Analyse exploratoire de la dynamique des maladies infectieuses communes de l'enfance au Canada

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Analyse de la marche chez les adolescents sains et atteints de scoliose idiopathique : une étude cinétique et cinématique intégrée

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Analyse exploratoire de la dynamique des maladies infectieuses communes de l'enfance au Canada

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Réussite et sélection au premier cycle universitaire au Québec : une analyse multiniveau

L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier les formes de sélectivité scolaire et les facteurs de la réussite dans les programmes de premier cycle universitaire au Québec. En s’appuyant sur les différents écrits sur le sujet, cette recherche présente les différents déterminants de la réussite scolaire ainsi que la sélectivité dans les programmes universitaires québécois. D’un point de vue méthodologique, ce mémoire utilise une base administrative de données longitudinales de l’Université de Montréal constituée de deux générations de cohortes d’étudiants de premier cycle. Sur le plan empirique, nous analysons d’abord la différenciation des programmes de premier cycle en matière de sélectivité pour en dériver un indicateur agrégé de sélectivité. Ensuite, nous étudions les facteurs individuels de réussite en contrôlant l’effet de la cote R dans un modèle multiniveau. L’analyse explicative fait apparaitre deux principaux constats originaux sur les facteurs de réussite, l’un relatif à la cote R et l’autre à l’appartenance de sexe. La cote R influence les chances de réussite des étudiants, mais en raison inverse du niveau de sélectivité à l’entrée. Dans les programmes où la sélection à l’entrée est la plus forte, les taux de diplomation sont les plus élevés et le lien entre la cote R et la note finale est très faible. En outre, le fait d’être un garçon tend à réduire les chances de réussite, mais cet effet négatif disparait quand on tient compte de la cote R ainsi que du programme d’appartenance dans un modèle multiniveau. Si les étudiantes réussissent mieux au niveau du premier cycle universitaire c’est donc surtout parce qu’elles ont eu de meilleures performances scolaires antérieurement et qu’elles ne sont pas dans les mêmes programmes que leurs homologues masculins.

Réussite et sélection au premier cycle universitaire au Québec : une analyse multiniveau

L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier les formes de sélectivité scolaire et les facteurs de la réussite dans les programmes de premier cycle universitaire au Québec. En s’appuyant sur les différents écrits sur le sujet, cette recherche présente les différents déterminants de la réussite scolaire ainsi que la sélectivité dans les programmes universitaires québécois. D’un point de vue méthodologique, ce mémoire utilise une base administrative de données longitudinales de l’Université de Montréal constituée de deux générations de cohortes d’étudiants de premier cycle. Sur le plan empirique, nous analysons d’abord la différenciation des programmes de premier cycle en matière de sélectivité pour en dériver un indicateur agrégé de sélectivité. Ensuite, nous étudions les facteurs individuels de réussite en contrôlant l’effet de la cote R dans un modèle multiniveau. L’analyse explicative fait apparaitre deux principaux constats originaux sur les facteurs de réussite, l’un relatif à la cote R et l’autre à l’appartenance de sexe. La cote R influence les chances de réussite des étudiants, mais en raison inverse du niveau de sélectivité à l’entrée. Dans les programmes où la sélection à l’entrée est la plus forte, les taux de diplomation sont les plus élevés et le lien entre la cote R et la note finale est très faible. En outre, le fait d’être un garçon tend à réduire les chances de réussite, mais cet effet négatif disparait quand on tient compte de la cote R ainsi que du programme d’appartenance dans un modèle multiniveau. Si les étudiantes réussissent mieux au niveau du premier cycle universitaire c’est donc surtout parce qu’elles ont eu de meilleures performances scolaires antérieurement et qu’elles ne sont pas dans les mêmes programmes que leurs homologues masculins.

Inverse analysis FOR two-dimensional structures using the boundary element method

Inverse analysis is currently an important subject of study in several fields of science and engineering. The identification of physical and geometric parameters using experimental measurements is required in many applications. In this work a boundary element formulation to identify boundary and interface values as well as material properties is proposed. In particular the proposed formulation is dedicated to identifying material parameters when a cohesive crack model is assumed for 2D problems. A computer code is developed and implemented using the BEM multi-region technique and regularisation methods to perform the inverse analysis. Several examples are shown to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved,

Non-linear boundary element formulation with tangent operator to analyse crack propagation in quasi-brittle materials

This work deals with analysis of cracked structures using BEM. Two formulations to analyse the crack growth process in quasi-brittle materials are discussed. They are based on the dual formulation of BEM where two different integral equations are employed along the opposite sides of the crack surface. The first presented formulation uses the concept of constant operator, in which the corrections of the nonlinear process are made only by applying appropriate tractions along the crack surfaces. The second presented BEM formulation to analyse crack growth problems is an implicit technique based on the use of a consistent tangent operator. This formulation is accurate, stable and always requires much less iterations to reach the equilibrium within a given load increment in comparison with the classical approach. Comparison examples of classical problem of crack growth are shown to illustrate the performance of the two formulations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leak detection by inverse transient analysis in an experimental PVC pipe system

Leakage reduction in water supply systems and distribution networks has been an increasingly important issue in the water industry since leaks and ruptures result in major physical and economic losses. Hydraulic transient solvers can be used in the system operational diagnosis, namely for leak detection purposes, due to their capability to describe the dynamic behaviour of the systems and to provide substantial amounts of data. In this research work, the association of hydraulic transient analysis with an optimisation model, through inverse transient analysis (ITA), has been used for leak detection and its location in an experimental facility containing PVC pipes. Observed transient pressure data have been used for testing ITA. A key factor for the success of the leak detection technique used is the accurate calibration of the transient solver, namely adequate boundary conditions and the description of energy dissipation effects since PVC pipes are characterised by a viscoelastic mechanical response. Results have shown that leaks were located with an accuracy between 4-15% of the total length of the pipeline, depending on the discretisation of the system model.

A simple and effective inverse projection scheme for void distribution control in topology optimization

The ability to control both the minimum size of holes and the minimum size of structural members are essential requirements in the topology optimization design process for manufacturing. This paper addresses both requirements by means of a unified approach involving mesh-independent projection techniques. An inverse projection is developed to control the minimum hole size while a standard direct projection scheme is used to control the minimum length of structural members. In addition, a heuristic scheme combining both contrasting requirements simultaneously is discussed. Two topology optimization implementations are contributed: one in which the projection (either inverse or direct) is used at each iteration; and the other in which a two-phase scheme is explored. In the first phase, the compliance minimization is carried out without any projection until convergence. In the second phase, the chosen projection scheme is applied iteratively until a solution is obtained while satisfying either the minimum member size or minimum hole size. Examples demonstrate the various features of the projection-based techniques presented.

Inverse aerodynamic design applications using the MGM hybrid formulation

The well-known modified Garabedian-Mcfadden (MGM) method is an attractive alternative for aerodynamic inverse design, for its simplicity and effectiveness (P. Garabedian and G. Mcfadden, Design of supercritical swept wings, AIAA J. 20(3) (1982), 289-291; J.B. Malone, J. Vadyak, and L.N. Sankar, Inverse aerodynamic design method for aircraft components, J. Aircraft 24(2) (1987), 8-9; Santos, A hybrid optimization method for aerodynamic design of lifting surfaces, PhD Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993). Owing to these characteristics, the method has been the subject of several authors over the years (G.S. Dulikravich and D.P. Baker, Aerodynamic shape inverse design using a Fourier series method, in AIAA paper 99-0185, AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, January 1999; D.H. Silva and L.N. Sankar, An inverse method for the design of transonic wings, in 1992 Aerospace Design Conference, No. 92-1025 in proceedings, AIAA, Irvine, CA, February 1992, 1-11; W. Bartelheimer, An Improved Integral Equation Method for the Design of Transonic Airfoils and Wings, AIAA Inc., 1995). More recently, a hybrid formulation and a multi-point algorithm were developed on the basis of the original MGM. This article discusses applications of those latest developments for airfoil and wing design. The test cases focus on wing-body aerodynamic interference and shock wave removal applications. The DLR-F6 geometry is picked as the baseline for the analysis.

The generalized inverse Weibull distribution

The inverse Weibull distribution has the ability to model failure rates which are quite common in reliability and biological studies. A three-parameter generalized inverse Weibull distribution with decreasing and unimodal failure rate is introduced and studied. We provide a comprehensive treatment of the mathematical properties of the new distribution including expressions for the moment generating function and the rth generalized moment. The mixture model of two generalized inverse Weibull distributions is investigated. The identifiability property of the mixture model is demonstrated. For the first time, we propose a location-scale regression model based on the log-generalized inverse Weibull distribution for modeling lifetime data. In addition, we develop some diagnostic tools for sensitivity analysis. Two applications of real data are given to illustrate the potentiality of the proposed regression model.

A hybrid, inverse approach to the design of magnetic resonance imaging magnets

This paper describes a hybrid numerical method of an inverse approach to the design of compact magnetic resonance imaging magnets. The problem is formulated as a field synthesis and the desired current density on the surface of a cylinder is first calculated by solving a Fredholm equation of the first, kind. Nonlinear optimization methods are then invoked to fit practical magnet coils to the desired current density. The field calculations are performed using a semi-analytical method. The emphasis of this work is on the optimal design of short MRI magnets. Details of the hybrid numerical model are presented, and the model is used to investigate compact, symmetric MRI magnets as well as asymmetric magnets. The results highlight that the method can be used to obtain a compact MRI magnet structure and a very homogeneous magnetic field over the central imaging volume in clinical systems of approximately 1 m in length, significantly shorter than current designs. Viable asymmetric magnet designs, in which the edge of the homogeneous region is very close to one end of the magnet system are also presented. Unshielded designs are the focus of this work. This method is flexible and may be applied to magnets of other geometries. (C) 2000 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [S0094-2405(00)00303-5].

A time-harmonic inverse methodology for the design of RF coils in MRI

An inverse methodology is described to assist in the design of radio-frequency (RF) coils for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. The time-harmonic electromagnetic Green's functions are used to calculate current on the coil and shield cylinders that will generate a specified internal magnetic field. Stream function techniques and the method of moments are then used to implement this theoretical current density into an RF coil. A novel asymmetric coil operating for a 4.5 T MRI machine was designed and constructed using this methodology and the results are presented.

QUADRANT-SEARCHING: A NEW TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE THE SEARCH SPACE OF THE INVERSE PROBLEM OF EIT USING BEM TO THE DIRECT PROBLEM

The image reconstruction using the EIT (Electrical Impedance Tomography) technique is a nonlinear and ill-posed inverse problem which demands a powerful direct or iterative method. A typical approach for solving the problem is to minimize an error functional using an iterative method. In this case, an initial solution close enough to the global minimum is mandatory to ensure the convergence to the correct minimum in an appropriate time interval. The aim of this paper is to present a new, simple and low cost technique (quadrant-searching) to reduce the search space and consequently to obtain an initial solution of the inverse problem of EIT. This technique calculates the error functional for four different contrast distributions placing a large prospective inclusion in the four quadrants of the domain. Comparing the four values of the error functional it is possible to get conclusions about the internal electric contrast. For this purpose, initially we performed tests to assess the accuracy of the BEM (Boundary Element Method) when applied to the direct problem of the EIT and to verify the behavior of error functional surface in the search space. Finally, numerical tests have been performed to verify the new technique.

Prediction of impact forces in a vibratory ball mill using an inverse technique

To understand the dynamic mechanisms of the mechanical milling process in a vibratory mill, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of the impact forces associated with the collision events. However, it is difficult to directly measure the impact force in an operating mill. This paper describes an inverse technique for the prediction of impact forces from acceleration measurements on a vibratory ball mill. The characteristics of the vibratory mill have been investigated by the modal testing technique, and its system modes have been identified. In the modelling of the system vibration response to the impact forces, two modal equations have been used to describe the modal responses. The superposition of the modal responses gives rise to the total response of the system. A method based on an optimisation approach has been developed to predict the impact forces by minimising the difference between the measured acceleration of the vibratory ball mill and the predicted acceleration from the solution of the modal equations. The predicted and measured impact forces are in good agreement. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.