies in the Local Group. As a result of our observational program, we have a large database of PN in the Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds, so that we can obtain reliable constraints on the nucleosynthesis processes in the progenitor stars in galaxies of different metallicities.

Advanced functionality for radio analysis in the Offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The advent of the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) necessitates the development of a powerful framework for the analysis of radio measurements of cosmic ray air showers. As AERA performs ""radio-hybrid"" measurements of air shower radio emission in coincidence with the surface particle detectors and fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the radio analysis functionality had to be incorporated in the existing hybrid analysis solutions for fluorescence and surface detector data. This goal has been achieved in a natural way by extending the existing Auger Offline software framework with radio functionality. In this article, we lay out the design, highlights and features of the radio extension implemented in the Auger Offline framework. Its functionality has achieved a high degree of sophistication and offers advanced features such as vectorial reconstruction of the electric field, advanced signal processing algorithms, a transparent and efficient handling of FFTs, a very detailed simulation of detector effects, and the read-in of multiple data formats including data from various radio simulation codes. The source code of this radio functionality can be made available to interested parties on request. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anisotropy and chemical composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has reported. evidence for anisotropy in the distribution of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies E > E(th) = 5.5 x 10(19) eV. These show a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects, including an apparent excess around the direction of Centaurus A. If the particles responsible for these excesses at E > E(th) are heavy nuclei with charge Z, the proton component of the sources should lead to excesses in the same regions at energies E/Z. We here report the lack of anisotropies in these directions at energies above E(th)/Z (for illustrative values of Z = 6, 13, 26). If the anisotropies above E(th) are due to nuclei with charge Z, and under reasonable assumptions about the acceleration process, these observations imply stringent constraints on the allowed proton fraction at the lower energies.

Search for first harmonic modulation in the right ascension distribution of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above 2.5 x 10(17) eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% C.L. for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Pierre Auger Observatory scaler mode for the study of solar activity modulation of galactic cosmic rays

Since data-taking began in January 2004, the Pierre Auger Observatory has been recording the count rates of low energy secondary cosmic ray particles for the self-calibration of the ground detectors of its surface detector array. After correcting for atmospheric effects, modulations of galactic cosmic rays due to solar activity and transient events are observed. Temporal variations related with the activity of the heliosphere can be determined with high accuracy due to the high total count rates. In this study, the available data are presented together with an analysis focused on the observation of Forbush decreases, where a strong correlation with neutron monitor data is found.

The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The ""hybrid"" detection mode combines the information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are used in both simulation and reconstruction. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz`min energy threshold, 6 x 10(19) eV. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than 3.1 degrees from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the Veron-Cetty and Veron 12th catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is (38(-6)(+7))%, compared with 21% expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of (69-(+11)(13))%. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.