White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) transmission risk through infected cooked shrimp products assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bio-inoculation studies

The aim of the study was to evaluate the resistance of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimps (Penaeus monodon) to the process of cooking. The cooking was carried out at 1000C six different durations 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min. The presence of WSSV was tested by single step and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the single step PCR, the primers 1s5 & 1a16 and IK1 & IK2 were used. While in the nested PCR, primers IK1 &IK2 – IK3 & IK4 were used for the detection of WSSV. WSSV was detected in the single step PCR with the primers 1s5 and 1a16 and the nested PCR with the primers IK1 and IK2 – IK3 & IK4 from the cooked shrimp samples. The cooked shrimps, which gave positive results for WSSV by PCR, were further confirmed for the viability of WSSV by conducting the bio-inoculation studies. Mortality (100%) was observed within 123 h of intra-muscular post injection (P.I) into the live healthy WSSV-free shrimps (P. monodon). These results show that the WSSV survive the cooking process and even infected cooked shrimp products may pose a transmission risk for WSSV to the native shrimp farming systems.

Species management in aquatic Habitats overview of sub projects and their management

This is the Species management in aquatic Habitats overview of sub projects and their management produced by the Environment Agency in 1998. This report was under the R&D Project, which it was initiated in 1995 to provide information on species of conservation value of particular relevance to the Environment Agency (then the National Rivers Authority, NRA), in relation to its activities affecting aquatic environments. Outputs comprise Species Action Plans (SAPs), practical management guidelines for Agency staff and third parties, and various research and survey outputs to improve the knowledge base on the status and ecological requirements of priority species. This R&D Technical Report provides an overview of the work undertaken, additionally identifying lessons to be learnt in the management of species-related research within the framework of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The process of species selection was initially based upon a wide ranging review of priority species of relevance to the then NRA, encompassing both highly threatened species and species that are relatively common but are at particular risk from Agency activities.

Species management in aquatic Habitats WRc Nov 1993

This is the Species management in aquatic Habitats WRc Nov 1993 produced by the National Rivers Authority (NRA) in 1993. This report identified key rare and nuisance species of interest to the NRA and prioritised research needs to develop conservation strategies for these species. The NRA has in the past adopted a habitat maintenance and protection approach to conservation paying less attention at individual species. There is a risk that conservation based on a habitat management policy will no further the conservation of certain species. In addition, certain ‘nuisance’ species cause problems for conservation by having a negative impact on more valued species or ecosystems. Through the combination of the review of current legislation and literature and consultation with NRA staff, this project identified key rare and nuisance species of interest to the NRA and prioritised research needs to develop conservation strategies for these species.

Strengthening community roles in aquatic resource governance in Uganda

Lake Victoria fisheries face severe environmental stresses. Stocks are declining in a context of increasing population and growing demand for the lake’s resources. Rising competition between users is putting conservation goals and rural livelihoods at risk. While Uganda’s co-management policy framework is well-developed, key resources for implementation are lacking, enforcement is poor, and the relations between stakeholders are unequal. Poor rural resource users face significant challenges to effectively participate in fisheries decision-making. This case study demonstrates the progress that can be made using a collaborative approach to catalyze community-led actions linking public health, sanitation and environmental conservation in difficult circumstances, even over a relatively short time period. Multistakeholder dialogue can bring to light the sources of conflict, pinpoint governance challenges, and identify opportunities for institutional collaboration to address community needs. At the same time, the process can help build trust, confidence in collective action and public accountability.

Microcystin accumulation in freshwater bivalves from Lake Taihu, China, and the potential risk to human consumption

The potential risk through ingestion of microcystins (MC) in contaminated mollusks has not been well studied. The present paper studied seasonal changes of MC content (determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) in various organs of three species of bivalves (Cristaria plicata, Hyriopsis cumingii, and Lamprotula leai) in Lake Taihu, China, where toxic cyanobacterial blooms occurred. Coinciding with peaks of seston MC (maximum, 5.7 mu g/L) and MC in cyanobacterial blooms (maximum, 0.534 mg/g), most organs showed sharp MC peaks during the summer, indicating both fast uptake and fast depuration by bivalves. Because hepatopancreas and intestine had considerably higher MC content than other organs, they are the most dangerous for human consumption. Both the present and previous studies show that the hepatopancreatic MC and total tissue MC often are correlated in various aquatic invertebrates. During the peak of the cyanobacterial blooms, C. plicata had higher hepatopancreatic MC content than the other bivalves, whereas H. cumingii had higher intestinal MC content than the other bivalves. Estimated daily intakes for humans from the consumption of whole tissues of the three bivalves were 0.48 to 0.94 mu g MC-LR equivalent/kg body weight (12- to 23.5-fold the tolerable daily intake value proposed by the World Health Organization), which indicates a high risk for humans consuming these bivalves.

Partitioning, bioavailability and effects of oestrogens and xeno-oestrogens in the aquatic environment

This review provides insights into the distribution and impact of oestrogens and xeno-oestrogens in the aquatic environment and highlights some significant knowledge gaps in our understanding of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Key areas of uncertainty in the assessment of risk include the role of estuarine sediments in mediating the fate and bioavailability of environmental (xeno)oestrogens (notably their transfer to benthic organisms and estuarine food chains), together with evidence for endocrine disruption in invertebrate populations. Emphasis is placed on using published information to interpret the behaviour and effects of a small number of model compounds thought to contribute to oestrogenic effects in nature; namely, the natural steroid 17 beta -oestradiol (E2) and the synthetic hormone 17 alpha -ethinyloestradiol (EE2), together with the alkyl-phenols octyl- and nonyl-phenol (OP, NP) as oestrogen mimics. Individual sections of the review are devoted to sources and concentrations of (xeno)oestrogens in waterways, sediment partitioning and persistence, bioaccumulation rates and routes, assays and biomarkers of oestrogenicity, and, finally, a synopsis of reproductive and ecological effects in aquatic species.

Inorganic arsenic in Chinese food and its cancer risk

Even moderate arsenic exposure may lead to health problems, and thus quantifying inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure from food for different population groups in China is essential. By analyzing the data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS) and collecting reported values of iAs in major food groups, we developed a framework of calculating average iAs daily intake for different regions of China. Based on this framework, cancer risks from As in food was deterministically and probabilistically quantified. The article presents estimates for health risk due to the ingestion of food products contaminated with arsenic. Both per individual and for total population estimates were obtained. For the total population, daily iAs intake is around 42 mu g day(-1), and rice is the largest contributor of total iAs intake accounting for about 60%. Incremental lifetime cancer risk from food iAs intake is 106 per 100,000 for adult individuals and the median population cancer risk is 177 per 100,000 varying between regions. Population in the Southern region has a higher cancer risk than that in the Northern region and the total population. Sensitive analysis indicated that cancer slope factor, ingestion rates of rice, aquatic products and iAs concentration in rice were the most relevant variables in the model, as indicated by their higher contribution to variance of the incremental lifetime cancer risk. We conclude that rice may be the largest contributor of iAs through food route for the Chinese people. The population from the South has greater cancer risk than that from the North and the whole population. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Combining global climate and regional landscape models to improve prediction of invasion risk

Aim
It is widely acknowledged that species distributions result from a variety of biotic and abiotic factors operating at different spatial scales. Here, we aimed to (1) determine the extent to which global climate niche models (CNMs) can be improved by the addition of fine-scale regional data; (2) examine climatic and environmental factors influencing the range of 15 invasive aquatic plant species; and (3) provide a case study for the use of such models in invasion management on an island.

Location
Global, with a case study of species invasions in Ireland.

Methods
Climate niche models of global extent (including climate only) and regional environmental niche models (with additional factors such as human influence, land use and soil characteristics) were generated using maxent for 15 invasive aquatic plants. The performance of these models within the invaded range of the study species in Ireland was assessed, and potential hotspots of invasion suitability were determined. Models were projected forward up to 2080 based on two climate scenarios.

Results
While climate variables are important in defining the global range of species, factors related to land use and nutrient level were of greater importance in regional projections. Global climatic models were significantly improved at the island scale by the addition of fine-scale environmental variables (area under the curve values increased by 0.18 and true skill statistic values by 0.36), and projected ranges decreased from an average of 86% to 36% of the island.

Main conclusions
Refining CNMs with regional data on land use, human influence and landscape may have a substantial impact on predictive capacity, providing greater value for prioritization of conservation management at subregional or local scales.

Genotoxic risk of herbicides to Anguilla anguilla L.

No contexto dos contaminantes aquáticos, os herbicidas são considerados como um dos grupos mais perigosos. Uma vez aplicados, estes são facilmente transportados para cursos de água, quer devido a uma pulverização pouco cuidada ou devido a fenómenos de escorrência superficial e/ou subterrânea. A presença destes agroquímicos no ambiente tem vindo a ser associada a efeitos nefastos em organismos não-alvo, como é o caso dos peixes. Contudo, existe ainda uma grande lacuna no que diz respeito à informação científica relacionada com o seu impacto genotóxico. Deste modo, a presente tese foi delineada com o intuito de avaliar o risco genotóxico em peixes de duas formulações de herbicidas: o Roundup®, que tem como princípio activo o glifosato, e o Garlon®, que apresenta o triclopir na base da sua constituição, produtos estes largamente utilizados na limpeza de campos agrícolas, assim como em florestas. Foi ainda planeado desenvolver uma base de conhecimento no que diz respeito aos mecanismos de dano do ADN. Como último objectivo, pretendeu-se contribuir para a mitigação dos efeitos dos agroquímicos no biota aquático, nomeadamente em peixes, fornecendo dados científicos no sentido de melhorar as práticas agrícolas e florestais. Este estudo foi realizado adoptando a enguia europeia (Anguilla anguilla L.) como organismo-teste, e submetendo-a a exposições de curta duração (1 e 3 dias) dos produtos comerciais mencionados, em concentrações consideradas ambientalmente realistas. Para a avaliação da genotoxicidade foram aplicadas duas metodologias: o ensaio do cometa e o teste das anomalias nucleares eritrocíticas (ANE). Enquanto o ensaio do cometa detecta quebras na cadeia do ADN, um dano passível de ser reparado, o aparecimento das ANE revela lesões cromossomais, sinalizando um tipo de dano de difícil reparação. O ensaio do cometa foi ainda melhorado com uma nova etapa que incluiu a incubação com enzimas de reparação (FPG e EndoIII), permitindo perceber a ocorrência de dano oxidativo no ADN. No que diz respeito ao Roundup®, o envolvimento do sistema antioxidante como indicador de um estado próoxidante foi também alvo de estudo. Uma vez que as referidas formulações se apresentam sob a forma de misturas, o potencial genotóxico dos seus princípios activos foi também avaliado individualmente. No caso particular do Roundup®, também foram estudados o seu surfactante (amina polietoxilada; POEA) e o principal metabolito ambiental (ácido aminometilfosfórico; AMPA). Os resultados obtidos mostraram a capacidade do Roundup® em induzir tanto dano no ADN (em células de sangue, guelras e fígado) como dano cromossómico (em células de sangue). A investigação sobre o possível envolvimento do stresse oxidativo demonstrou que o tipo de dano no ADN varia com as concentrações testadas e com a duração da exposição. Deste modo, com o aumento do tempo de exposição, os processos relacionados com o envolvimento de espécies reactivas de oxigénio (ERO) ganharam preponderância como mecanismo de dano no ADN, facto que é corroborado pela activação do sistema antioxidante observado nas guelras, assim como pelo aumento dos sítios sensíveis a FPG em hepatócitos. O glifosato e o POEA foram também considerados genotóxicos. O POEA mostrou induzir uma maior extensão de dano no ADN, tanto comparado com o glifosato como com a mistura comercial. Apesar de ambos os componentes contribuirem para a genotoxicidade da formulação, a soma dos seus efeitos individuais nunca foi observada, apontando para um antagonismo entre eles e indicando que o POEA não aumenta o risco associado ao princípio activo. Deste modo, realça-se a necessidade de regulamentar limiares de segurança para todos os componentes da formulação, recomendando, em particular, a revisão da classificação do risco do POEA (actualmente classificado com “inerte”). Uma vez confirmada a capacidade do principal metabolito do glifosato – AMPA – em exercer dano no ADN assim como dano cromossómico, os produtos da degradação ambiental dos princípios activos assumem-se como um problema silencioso, realçando assim a importância de incluir o AMPA na avaliação do risco relacionado com herbicidas com base no glifosato. A formulação Garlon® e o seu princípio activo triclopir mostraram um claro potencial genotóxico. Adicionalmente, o Garlon® mostrou possuir um potencial genotóxico mais elevado do que o seu princípio activo. No entanto, a capacidade de infligir dano oxidativo no ADN não foi demonstrada para nenhum dos agentes. No que concerne à avaliação da progressão do dano após a remoção da fonte de contaminação, nem os peixes expostos a Roundup® nem os expostos a Garlon® conseguiram restaurar completamente a integridade do seu ADN ao fim de 14 dias. No que concerne ao Roundup®, o uso de enzimas de reparação de lesões específicas do ADN associado ao teste do cometa permitiu detectar um aparecimento tardio de dano oxidativo, indicando deste modo um decaimento progressivo da protecção antioxidante e ainda uma incapacidade de reparar este tipo de dano. O período de pós-exposição correspondente ao Garlon® revelou uma tendência de diminuição dos níveis de dano, apesar de nunca se observar uma completa recuperação. Ainda assim, foi evidente uma intervenção eficiente das enzimas de reparação do ADN, mais concretamente as direccionadas às purinas oxidadas. A avaliação das metodologias adoptadas tornou evidente que o procedimento base do ensaio do cometa, que detecta apenas o dano nãoespecífico no ADN, possui algumas limitações quando comparado com a metodologia que incluiu a incubação com as enzimas de reparação, uma vez que a última mostrou reduzir a possibilidade de ocorrência de resultados falsos negativos. Os dois parâmetros adoptados (ensaio do cometa e teste das ANE) demonstraram possuir aptidões complementares, sendo assim recomendado a sua utilização conjunta com vista a efectuar uma avaliação mais adequada do risco genotóxico. Globalmente, os resultados obtidos forneceram indicações de grande utilidade para as entidades reguladoras, contribuindo ainda para a (re)formulação de medidas de conservação do ambiente aquático. Neste sentido, os dados obtidos apontam para a importância da avaliação de risco dos herbicidas incluir testes de genotoxicidade. A magnitude de risco detectada para ambas as formulações adverte para a necessidade de adopção de medidas restritivas em relação à sua aplicação na proximidade de cursos de água. Como medidas mitigadoras de impactos ambientais, aponta-se o desenvolvimento de formulações que incorporem adjuvantes selecionados com base na sua baixa toxicidade.

Silver nanoparticles flow in an aquatic trophic chain

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been produced and applied in a variety of products ranging from personal care products to food package containers, clothing and medicine utilities. The antimicrobial function of AgNP makes it very useful to be applied for such purposes. Silver (Ag) is a non-essential metal for organisms, and it has been historically present in the environment at low concentrations. Those concentrations of silver increased in the last century due to the use of Ag in the photographic industry and lately are expected to increase due to the use of AgNPs in consumer products. The presence of AgNP in the aquatic environment may pose a risk for aquatic species, and the effects can vary from lethal to sublethal effects. Moreover, the contact of aquatic organisms with AgNP may not cause immediately the death of individuals but it can be accumulated inside the animals and consequently transferred within the food chain. Considering this, the objective of this work was to study the transfer of silver nanoparticles in comparison to silver ions, which was used as silver nitrate, within an aquatic food chain model. To achieve this goal, this study was divided into four steps: the toxicity assessment of AgNP and AgNO3 to aquatic test-species, the bioaccumulation assessment of AgNP and AgNO3 by Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Daphnia magna under different exposure scenarios, and finally the evaluation of the trophic transfer of Ag through an experimental design that included the goldfish Carassius auratus in a model trophic chain in which all the species were exposed to the worse-case scenario. We observed that the bioconcentration of Ag by P. subcapitata is mainly driven by ionic silver, and that algae cannot internalize these AgNPs, but it does internalizes dissolved Ag. Daphnia magna was exposed to AgNP and AgNO3 through different exposure routes: water, food and both water and food. The worse-case scenario for Daphnia Ag bioaccumulation was by the joint exposure of contaminated water and food, showing that Ag body burdens were higher for AgNPs than for AgNO3. Finally, by exposing C. auratus for 10 days through contaminated water and food (supplied as D. magna), with another 7 days of depuration phase, it was concluded that the 10 days of exposure were not enough for fish to reach a plateau on Ag internal concentration, and neither the 7 days of elimination were sufficient to cause total depuration of the accumulated Ag. Moreover, a higher concentration of Ag was found in the intestine of fish when compared with other organs, and the elimination rate constant of AgNP in the intestine was very low. Although a potential for trophic transfer of AgNP cannot be suggested based in the data acquired in this study, there is still a potential environmental risk for aquatic species.

Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: Occurrence and environmental risk

The occurrence of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics therapeutic classes was studied in seawaters. A total of 101 samples covering fourteen beaches and five cities were evaluated in order to assess the spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals among north Portuguese coast. Seawaters were selected in order to embrace different bathing water quality (excellent, good and sufficient). Acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxyibuprofen were detected in all the seawater samples at maximum concentrations of 584, 89.7 and 287 ng L− 1, respectively. Carboxyibuprofen had the highest seawater concentration (1227 ng L− 1). The temporal distribution of the selected pharmaceuticals during the bathing season showed that, in general, higher concentrations were detected in August and September. The environmental risk posed by the pharmaceuticals detected in seawaters towards different trophic levels (fish, daphnids and algae) was also assessed. Only diclofenac showed hazard quotients above one for fish, representing a potential risk for aquatic organisms. These results were observed in seawaters classified as excellent bathing water. Additional data is needed in order to support the identification and prioritization of risks posed by pharmaceuticals in marine environment.

Costs of Reproduction in Breeding Female Mallards: Predation Risk during Incubation Drives Annual Mortality

The effort expended on reproduction may entail future costs, such as reduced survival or fecundity, and these costs can have an important influence on life-history optimization. For birds with precocial offspring, hypothesized costs of reproduction have typically emphasized nutritional and energetic investments in egg formation and incubation. We measured seasonal survival of 3856 radio-marked female Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from arrival on the breeding grounds through brood-rearing or cessation of breeding. There was a 2.5-fold direct increase in mortality risk associated with incubating nests in terrestrial habitats, whereas during brood-rearing when breeding females occupy aquatic habitats, mortality risk reached seasonal lows. Mortality risk also varied with calendar date and was highest during periods when large numbers of Mallards were nesting, suggesting that prey-switching behaviors by common predators may exacerbate risks to adults in all breeding stages. Although prior investments in egg laying and incubation affected mortality risk, most relationships were not consistent with the cost of reproduction hypothesis; birds with extensive prior investments in egg production or incubation typically survived better, suggesting that variation in individual quality drove both relationships. We conclude that for breeding female Mallards, the primary cost of reproduction is a fixed cost associated with placing oneself at risk to predators while incubating nests in terrestrial habitats.

Evaluating the risk of non-point source pollution from biosolids: integrated modelling of nutrient losses at field and catchment scales

A semi-distributed model, INCA, has been developed to determine the fate and distribution of nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic systems. The model simulates nitrogen and phosphorus processes in soils, groundwaters and river systems and can be applied in a semi-distributed manner at a range of scales. In this study, the model has been applied at field to sub-catchment to whole catchment scale to evaluate the behaviour of biosolid-derived losses of P in agricultural systems. It is shown that process-based models such as INCA, applied at a wide range of scales, reproduce field and catchment behaviour satisfactorily. The INCA model can also be used to generate generic information for risk assessment. By adjusting three key variables: biosolid application rates, the hydrological connectivity of the catchment and the initial P-status of the soils within the model, a matrix of P loss rates can be generated to evaluate the behaviour of the model and, hence, of the catchment system. The results, which indicate the sensitivity of the catchment to flow paths, to application rates and to initial soil conditions, have been incorporated into a Nutrient Export Risk Matrix (NERM).

Habitat Split as a Cause of Local Population Declines of Amphibians with Aquatic Larvae

Most amphibian species have biphasic life histories and undergo an ontogenetic shift from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. In deforested landscapes, streams and forest fragments are frequently disjunct, jeopardizing the life cycle of forest-associated amphibians with aquatic larvae. We tested the impact of habitat split-defined as human-induced disconnection between habitats used by different life-history stages of a species-on four forest-associated amphibian species in a severely fragmented landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We surveyed amphibians in forest fragments with and without streams (referred to as wet and dry fragments, respectively), including the adjacent grass-field matrix. Our comparison of capture rates in dry fragments and nearby streams in the matrix allowed us to evaluate the number of individuals that engaged in high-risk migrations through nonforested habitats. Adult amphibians moved from dry fragments to matrix streams at the beginning of the rainy season, reproduced, and returned at the end of the breeding period. Juveniles of the year moved to dry fragments along with adults. These risky reproductive migrations through nonforested habitats that expose individuals to dehydration, predation, and other hazards may cause population declines in dry fragments. Indeed, capture rates were significantly lower in dry fragments compared with wet fragments. Declining amphibians would strongly benefit from investments in the conservation and restoration of riparian vegetation and corridors linking breeding and nonbreeding areas.