“Stress Responses of Stinging Catfish Heteropneustes fassilis (Bloch) to Organophosphorus Insecticide Monocrotophos”

Poisoning by pesticides from agricultural fields is a serious water pollution problem and its environmental long-term effect may result in the incidence of poisoning of fish and other aquatic life forms (jyothi and Narayan, 1999). Fishes like Heteropneustesfbssilis and C/arius batrac/nus are especially prone to serious pesticide pollution as their habitat is mostly the agriculture area. Though only few studies are conducted in this area, it can be assessed from the local information that, population of such fish is on the verge of vulnerability due to extensive use of pesticides. The knowledge of sublethal effects of xenobiotic compounds on hematological parameters, enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations is very important to delineate the fish health status and provide a future understanding of ecological impacts. These pesticides act by causing inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes (ChE) by formation of enzyme inhibitor complex (O'Brien, 1976) and damaging the nervous system. These effects may result in metabolic disorders. Associated to cholinesterase activities, a study of other enzymes such as phosphatases and aminotransferases close to intermediary metabolite determination provides a wider view of metabolism. Interest in toxicological aspects has grown in recent years and research is now increasingly focused on mechanistic aspects of oxidative damage and cellular responses in biological system. The term ‘biomarker’ is generally used in a broad sense to include almost any measurement reflecting an interaction between a biological system and a potential hazard, which may be chemical, physical or biological (WHO, 1993). As biomarker stands for immediate responses, they are used as early warning signals of biological effects caused by environmental pollutants. The present work attempts to assess the toxicity of organophosphorus insecticide monocrotophos on the experimental organism selected for this study namely stinging catfish (Heteropneustesfossi/is) (Bloch), and to probe into the stress responses of the organism

Cestóides da ordem Trypanorhyncha em peixes de importância comercial capturados no litoral amazônico

Objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a fauna parasitária, em especial os cestóides da ordem Trypanorhyncha, que acometem peixes de valor comercial capturados no litoral amazônico e avaliar os possíveis impactos na produção pesqueira industrial. Foram examinados 328 exemplares de cinco espécies de peixes: Cynoscion acoupa, Macrodon ancylodon, Plagioscion squanosissimus, Centropumus undecimalis, Arius Parkeri. Foi feita a mensuração do seu comprimento total e pesagem dos peixes, na filetagem examinou as regiões corporais, musculatura e serosa. Os blastocistos de Trypanorhyncha encontrados foram removidos e encaminhados para Laboratório Carlos Azevedo. Todas as espécies pesquisadas estavam parasitadas por Trypanorhyncha, totalizando 283 (73,78%) exemplares parasitados. A espécie Callitetrarhynchus gracilis apresentou maior prevalência parasitária. Poecilancistrium aryophyllum foi a que mais parasitou as espécies de peixes estudadas, seguida da Pterobothrium crassicolle e as Pterobothrium heteracanthum e Callitetrarhynchus speciosum, parasitaram Cynoscion acoupa e Arius Parkeri, respectivamente. As regiões da musculatura abdominal e dorso-lateral foram as mais acometidas.

Pesquisa de helmintos em musculatura e serosa abdominal de peixes de importância comercial capturados no litoral norte do Brasil

Com o objetivo de pesquisar a presença de helmintos, suas freqüências e intensidades de infecções, na musculatura e serosa abdominal parietal de peixes de importância comercial beneficiados em Belém-PA, foram examinados 175 exemplares de quatro espécies de peixes capturados no litoral norte do Brasil, sendo três espécies marinhas da Família Sciaenidae – a pescada amarela (Cynoscion acoupa), a pescada-cambuçú (Cynoscion virescens) e a pescadinha-gó ou pescada-foguete (Macrodon ancylodon); e um siluriforme estuarino da Família Ariidae - a uritinga (Arius proops). Os peixes foram mensurados quanto ao seu comprimento corporal padrão, analisou-se a musculatura e a serosa abdominal em mesa de inspeção “candling table” após o filetamento das amostras. Foi encontrado apenas parasitismo por larvas plerocercóides de cestóides da Ordem Trypanorhyncha. Os blastocistos recuperados foram observados quanto a sua morfologia e tamanho, sendo o mesmo realizado com os escólices após a sua liberação. Todas as espécies de peixes analisadas apresentavam indivíduos parasitados, sendo 16% em M. ancylodon, 77,78% em A. proops, 79,17% em C. virescens e 82% em C. acoupa, correspondendo uma freqüência parasitária geral de 61,71% (108 exemplares) e uma intensidade média de infecção de aproximadamente seis larvas por peixe. As freqüências de infecção apresentadas pelas espécies de cestóides foram as seguintes: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (52,57%), Pterobothrium heteracanthum (13,71%), Poecilancistrium caryophyllum (12%) e Pterobothrium crassicolle (3,43%). Entre os peixes parasitados, 85,19% apresentavam parasitismo na região abdominal (serosa e musculatura abdominal) e 81,48% parasitismo muscular (musculatura abdominal e corporal). A espécie P. heteracanthum preferencialmente parasitou a região abdominal dos peixes e a espécie P. caryophyllum a musculatura. Verificou-se associação significativa (P < 0,01) entre as espécies de peixes analisadas e a freqüência de parasitismo.

A note on the occurrence of praniza larvae of Gnathiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) on fishes from Northeast of Pará, Brazil

Foi estudada a parasitose dos peixes estuarinos Mugil gaimardianus Desmarest, 1831 (Mugilidae), Arius phrygiatus Valenciennes, 1839 (Ariidae), Conodon nobilis Linnaeus, 1759 (Haemulidae), Cetengraulis edentulus Cuvier, 1829 (Engraulidae), e Anableps anableps Linnaeus, 1758 (Anablepidae) por larvas praniza de Gnathiidae (Crustacea, Isopoda) em exemplares pescados no Oceano Atlântico, no Nordeste do Pará, próximo a Bragança, Brasil. O valor mais elevado da prevalência da infecção foi observado em A. anableps (42,3%) e o menor em C. nobilis (9,1%). A intensidade média da parasitose variou entre 1 parasita em C. nobilis até 19,5 em A. phrygiatus. Efetua-se a descrição da larva, verificando-se que a morfologia da armadura bucal está relacionada com a atividade sugadora de sangue, e faz-se a comparação com as características de outras espécies.

A pesca de curral no município de São Caetano de Odivelas-PA

A pesca de curral é uma das artes de pesca mais tradicionais e produtivas da costa paraense e com uma produção que chega a representar 10% da produção pesqueira do Nordeste paraense (Santos et al., 2005). Sua produtividade depende tanto do modo como o curral é feito quanto do local onde é instalado. Para a realização desse trabalho, 12 currais de pesca foram selecionados em relação ao tipo (coração, enfia e cachimbo), ao local de instalação (“de beira” ou “de fora”) e ao tipo de ambiente em que se encontra (beira de rio, beira de praia e banco de areia), foram georreferenciados e tiveram sua produtividade pesqueira acompanhada durante o período de safra (junho, julho e agosto) de 2012. Na comunidade de São João de Ramos, foram monitorados 3 currais de beira do tipo coração, instalados as margens do rio Paruipema, e 3 currais de fora do tipo enfia, instalados em bancos de areia nas praias do rato e do marinheiro. Na comunidade do Aê, foram monitorados os 6 currais classificados como currais de beira, sendo 3 do tipo coração e 3 do tipo cachimbo, e todos se encontravam instalados na praia Ponta de Itaipu. Foram capturados 4.274 indivíduos, distribuídos em 9 ordens, 20 famílias e 43 espécies de peixes. A ordem Perciformes foi a que apresentou o maior número de famílias (10 famílias ou 50% do total), o maior número de espécies (19 ou 44%) e o maior número de indivíduos (3.190 ou 75% do total). As famílias Sciaenidae e Ariidae são as mais abundantes na região tanto em número de espécies quanto em indivíduos. A família Sciaenidae foi a que apresentou o maior número de indivíduos (2.855 ou 67%), mas apresentou menos espécies (8 ou 19%) que a família Ariidae, com 10 espécies ou 23% do total. Das 43 espécies capturadas, as quatro mais representadas foram: Macrodon ancylodon (51%), Arius couma (9%), Cynoscion virescens (9%) e Mugil incilis (4%). A comparação da captura entre os currais e localidades ao longo dos meses de monitoramento indicou que a produção total dos currais diferiu entre os tipos de currais associados com sua localidade.

Imigração laboral intrarregional: ilegalidade e trabalho precário nos complexos têxteis-vestuários metropolitanos

The present work attempts a comparative perspective of the apparel industry that make use of foreign workers in the São Paulo City and New York City. We have among the central hypothesis the increase of sector based in the use of illegal immigrants workforce and precarious work relations. Seek to understand the phenomenon from their own mechanisms cultures immigration historically established in these cities and in the productive sector. For such, we use a literature review about the transnational migration of workers and the sector productive organization. We expect to constitute theoretical instrumental that contributes for the understanding of the thematic and allow establishing links between the Brazilian and the U.S experience.

A NEW SPECIES OF CATHOROPS (SILURIFORMES; ARIIDAE) FROM MESOAMERICA, WITH REDESCRIPTION OF FOUR SPECIES FROM THE EASTERN PACIFIC

The great similarities in the external morphologies and the lack of knowledge on ontogenetic and intersexual differences of species in the ariid genus Cathorops Jordan and Gilbert, 1882, has led to an abundance of misidentifications, causing great nomenclatural instability. Accordingly, the taxonomic statuses of the Cathorops species described from Eastern Pacific have remained controversial in the literature, even in recent studies. Here, we describe Cathorops raredonae, a new species from Mesoamerica (Mexico to El Salvador) and redescribe (in Cathorops) Tachysurus liropus Bristol, 1897, and Arius taylori Hildebrand, 1925, often listed as junior synonyms of Cathorops fuerthii (Steindachner, 1877) and Cathorops steindachneri (Gilbert and Starks, 1904), respectively, or treated as species inquirendae in Cathorops. We also redescribe and redefine the circumscriptions of C. fuerthii and C. steindachneri. Finally, we summarize current statuses of nominal species of Cathorops from the Eastern Pacific and provide an artificial key to identify the valid Pacific species.

Taxonomic Status and Redescription of the Gillbacker Sea Catfish (Siluriformes: Ariidae: Sciades parkeri)

The Gillbacker Sea Catfish is a valid species of ariid catfish from the northeastern coast of South America. There are many synonyms In the literature for the Gillbacker Sea Catfish and even recent classifications have used different scientific names. Examination of a wide range of sizes of Individuals from different localities and examination of types and original species descriptions of Silurus parkeri, Bagrus flavescens, B. emphysetus, Arius physacanthus, A. bonneti, A. clavispinosus, and A. despaxi has lead us to the conclusion that all these names refer to the Gillbacker Sea Catfish and the valid name for the species is Sciades parkeri. The species is distinguished from all other ariid species by the following combination of features: body coloration yellow; swim bladder divided Into three chambers, posterior chamber moderately sized; nuchal plate shield-shaped, usually larger than supraocciptal process; anterior notch of nuchal plate absent; head shield exposed and granulated In orbital and postorbital regions; lateral edge of accessory patches not emarginated or shallowly notched; fleshy furrow connecting posterior nares absent; and mesial gill rakers absent from first two gill arches. Striking intraspecific and/or ontogenetic variation In eye size, maxillary-barbel length, supraoccipital-process size, nuchal-plate size and shape, and dorsal-spine thickness contributed to the numerous synonyms and misidentifications for Sciades parkeri. Bagrus albicans, described from French Guiana, has at times been listed as a synonym of Sciades parkeri. Our examination of the holotype of B. albicans, however, led us to conclude that It is a synonym of Sciades proops.

Review of the Genus Cathorops (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the Caribbean and Atlantic South America, with Description of a New Species

The New World genus Cathorops in the family Ariidae (Sea Catfishes) includes species that inhabit estuarine and coastal waters as well as freshwaters, playing an important role in Neotropical coastal and estuarine fisheries. The relatively conserved external morphology coupled with the marked sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variation makes it difficult to recognize and diagnose the species. One of the major problems concerns the nomenclatural and geographical limits, of C. spixii, described from tropical Brazil and often treated as the only coastal marine species in the genus from the Western Atlantic. Examination of types of nominal species as well as comprehensive collections of non-types from Caribbean and Atlantic South America, lead us to conclude that C. spixii is restricted to Brazil and that C. nuchalis is a valid species, ranging from Venezuela to Guyana. The nominal species Arius laticeps, Arius nigricans, and Arius variolosus are synonyms of C. nuchalis, C. spixii, and C. arenatus, respectively. We also describe a new species in the Cathorops mapale species group from Colombia and Venezuela.

The Little Metropolis: Religion, Politics, & Spolia

There have been numerous councils throughout the Catholic Church?s history. From the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE to Vatican II in 1962, only a few centuries have passed without any major church doctrinal change. Following hand in hand with changes in doctrine came the bifurcation of the Christian Church into the Roman CatholicChurch and the Orthodox Church. The first split came in 325 CE with Arianism. Arius of Alexandria and his followers did not agree with the Catholic Church?s viewpoint that the son, Jesus, should be on equal footing with the Father and the Holy Spirit. Constantine the Great brought the Arianism debate to the First Council of Nicaea,which declared Arianism a heretical religion. The following Catholic council?s decisions separated the two Churches even more, eventually creating the formal separation of the Church during the East-West Schism in the middle of the 11th century. Although the twoChurches constantly tried to unite, the Churches hit speed bumps along the way. Eventually, the 1274 Second Council of Lyons officially united the two Churches, even if only for an ephemeral time. At first glance, it might not seem that much resulted from the 1274 Second Council of Lyons. Almost immediately after the council?s ruling, the two Churches split again. Little is known as to why the 1274 Second Council of Lyons ultimately failed in its unification attempt. In this thesis, I will examine the churches of the Little Metropolis at Athens, Merbaka in the Argolid, and Agioi Theodoroi in Athens. In detailing the architectural features of these buildings, I will reconstruct the church building program in association with the 1274 Second Council of Lyons. I will also compare these churchesusing historical sources to keep the sociological, religious, political, and historical context accurate.

The post-Nicene Greek fathers.

The Alexandrian and the Antiochian schools.--Symbols of the first four councils.--The post-Nicene Greek fathers: Eusebius. Athanasius. Arius. Cyril of Jerusalem. Ephraem Syrus. Marcelius and the Apollinaril. Basil. Gregory Nazianzen. Gregory Nyssa. Didymus. Epiphanius. Diodorus of Tarsus. Chrysostom. Synesius. Theodore of Mopsuestia. Theophilus. Cyril of Alexandria. Nestorius. Theodoret. The church historians. Other writers of the fouth and fifth centuries. John of Damascus. Other late writers. The Greek hymnologists.

Étude morphologique comparative du sang de quelques poissons marins: la phagocytose des substance inertes

Morphological studies on fish blood have been undertaken by many authors. The species used for the present study are: Arius thalassimus, Diploprion bifasciatum, Epinephelus maculatus, Lutjanus chrysotaenia, Lutjanus sanguineus, Scolopsis dubiosus, Plectorhynchus lineatus, Pomacanthus semicirculatus, Platax orbicularis, Amphiprion polylepis, Pseudoscarus nuchipunctatus, Seriola nigrofasciata, Pseudorhombus neglectus, Cynoglossus bilineatus, Acanthurus strigosus, Balistes stellatus.