Aphidius ervi preferentially attacks the green morph of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is found in red and green color morphs. Previous work has suggested that the aphidiine parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday preferentially attacks green pea aphids in the field. It is not clear whether these results reflect a real preference, or some unknown clonal difference, such as in immunity, between the aphids used in the previous studies. We used three susceptibility-matched pairs of red and green morph pea aphid clones to test for preferences. In a no-choice situation, the parasitoids attacked equal proportions of each color morph. When provided with a choice, A. ervi was significantly more likely to oviposit into colonies formed from green morphs when the neighboring colony was formed from red morph aphids. In contrast, red morphs were less likely to be attacked when their neighboring colony was of the green morph. By preferentially attacking green colonies, A. ervi may reduce the likelihood of intraguild predation, as it is suggested that visually foraging predators preferentially attack red aphid colonies. Furthermore, if this host choice behavior is replicated in the field, we speculate that color morphs of the pea aphid may interact indirectly through their shared natural enemies, leading to intraspecific apparent competition.

云南蚜茧蜂科四新种(膜翅目)

报道云南蚜茧蜂科四新种: 莲全脉蚜茧蜂Ephedrus nelumbus、柏蚜茧蜂Aphidius cupressi、滇蚜茧蜂A. dianensis和江川平突蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebia jiangchuanensis。模式标本存中科院昆明动物所。

烟田烟蚜茧蜂的活动规律及其对烟蚜的防治效果

田间释放烟蚜茧蜂能很好地抑制烟蚜种群数量的增长。以常规施药烟田、不施药烟田作对照 ,在前期其对烟蚜的相对防效分别为 8.4%和 5 2 .8% ,中期为 6 4.0 %～ 79.0 %和 6 8.6 %～ 82 .3% ,后期为 93.0 %和 93.5 %。放蜂田烟蚜茧蜂成虫喜欢在烟株中下部叶片活动 ,1 3∶0 0～ 1 4∶0 0是其在烟株中下部活动的高峰期。烟蚜茧蜂对烟株下部叶片上烟蚜的较强选择性与烟蚜密度无关 ,下部叶片上的僵蚜数量均显著高于中、上和顶部。 1 3∶0 0～ 1 4∶0 0利用生物农药对烟株上部叶片上的烟蚜进行防治 ,既是烟蚜茧蜂与生物农药集成组装的切合点 ,又是保护利用田间烟蚜茧蜂的有效措施。

Development and use of parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Aphidiidae & Aphelinidae) for biological control of aphids in China

A review of aphid parasitoids in China with special emphasis on their production, utilization, and conservation is presented with a brief history of Chinese biological control. Twenty genera, 99 species of Aphidiidae and two genera, 11 species of Aphelinidae were recorded in China. Each parasitoid is listed with a brief description of aphids, host plants, areas of study such as taxonomy, biology, bionomics, geographic distribution, rearing, and literature citations. Achievements, status, and problems in aphid parasitoid production, utilization, conservation, and future prospects are detailed for dominant aphid parasitoids such as Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead, A. ervi Haliday and Aphelinus mali Haldeman. Finally, opportunities and challenges of commercialization commercialization of natural enemies, especially aphid parasitoids, in China, are analyzed and discussed.

Aggregation of parasitism risk in an aphid-parasitoid system: Effects of plant patch size and aphid density

Few studies have linked density dependence of parasitism and the tritrophic environment within which a parasitoid forages. In the non-crop plant-aphid, Centaurea nigra-Uroleucon jaceae system, mixed patterns of density-dependent parasitism by the parasitoids Aphidius funebris and Trioxys centaureae were observed in a survey of a natural population. Breakdown of density-dependent parasitism revealed that density dependence was inverse in smaller colonies but direct in large colonies (>20 aphids), suggesting there is a threshold effect in parasitoid response to aphid density. The CV2 of searching parasitoids was estimated from parasitism data using a hierarchical generalized linear model, and CV2>1 for A. funebris between plant patches, while for T. centaureae CV2>1 within plant patches. In both cases, density independent heterogeneity was more important than density-dependent heterogeneity in parasitism. Parasitism by T. centaureae increased with increasing plant patch size. Manipulation of aphid colony size and plant patch size revealed that parasitism by A. funebris was directly density dependent at the range of colony sizes tested (50-200 initial aphids), and had a strong positive relationship with plant patch size. The effects of plant patch size detected for both species indicate that the tritrophic environment provides a source of host density independent heterogeneity in parasitism, and can modify density-dependent responses. (c) 2007 Gessellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Resistance is costly: trade-offs between immunity, fecundity and survival in the pea aphid

Parasitoids are among the most important natural enemies of insects in many environments. Acyrthosiphon pisum, the pea aphid, is a common pest of the leguminous crops in temperate regions. Pea aphids are frequently attacked by a range of endoparasitic wasps, including the common aphidiine, Aphidius ervi. Immunity to parasitoid attack is thought to involve secondary symbiotic bacteria, the presence of which is associated with the death of the parasitoid egg. It has been suggested that there is a fecundity cost of resistance, as individuals carrying the secondary symbionts associated with parasitoid resistance have fewer offspring. Supporting this hypothesis, we find a positive relationship between fecundity and susceptibility to parasitoid attack. There is also a negative relationship between fecundity and off-plant survival time (which positively correlates with resistance to parasitoid attack). Taken together, these results suggest that the aphids can either invest in defence (parasitoid resistance, increased off-plant survival time) or reproduction, and speculate that this may be mediated by changes in the aphids' endosymbiont fauna. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between aphid size and resistance, suggesting that successful resistance to parasitoid attack may involve physical, as well as physiological, defences.

Effects of two potential pest management components, intercropping and yellow sticky plastic sheet traps in two differentially resistant potato cultivars for the management of myzus persicae (Sulzer)

Polyculture is traditionally a low-input agricultural system and is important in many developing countries. Polycultures of interplanted crops often support fewer pests at lower densities than monoculture and tend to increase number of natural enemies. Also Yellow Sticky Plastic Sheet Traps have proved useful for trapping aphids. A field study was conducted to study the effectiveness of these potential pest management techniques along with the partially resistant (Cardinal) and susceptible (Desiree) potato cultivars, by using their different combinations for the management of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Berseem, Trifolium alexandrinum (L.) (family: Leguminosae) was used for intercropping with potatoes. The different combinations (treatments) used in this study were: 1) Cardinal-berseem mixed cropping+yellow sticky plastic sheet traps 2) Cardinal-berseem mixed cropping 3) Cardinal+yellow sticky plastic sheet traps 4) Cardinal separately+berseem (as land area equivalents in relation to the mixed cropping treatments) 5) Cardinal (sole crop). Treatments 6-10 were the same treatments, but with Desiree as the potato cultivar. All these treatments were used to evaluate their effects as management techniques for M. persicae, their percent parasitism, percent emergence rate of the parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae Haliday and yield of Cardinal and Desiree. Mixed cropping of Cardinal and berseem together with the yellow sticky plastic sheet traps reduced aphids by over 90% compared with numbers on the sole Cardinal crop. This combination proved in this experiment the most effective for reducing the aphid populations as compared with all other treatments. Maximum percent parasitism i.e. 6.97 and 6.94% (almost double that in the other treatments) was recorded in the potato berseem mixed cropping, with and without traps respectively. In the same two treatments, yield was increased significantly as compared with all other treatments. However no significant effects of any of the variable was evident on the percent emergence of A. matricariae.

Influence of temperature on pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) resistance to natural enemy attack

The ability to resist or avoid natural enemy attack is a critically important insect life history trait, yet little is understood of how these traits may be affected by temperature. This study investigated how different genotypes of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, a pest of leguminous crops, varied in resistance to three different natural enemies (a fungal pathogen, two species of parasitoid wasp and a coccinellid beetle), and whether expression of resistance was influenced by temperature. Substantial clonal variation in resistance to the three natural enemies was found. Temperature influenced the number of aphids succumbing to the fungal pathogen Erynia neoaphidis Remaudiere & Hermebert, with resistance increasing at higher temperatures (18 vs. 28degreesC). A temperature difference of 5degreesC (18 vs. 23degreesC) did not affect the ability of A. pisum to resist attack by the parasitoids Aphidius ervi Haliday and A. eadyi Stary Gonzalez & Hall. Escape behaviour from foraging coccinellid beetles (Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville) was not directly influenced by aphid clone or temperature (16 vs. 21degreesC). However, there were significant interactions between clone and temperature (while most clones did not respond to temperature, one was less likely to escape at 16degreesC), and between aphid clone and ladybird presence (some clones showed greater changes in escape behaviour in response to the presence of foraging coccinellids than others). Therefore, while larger temperature differences may alter interactions between Acyrthosiphon pisum and an entomopathogen, there is little evidence to suggest that smaller changes in temperature will alter pea aphid-natural enemy interactions.

Tritrophic effects of organic and conventional fertilisers on a cereal-aphid-parasitoid system

The impact of parasitoids on pests varies between conventional and low-intensity agricultural systems. Although the impacts on parasitoid natural enemies of many practices within these agricultural systems are well understood, the role of fertilisers has been less well studied. The effects of organic-based and conventional fertilisers on Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), the aphid Metopolophium dirhodum Walker (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and its parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was investigated using cage release experiments and measures of aphid and parasitoid fitness were taken. Barley tiller number and aphid weight were increased by fertilisers, particularly under conventional treatments. Adult parasitoid size correlated positively with that of the host, M. dirhodum, whereas percentage parasitism was not affected by fertiliser treatment or host size. The results suggest that the increased parasitoid impact observed in some low-intensity or organic systems is not a direct result of fertiliser treatment. Our results indicate that fertiliser treatments that improve cereal-aphid fitness will improve parasitoid fitness as measured by parasitoid size but may not influence percentage parasitism.

Resistência de genótipos de batata, Solanum spp., a afídeos (Homoptera: Aphididae) e influência sobre parasitóides

Avaliou-se a resistência de genótipos de batata aos afídeos Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) e Aphis gossypii (Glover), e a influência desses genótipos sobre parasitóides, em dois ensaios em plantios de inverno (1996 e 1997), em condições de campo, em Jaboticabal, SP. Os genótipos plantados no primeiro ano foram: Achat, Baronesa, Bintje, BR-2, Contenda, Monalisa, N 140-201 e NYL 235-4, distribuídos em quatro blocos ao acaso. Dois levantamentos foram efetuados, aos 70 e 85 dias após o plantio, avaliando-se o número de pulgões/folha e pulgões parasitados, nos terços superior, médio e inferior da planta. em 1997 plantaram-se os mesmos genótipos, excetuando-se o N 140-201, com levantamentos aos 72 e 80 dias. O genótipo NYL 235-4 mostrou-se suscetível a M. euphorbiae, sob infestações médias de 2,90 (1996) e 1,19 pulgões/folha (1997); dentre as cultivares comerciais, Baronesa foi a menos atacada por M. persicae (0,12 e 0,10 pulgões/folha em 1996 e 1997), enquanto BR-2 foi bem suscetível (1,10 e 0,66 pulgões/folha). Os afídeos ocorreram em maior população nas partes média e inferior das plantas; maior número de pulgões mumificados por Aphidius ervi Hal. e Diaretiella rapae (McIntosh), com parasitismo variando de 15 a 36%, foi observado em NYL 235-4, que foi o genótipo mais infestado pelos afídeos.

Relevamiento de plagas y enemigos naturales en el cultivo de lechuga : : provincia de La Pampa (Argentina)

En la provincia de La Pampa son escasos los datos sobre relevamiento de plagas y de especies benéficas en lechuga, por ello resulta necesario conocer e investigar los organismos perjudiciales y sus enemigos naturales y las condiciones predisponentes al incremento de sus poblaciones. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar las especies fitófagas para dos variedades de lechuga, en dos sistemas de producción, e identificar las especies benéficas que puedan actuar como controladores biológicos. El estudio se realizó en la huerta de la Facultad de Agronomía de la UNLPam, con muestreos semanales, desde julio hasta octubre de 2004, a campo con riego complementario y bajo cubierta en macrotúnel con riego por goteo, con las variedades de lechuga Grand Rapid y Gallega de Invierno. En cada variedad y en cada sistema se revisaron 6 plantas al azar, registrándose: especie, número de individuos y su estado de desarrollo. Se comparó mediante ANOVA y test de Tukey (a = 0,05). Se detectó la presencia de dos especies de pulgones: Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) y Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (primera cita de N. ribisnigri para la provincia de La Pampa). El mayor número de pulgones se concentró en el cultivo protegido bajo cubierta. Se registraron dos enemigos naturales de los pulgones: un hongo entomopatógeno y un parasitoide: Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). También se encontraron, en bajas densidades, larvas de Naupactus leucoloma Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) que se alimentaban de las hojas.

Cretaceous ostracodes from Wombat and Exmouth Plateau

The Cretaceous ostracodes species recognized on Leg 122 represent elements of South Gondwanan faunistic province. In Lower and middle Cretaceous cores, ostracodes species present were originally described from South Africa and in cores from Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 36 (Falkland Plateau): Arculicythere tumida, Bythocypris? cf. nodosa, 'Bythocypris' cf. strogylae, Collosaboris? stanleyensis, Cytherella bensoni, Majungaella nematis, Robsoniella cf. falklandensis and Pirileberis aff. mkuzensis. In Upper Cretaceous levels, the Australian species Apateloschizocythere geniculata, Bairdia austracretacea, Cytherella cf. atypica, Cytherella cf. jonesi, Cytherelloidea cf. carnarvonensis, Cytherelloidea cf. colemani, Karsteneis aspericava, and Trachyleberis anteplana were found.