Case records.

Mode of access: Internet.

Collected papers of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.

Mode of access: Internet.

The danger zone of Europe, changes and problems in the Near East,

ACCESS: May only be used at the Armenian Research Center ; please call 313 593-5181 for Center hours.

Ihanteena vapaaehtoisuus : Diakoniatyö Porvoon hiippakunnan seurakunnissa, erityisesti Iitin ja Tampereen rovastikunnissa vuosina 1897-1923

The Ideal of Volunteerism. An institutional approach to social welfare work in the parishes of the Diocese of Porvoo especially in the deaneries of Iitti and Tampere, Finland, in the years 1897-1923 Social welfare work (also known as diakonia) has achieved a high status in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Since 1944, provisions of the Finnish Church Act have obliged each parish to employ at least one deacon or deaconess. This study sets out to examine the background and development of social welfare work in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland from the 1890s to the 1920s, by which time social welfare work had become an established practice in the Church. The study investigates the development of social welfare work on the level of parishes. The main source material was collected from sixteen parishes in the Diocese of Porvoo especially in the deaneries of Iitti and Tampere. In the 1890s, two approaches were used in church social work in Finland. The dioceses of Kuopio, Savonlinna and Turku pursued a congregational approach to social work, while the Diocese of Porvoo employed an institutional approach, mainly because of the influence of Bishop Herman Råbergh. This study charts the formation of church social work in Finnish parishes, which took place during a period of tension between the two approaches. The institutional approach to church social work adopted by the Diocese of Porvoo was based on the German system of Asisters= houses@, in which deaconess institutes sent parish sisters to serve congregations. The parish or, in many cases, a separate association dedicated to church social work paid an annual fee to the deaconess institute, which took care of the parish sisters in old age. In the institutional approach, volunteers were recruited to carry out church social work. It was considered as inappropriate to use tax revenue or other public funding for church social work, which was supposed to be based on Christian love for one=s fellow humans and the needy, and for which only voluntary financial contributions were supposed to be used. In the congregational approach, church social work was directly based on the efforts of the parish. The approach relied on the administrative bodies of parishes and the Church, and tax revenue collected by the parishes, as well as other forms of public funding, could be used to carry out the social welfare work. The parishes employed deacons and deaconesses and paid their salaries. The approaches described above were not pursued in their ideal forms; instead, many variations existed. However, in principle, the social welfare work undertaken by the parishes of the Diocese of Porvoo was based on the institutional approach, while the congregational approach was largely employed elsewhere in Finland. Both of the approaches were viable. Parishes began to employ deacons and deaconesses as of the 1890s. The number of parishes which had hired a deacon or deaconess increased particularly in the 1910s, by which time 60% of parishes had employed one. This level was maintained until 1944 when each parish in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland was obliged to employ a deacon or deaconess. Deaconesses usually worked as travelling nurses. The autonomous status of Finland as part of the Russian Empire did not give Finns the right to develop legislation on social affairs and health care. Consequently, the legislation process did not begin until Finland gained its independence in 1917. The social welfare work carried out by parishes and a number of voluntary organisations satisfied the emerging need for medical treatment in Finnish society. Neither the government nor the municipalities had sufficient resources to provide this treatment. Based on the ideal of volunteerism, the institutional social work practiced in the Diocese of Porvoo ran into serious difficulties at the end of the First World War. Because of severe inflation, prices began to rise as of 1915 and tripled in 1917-1918. During the same period, Finnish society went through a deep crisis which escalated into Civil War in spring 1918. This period of economic and social turmoil marked a turning-point which led to a weakening of the status of institutional social work in parishes. Voluntary efforts were no longer sufficient to maintain the practice. In contrast, congregational social work, which was based on public funding, was able to cope with the changes and survived the crisis. The approach to social work adopted by the Diocese of Porvoo turned out to be no more than a brief detour in the history of social work in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. At the start of the 1920s, the two approaches were integrated into a common vision for establishing church social work as a statutory practice in parishes.

Manoel Bomfim e formação de professores: reflexões sobre Lições de Pedagogia (1915)

O livro Lições de Pedagogia (1915) foi produzido por Manoel José do Bomfim (1868-1932). Médico, formado pela Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 1890, com a tese Das nefrites, Bomfim iniciou seus trabalhos em Educação no ano de 1896 na instituição Pedagogium como subdiretor, órgão no qual atuou como diretor por longa data, entre os finais do século XIX e princípios do século XX. Nesse período também foi professor da Escola Normal do Distrito Federal, tendo publicado vários livros, entre eles o que foi convertido em núcleo central desta dissertação. Bomfim relata que os resumos de suas aulas na Escola Normal foram transformados em livro no ano de 1915 como preocupação de não que se perdessem os conteúdos lecionados durante o período em que foi professor na Escola citada. Precisava guardar memória do trabalho que fora desenvolvido enquanto docente do curso de Pedagogia. Reformas curriculares estavam sendo realizadas naquela instituição, voltadas para unificar os cursos de Pedagogia e Psicologia. Com isso, muito do conteúdo referente ao campo de Psicologia foi retirado do programa, medida que autor discordava. Assim, percebemos que o livro em seu formato material nunca adentrou as salas de aula de Manoel Bomfim, embora seu conteúdo tenha sido ministrado. Neste trabalho, analisamos aspectos gerais do livro Lições de Pedagogia (1915) como documento de memória da prática educativa do autor como professor de futuros professores destinados à Educação Primária ou Educação Elementar de crianças, com idade entre 6 e 15 anos, no Rio de Janeiro, Distrito Federal, capital da República do Brasil. Para esta reflexão, agregamos a leitura de quatro teses apresentadas à Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 1890. Com esta leitura, buscamos relacionar traços da formação médica do autor com as prescrições para a Escola Normal, materializadas no livro, com três edições nos anos de 1915, 1917 e 1926; sendo esta última a edição trabalhada nesta dissertação. Outro trabalho considerado de forma incidental nesta reflexão corresponde ao do livro Pensar e Dizer (2006, [1923]), em que Bomfim estuda as relações entre símbolo e linguagem, conceitos que também apresentavam desdobramentos para o campo da Educação, indício das teses que procurava legitimar orientadas pela perspectiva médica à qual Manoel Bomfim se encontrava associado

José Carlos Rodrigues: um interlocutor privilegiado nos bastidores do poder (1867-1915)

A presente tese examina a história de vida do homem de negócios e jornalista fluminense José Carlos Rodrigues (1844 1923), detendo-se, em particular, no lapso de tempo compreendido entre os anos de 1867 e 1915. A primeira data corresponde ao início da temporada de José Carlos nos Estados Unidos da América e a segunda, ao seu afastamento do Jornal do Commercio, órgão da imprensa carioca, do qual foi proprietário entre 1890 e 1915. A pesquisa empreendida analisa as amizades pessoais, além dos vínculos profissionais estabelecidos por Rodrigues, a partir de sua inserção nos campos da imprensa, da política, dos negócios e das letras, no Rio de Janeiro, em Nova York e em Londres, cidades em que viveu no período abordado. Evidencia, também, que essa ampla rede de sociabilidade foi sendo tecida, progressivamente, não apenas pelo conhecido caráter empreendedor do publicista, mas, sobretudo, graças a arranjos sociais e políticos, através do acesso a informações privilegiadas. Mais do que bibliófilo e filantropo, José Carlos Rodrigues atuou nos círculos políticos, interferindo ora de forma clara, ora nos bastidores do poder.

Annual report of the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, 1915

The reports are also published in the Annual report of the Department of Agriculture of the province of Ontario, and in the Sessional papers of the province of Ontario "Printed by order of the Legislative Assembly" [-1923] "Printed by order of ... Minister of Agriculture" [1924-] 25th, 1893- pub. by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto 1890 -1908 reports are bound with the corresponding annual reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario 1894 -1905 reports are bound with the corresponding annual reports of the Fruit Experiment Stations of Ontario 1906 -1910 reports are bound with the corresponding Report of the Fruit Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ontario