Mujeres influyentes en la antigua Grecia

Resumen basado en el de la publicación.

Os primeiros arquitectos conhecidos e o seu legado

Neste estudo sobre os primórdios da arquitectura, indicamos os nomes de dezassete arquitectos da Antiguidade pré-clássica (Egipto e Mesopotâmia) e da Antiguidade Clássica (Grécia e Roma). Apontam-se as suas obras de referência, salientando, quando for o caso, as suas inovações. Alguns exemplos: o uso da pedra e da forma escalonada da pirâmide Imohtep em Sacara; o uso de colunas proto-dóricas pelo arquitecto Senmut em Deir-el-Bahari; a utilização do arco e da abóbada no palácio de Domiciano em Roma pelo arquitecto Rabirio, etc. No legado destes primórdios da arquitectura são dignas de registo várias técnicas que perduram até ao presente: a iluminação clerestórica do templo de Karnak (muito utilizada nas catedrais góticas medievais); a "entasis" que foi usada por Calícrates no Partenon em Atenas e usada na arquitectura renascentista; a quadrícula de Hipódamo de Mileto como prática urbanística frequente.

The other architecture: From natural caves to excavated housing

Excavated towns are an attractive example of underground urbanism that managed to solve, in a very interesting way, thermal problems thanks to natural ground inertia or transition spaces. The aim of this paper is to show the typological evolution of excavated dwellings worldwide, as an architectural proposal and urban solution. The proposed methodology provides an analysis of underground architectures from natural caves to excavated housing, focusing on the study of global constructive solutions to specific problems. Thus, architectures as a natural geography correction (horizontal excavation), buried underground architectures (vertical excavation), subtractive architectures (shallow excavation) and combined architectures (mixed excavation) are studied. In conclusion, there are many examples of typological combinations since troglodyte architects tried to adapt the most elementary constructive rules to get greatly enriched results. These proposals of different underground structures deal with each territory and its geographical features, and obtain urban and architectural solutions transferable to current configurations.

Excavated housing in Crevillente (Spain). Constructive and typologycal study

Underground architecture has sheltered man for many centuries, but the current need to emphasize the bioclimatic approach makes the study of excavated housing essential. This traditional construction is a part of the collective human living experience but also a reference in using the natural conditions of each region through simple proposals based on ground thermal inertia. The aim of this paper is to show the typological evolution of the excavated dwelling in Crevillente, in southeast Spain, compared to other worldwide architectural proposals or urban solutions. To show their adaptation to the regional geography and to comprehend both formal and material characteristics of these simple typologies, which do not need extra energy contribution for interior conditioning. This work is part of the doctoral thesis of the author.

Planes y planos. Sobre las enseñanzas en las escuelas de arquitectura

Reflexión sobre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, sobre los docentes y los discentes, en las escuelas de Arquitectura y propuesta de una idea de plan de estudios que contemplara tres estadios: un preámbulo que discurre viajando por el ancho mundo; luego la carrera para hacer acopio de destrezas y aprendizajes; y, por fin, la práctica del proyecto de arquitectura en el estudio profesional.

História da matemática e teatro nas aulas sobre Teorema de Tales: um script proposto

This study will present the results of an investigation of how the history of mathematics and theater can contribute to the construction of mathematical knowledge of students in the 9th year of elementary school, through the experience, preparation and execution of a play, beyond presentation of the script. This brings a historical approach, defining space and time of events, putting the reader and viewer to do the route in the biography of Thales of Miletus (624-546 a.C), creating situations that led to the study and discussion of the content related to the episode possible to measure the height of the pyramid Khufu and the Theorem of Thales. That said, the pedagogical proposal implemented in this work was based on theoretical and methodological assumptions of the History of Mathematics and Theatre, drawing upon authors such as Mendes (2006), Miguel (1993), Gutierre (2010), Desgrandes (2011), Cabral (2012). Regarding the methodological procedures used qualitative research because it responds to particular issues, analyzing and interpreting the data generated in the research field. As methodological tools we have used participant observation, the questionnaire given to the students, field diary and dissertativos texts produced by students. The processing and analysis of data collected through the questionnaires were organized, classified and quantified in tables and graphs for easy viewing, interpretation, understanding and analysis of data. Data analysis corroborated our hypothesis and contributed to improving the use and display of the play as a motivating activity in mathematics classrooms. Thus, we consider that the script developed, ie the educational product proposed will bring significant contributions to the teaching of Mathematics in Primary Education

Dioses y hombres a escena: cosmología en la escenografía del siglo XVII

La concepción cosmológica que se fue configurando en la época moderna impuso la semiótica del gobierno de los monarcas absolutistas, que tenía su traducción en una tipología iconográfica, recurrente, en la decoración escenográfica de los distintos espectáculos de la celebración áulica, en base a los denominados cuatro elementos de Tales de Mileto. Se propone una aproximación a la simbología del “Buen Gobierno” o más bien de la mentalidad implícita a la sumisión y el vasallaje por el que se regían los gobiernos autocráticos, a través del análisis escenográfico de algunas obras emblemáticas de la Historia del Arte y de las Artes Escénicas.

Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic farmers

The pressures on honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations, resulting from threats by modern pesticides, parasites, predators and diseases, have raised awareness of the economic importance and critical role this insect plays in agricultural societies across the globe. However, the association of humans with A. mellifera predates post-industrial-revolution agriculture, as evidenced by the widespread presence of ancient Egyptian bee iconography dating to the Old Kingdom (approximately 2400 bc)1. There are also indications of Stone Age people harvesting bee products; for example, honey hunting is interpreted from rock art2 in a prehistoric Holocene context and a beeswax find in a pre-agriculturalist site3. However, when and where the regular association of A. mellifera with agriculturalists emerged is unknown4. One of the major products of A. mellifera is beeswax, which is composed of a complex suite of lipids including n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and fatty acyl wax esters. The composition is highly constant as it is determined genetically through the insect’s biochemistry. Thus, the chemical ‘fingerprint’ of beeswax provides a reliable basis for detecting this commodity in organic residues preserved at archaeological sites, which we now use to trace the exploitation by humans of A. mellifera temporally and spatially. Here we present secure identifications of beeswax in lipid residues preserved in pottery vessels of Neolithic Old World farmers. The geographical range of bee product exploitation is traced in Neolithic Europe, the Near East and North Africa, providing the palaeoecological range of honeybees during prehistory. Temporally, we demonstrate that bee products were exploited continuously, and probably extensively in some regions, at least from the seventh millennium cal bc, likely fulfilling a variety of technological and cultural functions. The close association of A. mellifera with Neolithic farming communities dates to the early onset of agriculture and may provide evidence for the beginnings of a domestication process.

El valor mitográfico del "Anonymi in Statii Achilleida commentum"

El breve commentum in Statii Achilleida resulta muy interesante para el estudio de la transmisión mitográfica de la Antigüedad tardía al Medievo, pues no sólo participa de las características propias de la mitografía (narraciones de mitos, exégesis racionalista y/o alegórica, interpretaciones etimológicas, anonimato, pseudepigrafía,…), sino que también es otro eslabón en la cadena textual de transmisión, simplificación y canonización de los mitos clásicos.

Campi magnetici in astrofisica

Circa 2500 anni fa, a Magnesia, l’uomo scopriva la magnetite, un minerale del ferro che ha un contenuto di metallo particolarmente alto. Fu così che l’umanità venne a contatto per la prima volta, più o meno consapevolmente, con gli effetti dei campi magnetici. Già il filosofo greco Talete di Mileto nel VI secolo a.C. descrisse gli effetti di tali pietre, ma l’umanità non smise di esserne affascinata. Un esempio astronomicamente noto di campo magnetico su ampia scala è quello terrestre: il nostro pianeta si può pensare come un grosso magnete con un campo di BE ≈ 0.3...0.5G, che tra le altre cose ci protegge dalle particelle ad altissima energia intrappolandole nelle cosiddette fasce di Van Allen. Vi sono poi campi magnetici molto più intensi, a partire da quelli generati in altri pianeti, come Giove, o di stelle e altri corpi celesti particolarmente densi, che possono raggiungere i 10^15G. Ma i campi magnetici sono largamente diffusi anche in tutto lo spazio interstellare e intergalattico, dove hanno valori molto inferiori, che sfiorano i pochi μG. Come si può intuire, un così ampio spettro di valori si traduce in un’altrettanto ricca gamma di metodi di rilevazione. In particolare, in questo elaborato, ci concentreremo soprattutto sui metodi di studio dei campi magnetici meno intensi, la cui conoscenza si basa sulle proprietà osservabili della radiazione di sincrotrone, principalmente indi- viduabili dai dati radio. Dedichiamo quindi un breve capitolo alla derivazione dello spettro della radiazione suddetta (Capitolo 2), preceduto da un accenno alle proprietà energetiche dei plasmi magnetizzati (Capitolo 1). Ci occupiamo infine per l’intero Capitolo 3 di alcuni tra i più diffusi metodi diagnostici, preferendo, come già anticipa- to quelli che analizzano gli spettri prodotti da elettroni relativistici in moto in campi magnetici, ma attraversando comunque gli effetti dei plasmi magnetizzati sulla propagazione della luce e sulla separazione delle righe spettrali.