Platelet lysate-based pro-angiogenic nanocoatings

Human platelet lysate (PL) is a cost-effective and human source of autologous multiple and potent pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A), fibroblast growth factor b (FGF b) and angiopoietin-1. Nanocoatings previously characterized were prepared by layer-by-layer assembling incorporating PL with marine-origin polysaccharides and were shown to activate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Within 20 h of incubation, the more sulfated coatings induced the HUVECS to the form tube-like structures accompanied by an increased expression of angiogenicassociated genes, such as angiopoietin-1 and VEGF A. This may be a cost-effective approach to modify 2D/3D constructs to instruct angiogenic cells towards the formation of neo-vascularization, driven by multiple and synergistic stimulations from the PL combined with sulfated polysaccharides. Statement of Significance The presence, or fast induction, of a stable and mature vasculature inside 3D constructs is crucial for new tissue formation and its viability. This has been one of the major tissue engineering challenges, limiting the dimensions of efficient tissue constructs. Many approaches based on cells, growth factors, 3D bioprinting and channel incorporation have been proposed. Herein, we explored a versatile technique, layer-by-layer assembling in combination with platelet lysate (PL), that is a cost-effective source of many potent pro-angiogenic proteins and growth factors. Results suggest that the combination of PL with sulfated polyelectrolytes might be used to introduce interfaces onto 2D/3D constructs with potential to induce the formation of cell-based tubular structures.

Endothelial survival factors and spatial completion, but not pericyte coverage of retinal capillaries determine vessel plasticity

Pericyte loss and capillary regression are characteristic for incipient diabetic retinopathy. Pericyte recruitment is involved in vessel maturation, and ligand-receptor systems contributing to pericyte recruitment are survival factors for endothelial cells in pericyte-free in vitro systems. We studied pericyte recruitment in relation to the susceptibility toward hyperoxia-induced vascular remodeling using the pericyte reporter X-LacZ mouse and the mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Pericytes were found in close proximity to vessels, both during formation of the superficial and the deep capillary layers. When exposure of mice to the ROP was delayed by 24 h, i.e., after the deep retinal layer had formed [at postnatal (p) day 8], preretinal neovascularizations were substantially diminished at p18. Mice with a delayed ROP exposure had 50% reduced avascular zones. Formation of the deep capillary layers at p8 was associated with a combined up-regulation of angiopoietin-1 and PDGF-B, while VEGF was almost unchanged during the transition from a susceptible to a resistant capillary network. Inhibition of Tie-2 function either by soluble Tie-2 or by a sulindac analog, an inhibitor of Tie-2 phosphorylation, resensitized retinal vessels to neovascularizations due to a reduction of the deep capillary network. Inhibition of Tie-2 function had no effect on pericyte recruitment. Our data indicate that the final maturation of the retinal vasculature and its resistance to regressive signals such as hyperoxia depend on the completion of the multilayer structure, in particular the deep capillary layers, and are independent of the coverage by pericytes.

Roles of ephrinB ligands and EphB receptors in cardiovascular development: demarcation of arterial/venous domains, vascular morphogenesis, and sprouting angiogenesis

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their cell-surface-bound ligands, the ephrins, regulate axon guidance and bundling in the developing brain, control cell migration and adhesion, and help patterning the embryo. Here we report that two ephrinB ligands and three EphB receptors are expressed in and regulate the formation of the vascular network. Mice lacking ephrinB2 and a proportion of double mutants deficient in EphB2 and EphB3 receptor signaling die in utero before embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) because of defects in the remodeling of the embryonic vascular system. Our phenotypic analysis suggests complex interactions and multiple functions of Eph receptors and ephrins in the embryonic vasculature. Interaction between ephrinB2 on arteries and its EphB receptors on veins suggests a role in defining boundaries between arterial and venous domains. Expression of ephrinB1 by arterial and venous endothelial cells and EphB3 by veins and some arteries indicates that endothelial cell-to-cell interactions between ephrins and Eph receptors are not restricted to the border between arteries and veins. Furthermore, expression of ephrinB2 and EphB2 in mesenchyme adjacent to vessels and vascular defects in ephB2/ephB3 double mutants indicate a requirement for ephrin-Eph signaling between endothelial cells and surrounding mesenchymal cells. Finally, ephrinB ligands induce capillary sprouting in vitro with a similar efficiency as angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), demonstrating a stimulatory role of ephrins in the remodeling of the developing vascular system.

Angiopoietins assemble distinct Tie2 signalling complexes in endothelial cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts

The receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2, and its activating ligand Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), are required for vascular remodelling and vessel integrity, whereas Ang2 may counteract these functions. However, it is not known how Tie2 transduces these different signals. Here, we show that Ang1 induces unique Tie2 complexes in mobile and confluent endothelial cells. Matrix-bound Ang1 induced cell adhesion, motility and Tie2 activation in cell-matrix contacts that became translocated to the trailing edge in migrating endothelial cells. In contrast, in contacting cells Ang1 induced Tie2 translocation to cell-cell contacts and the formation of homotypic Tie2-Tie2 trans-associated complexes that included the vascular endothelial phosphotyrosine phosphatase, leading to inhibition of paracellular permeability. Distinct signalling proteins were preferentially activated by Tie2 in the cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts, where Ang2 inhibited Ang1-induced Tie2 activation. This novel type of cellular microenvironment-dependent receptor tyrosine kinase activation may explain some of the effects of angiopoietins in angiogenesis and vessel stabilization.

Biochemical and genetic analysis of two protein kinases JNKK2 and MEKK3

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are conserved eukaryotic signaling modules consisting of a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. MAPK cascades are involved in many cellular responses including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, stress and immune responses. ^ The first part of this thesis describes the cloning and biochemical analysis of JNKK2, a member of MAPKK gene family. Our results demonstrate that JNKK2 is a specific JNK activator and activates the JNK-dependent signal transduction pathway in vivo by inducing c-Jun and ATF2-mediated gene expression. We also found that JNKK2 is specifically activated by a MAP3K MEKK2 through formation of MEKK2-JNKK2-JNK1 triple complex module. JNKK2 is likely to mediate specific upstream signals to activate JNK cascade. ^ The second part of this thesis describes biochemical and gene disruption analysis of MEKK3, a member of MAP3K gene family. We showed that overexpression of MEKK3 strongly activates both JNK and p38 MAPKs but only weakly activates ERK. MEKK−/− embryos die at about embryonic day (E) 11. MEKK3−/− embryos displayed defects in blood vessel development in the yolk sacs, and in the myocardium and endocardium development at E9.5. The angiogenesis in the head, intersomitic region and placenta was also abnormal. These results demonstrate that MEKK3, a member of MAP3K MEKK/STE11 subgene family, is essential for early embryonic cardiovascular development. Furthermore, it was found that disruption of MEKK3 did not alter the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-1 (VEGF-1), angiopoietin-1, -2 and their respective receptors Flt-1, Flk-1, Tie-1, Tie-2. Finally, MEKK3 was shown to activate myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C), a crucial transcription factor for early embryonic cardiovascular development through the p38 MAPK cascade, suggesting that MEF2C is one of the key targets of the MEEKK3 signaling pathway during early embryonic cardiovascular development. ^

Angiopoietins 3 and 4: Diverging gene counterparts in mice and humans

The angiopoietins have recently joined the members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family as the only known growth factors largely specific for vascular endothelium. The angiopoietins include a naturally occurring agonist, angiopoietin-1, as well as a naturally occurring antagonist, angiopoietin-2, both of which act by means of the Tie2 receptor. We now report our attempts to use homology-based cloning approaches to identify new members of the angiopoietin family. These efforts have led to the identification of two new angiopoietins, angiopoietin-3 in mouse and angiopoietin-4 in human; we have also identified several more distantly related sequences that do not seem to be true angiopoietins, in that they do not bind to the Tie receptors. Although angiopoietin-3 and angiopoietin-4 are strikingly more structurally diverged from each other than are the mouse and human versions of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2, they appear to represent the mouse and human counterparts of the same gene locus, as revealed in our chromosomal localization studies of all of the angiopoietins in mouse and human. The structural divergence of angiopoietin-3 and angiopoietin-4 appears to underlie diverging functions of these counterparts. Angiopoietin-3 and angiopoietin-4 have very different distributions in their respective species, and angiopoietin-3 appears to act as an antagonist, whereas angiopoietin-4 appears to function as an agonist.

Redundant roles of Sox17 and Sox18 in postnatal angiogenesis in mice

Sox7, Sox17 and Sox18 constitute group F of the Sox family of HMG box transcription factor genes. Dominant-negative mutations in Sox18 underlie the cardiovascular defects observed in ragged mutant mice. By contrast, Sox18(-/-) mice are viable and fertile, and display no appreciable anomaly in their vasculature, suggesting functional compensation by the two other SoxF genes. Here, we provide direct evidence for redundant function of Sox17 and Sox18 in postnatal neovascularization by generating Sox17(+/-)-Sox18(-/-) double mutant mice. Whereas Sox18(-/-) and Sox17(+/-)-Sox18(+/)-mice showed no vascular defects, approximately half of the Sox17(+/-)-Sox18(-/-) pups died before postnatal day 21 (P21). They showed reduced neovascularization in the liver sinusoids and kidney outer medulla vasa recta at P7, which most likely caused the ischemic necrosis observed by P14 in hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelia. Those that survived to adulthood showed similar, but milder, vascular anomalies in both liver and kidney, and females were infertile with varying degrees of vascular abnormalities in the reproductive organs. These anomalies corresponded with sites of expression of Sox7 and Sox17 in the developing postnatal vasculature. In vitro angiogenesis assays, using primary endothelial cells isolated from the P7 livers, showed that the Sox17(+/-)-Sox18(-/-)endothelial cells were defective in endothelial sprouting and remodeling of the vasculature in a phenotype-dependent manner. Therefore, our findings indicate that Sox17 and Sox18, and possibly all three SoxF genes, are cooperatively involved in mammalian vascular development.

Multiple roles of angiopoietins in atherogenesis

Purpose of review: The roles of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) during vascular development have been extensively investigated, as has been their role in controlling the responsiveness of the endothelium to exogenous cytokines. However, very little is known about the role of these vascular morphogenic molecules in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize the recent research into angiopoietins in atherosclerosis. Recent findings: Angiopoietin-2 is a context-dependent agonist that protects against the development of arteriosclerosis in rat cardiac allograft. A recent study showed, contrary to expectations, that a single systemic administration of adenoviral Ang-2 to apoE-/- mice, fed a Western diet, reduced atherosclerotic lesion size and LDL oxidation in a nitric oxide synthase dependent manner. In contrast, overexpression of Ang-1 fails to protect from rat cardiac allograft due to smooth muscle cell activation. The potential proatherogenic effect of Ang-1 is further supported by the induction of chemotaxis of monocytes by Ang-1 in a manner that is independent of Tie-2 and integrin binding. These studies highlight the need for extensive research to better understand the role of angiopoietins in the cardiovascular setting. Summary: Ang-2 inhibits atherosclerosis by limiting LDL oxidation via stimulation of nitric oxide production. In contrast, Ang-1 can promote monocyte and neutrophil migration. The angiopoietin–Tie-2 system provides an important new target for modulating vascular function.

Regulation of Foxo-1 and the angiopoietin-2/Tie2 system by shear stress

Transcription factor Foxo-1 can be inactivated via Akt-mediated phosphorylation. Since shear stress activates Akt, we determined whether Foxo-1 and the Foxo-1-dependent, angiogenesis-related Ang-2/Tie2-system are influenced by shear stress in endothelial cells. Expression of Foxo-1 and its target genes p27Kip1 and Ang-2 was decreased under shear stress (6dyn/cm(2), 24h), nuclear exclusion of Foxo-1 by phosphorylation increased. eNOS and Tie2 were upregulated. No effects on Ang-1 expression were detected. In conclusion, Foxo-1 and Ang-2/Tie2 are part of the molecular response to shear stress, which may regulate angiogenesis.

Retinoic acid receptor beta and angiopoietin-like protein 1 are involved in the regulation of human androgen biosynthesis

Androgens are essential for sexual development and reproduction. However, androgen regulation in health and disease is poorly understood. We showed that human adrenocortical H295R cells grown under starvation conditions acquire a hyperandrogenic steroid profile with changes in steroid metabolizing enzymes HSD3B2 and CYP17A1 essential for androgen production. Here we studied the regulatory mechanisms underlying androgen production in starved H295R cells. Microarray expression profiling of normal versus starved H295R cells revealed fourteen differentially expressed genes; HSD3B2, HSD3B1, CYP21A2, RARB, ASS1, CFI, ASCL1 and ENC1 play a role in steroid and energy metabolism and ANGPTL1, PLK2, DUSP6, DUSP10 and FREM2 are involved in signal transduction. We discovered two new gene networks around RARB and ANGPTL1, and show how they regulate androgen biosynthesis. Transcription factor RARB stimulated the promoters of genes involved in androgen production (StAR, CYP17A1 and HSD3B2) and enhanced androstenedione production. For HSD3B2 regulation RARB worked in cooperation with Nur77. Secretory protein ANGPTL1 modulated CYP17A1 and DUSP6 expression by inducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. By contrast, our studies revealed no evidence for hormones or cell cycle involvement in regulating androgen biosynthesis. In summary, these studies establish a firm role for RARB and ANGPTL1 in the regulation of androgen production in H295R cells.

Increased Circulating Pedf And Low Sicam-1 Are Associated With Sickle Cell Retinopathy.

Sickle cell retinopathy (SCR) develops in up to 30% of sickle cell disease patients (SCD) during the second decade of life. Treatment for this affection remains palliative, so studies on its pathophysiology may contribute to the future development of novel therapies. SCR is more frequently observed in hemoglobin SC disease and derives from vaso-occlusion in the microvasculature of the retina leading to neovascularization and, eventually, to blindness. Circulating inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors, and their interaction may contribute to the pathophysiology of this complication. Angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, IL1-β, TNF-α, pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) and vascular endothelial growth factor plasmatic levels were determined in 37 SCD patients with retinopathy, 34 without retinopathy, and healthy controls. We observed that sICAM-1 is significantly decreased, whereas PEDF is elevated in HbSC patients with retinopathy (P=0.012 and P=0.031, respectively). Ang-1, Ang-2 and IL1-β levels were elevated in SCD patients (P=0.001, P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively), compared to controls, and HbSS patients presented higher levels of Ang-2 compared to HbSC (P<0.001). Our study supports the possible influence of sICAM-1 and PEDF on the pathophysiology of retinal neovascularization in SCD patients.

Stimulated mast cells promote maturation of myocardial microvascular endothelial cell neovessels by modulating the angiopoietin-Tie-2 signaling pathway

Angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Ang-2 interact in angiogenesis to activate the Tie-2 receptor, which may be involved in new vessel maturation and regression. Mast cells (MCs) are also involved in formation of new blood vessels and angiogenesis. The present study was designed to test whether MCs can mediate angiogenesis in myocardial microvascular endothelial cells (MMVECs). Using a rat MMVEC and MC co-culture system, we observed that Ang-1 protein levels were very low even though its mRNA levels were increased by MCs. Interestingly, MCs were able to enhance migration, proliferation, and capillary-like tube formation, which were associated with suppressed Ang-2 protein expression, but not Tie-2 expression levels. These MCs induced effects that could be reversed by either tryptase inhibitor [N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK)] or chymase inhibitor (N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone), with TLCK showing greater effects. In conclusion, our data indicated that MCs can interrupt neovessel maturation via suppression of the Ang-2/Tie-2 signaling pathway.

Angiopoietin like-2: a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative protein that contributes to endothelial dysfunction

Le vieillissement vasculaire est caractérisé par une dysfonction de l’endothélium. De nombreux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire tels que l’obésité et l’hypertension prédisposent l’endothélium à un stress oxydant élevé aboutissant à une dysfonction endothéliale, celle-ci étant communément accompagnée d’une diminution de la biodisponibilité du monoxyde d’azote. Bien que la fonction endothéliale soit un déterminant majeur de la prédiction du risque cardiovasculaire des patients, son évaluation individuelle reste très limitée. En conséquence, il existe un intérêt scientifique grandissant pour la recherche de meilleurs biomarqueurs. L’Angiopoiétine like-2 (angptl2), une protéine identifiée récemment, joue un rôle pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydant dans plusieurs désordres causés par une inflammation chronique allant de l’obésité à l’athérosclérose. L’inflammation et un stress oxydant accru ont été établis comme des mécanismes sous-jacents à l’apparition d’une dysfonction endothéliale, c’est pourquoi ce travail met l’accent sur le rôle de l’angptl2 dans la dysfonction endothéliale. Plus précisément, ce travail vise à: 1) déterminer les effets aigus de l’angptl2 sur la fonction endothéliale, 2) caractériser la fonction endothéliale et la contribution des différents facteurs relaxants dérivés de l'endothélium (EDRF) dans plusieurs lits vasculaires, et ce, dans un modèle de souris réprimant l’expression de l’angptl2 (knock-down, KD), et 3) examiner si l'absence d'expression angptl2 protège contre la dysfonction endothéliale induite par un régime riche en graisses (HFD) ou par perfusion d'angiotensine II (angII) chez la souris. Dans la première étude, l’incubation aigue avec de l’angptl2 recombinante induit une dysfonction endothéliale dans les artères fémorales isolées de souris de type sauvage (WT), probablement en raison d’une production accrue d'espèces réactives oxygénées. Les artères fémorales de souris angptl2 KD présentent une meilleure fonction endothéliale en comparaison aux souris WT, vraisemblablement par une plus grande contribution de la prostacycline dans la vasodilatation. Après 3 mois d’une diète HFD, les principaux EDRF respectifs des artères fémorales et mésentériques sont conservés uniquement dans les souris angptl2 KD. Cette préservation est associée à un meilleur profil métabolique, une moindre accumulation de triglycérides dans le foie et des adipocytes de plus petite taille. De plus, l’expression de gènes inflammatoires dans ces tissus adipeux n’est augmentée que chez les souris WT. Dans la seconde étude, l’absence d’angptl2 résulte en une production accrue de monoxyde d’azote dans les artères cérébrales isolées par rapport à celles des souris WT. La perfusion chronique d’angII provoque, seulement chez les souris WT, une dysfonction endothéliale cérébrale probablement par le biais d’une augmentation de la production d’espèces réactives oxygénées, probablement dérivé des NADPH oxydase 1 et 2, ainsi que l'augmentation des facteurs constricteurs dérivés de l’endothélium issus de la cyclo-oxygénase. En revanche, l’apocynine réduit la dilatation cérébrale chez les souris KD traitées à l’angII, ce qui suggère le recrutement potentiel d’une voie de signalisation compensatoire impliquant les NADPH oxydases et qui aurait un effet vaso-dilatateur. Ces études suggèrent fortement que l’angptl2 peut avoir un impact direct sur la fonction endothéliale par ses propriétés pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydante. Dans une optique d’application à la pratique clinique, les niveaux sanguins d’angptl2 pourraient être un bon indicateur de la fonction endothéliale.

Retinal overexpression of angiopoietin-2 mimics diabetic retinopathy and enhances vascular damages in hyperglycemia

Our previous data suggested that angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is linked to pericyte loss, thereby playing an important role in diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we investigated the effect of retinal overexpression of human Ang-2 (mOpsinhAng2 mouse) on vascular morphology in non-diabetic and streptozotozin-induced diabetic animals. Pericyte (PC) coverage and acellular capillary (AC) formation were quantitated in retinal digest preparations after 3 and 6 months of diabetes duration. The degree of retinopathy in non-diabetic mOpsinhAng2 mice at 3 months (-21% PC, +49% AC) was comparable to age-matched diabetic wild type mice. Diabetic mOpsinhAng2 mice exhibited significantly worse vascular pathology than wild type counterparts at 6 months. Quantitative PCR revealed that human Ang-2 mRNA was highly overexpressed in retinas of transgenic mice. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of Ang-2 in the retina enhances vascular pathology, indicating that Ang-2 plays an essential role in diabetic vasoregression via destabilization of pericytes.

Impaired pericyte recruitment and abnormal retinal angiogenesis as a result of angiopoietin-2 overexpression

Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) is among the relevant growth factors induced by hypoxia and plays an important role in the initiation of retinal neovascularizations. Ang2 is also involved in incipient diabetic retinopathy, as it may cause pericyte loss. To investigate the impact of Ang2 on developmental and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, we used a transgenic mouse line overexpressing human Ang2 in the mouse retina. Transgenic mice displayed a reduced coverage of capillaries with pericytes (-14%; p < 0.01) and a 46% increase of vascular density of the capillary network at postnatal day 10 compared to wild type mice. In the model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), Ang2 overexpression resulted in enhanced preretinal (+103%) and intraretinal neovascularization (+29%). Newly formed intraretinal vessels in OIR were also pericyte-deficient (-26%; p < 0.01). The total expression of Ang2 in transgenic mice was seven-fold, compared with wild type controls. Ang2 modulated expression of genes encoding VEGF (+65%) and Ang1 (+79%) in transgenic animals. These data suggest that Ang2 is involved in pericyte recruitment, and modulates intraretinal, and preretinal vessel formation in the eye under physiological and pathological conditions.