Interculturalidad y dinámicas comerciales : Interacciones entre indígenas y españoles en la América colonial hispana

En este artículo se plantea el análisis de la complejidad de las relaciones comerciales entre castellanos e indígenas a lo largo del periodo colonial. Para ello, se comparará la práctica sobre el terreno desde el siglo XVI hasta el XVIII con los debates teóricos medievales y modernos alrededor del comercio intercultural y de las diferencias en las formas de vida rural y urbana. Se tratará, asimismo, la dualidad campo-ciudad en relación con el traslado a América del importante papel que el pensamiento occidental otorgó tradicionalmente a la ciudad como núcleo de civilización y como foco irradiador de la misma. Dicho planteamiento arroja una perspectiva muy compleja sobre las relaciones interculturales, ya que ambos grupos -castellanos e indígenas- actuaron de maneras muy diversas según el contexto social, político y económico de cada momento. Frente a la idea de una actitud siempre hostil entre los dos grupos, se presenta un panorama de búsqueda de la amistad por medios pacíficos, entre los que se destaca el comercio como principal catalizador

The treaties of 1778, and allied documents;

I. The preliminaries: Plan of treaties; Instructions to the agent.--II. The treaties: Treaty of amity and commerce; Treaty of alliance; Act separate and secret.--III. The ratification.

Arbitration of claims for compensation for losses and damages resulting from lawful impediments to the recovery of pre-war debts. Mixed commission under article VI of the treaty between Great Britain and the United States of November 19, 1794.

Added t.-p.: Moore, J. B. International adjudications, ancient and modern ... Modern series. vol. III.

Armenia's foreign policy, 1991–2004: Between history and geopolitics

This dissertation is the first systematic study of Armenia’s foreign policy during the post-independence period, between 1991 and 2004. It argues that a small state’s foreign policy is best understood when looking at the regional level. Armenia’s geographic proximity to Iran, Russia and Turkey, places it in an area of heightened geopolitical interest by various great powers. This dissertation explores four sets of relationships with Armenia’s major historical ‘partners’: Russia, Iran, Turkey and the West (Europe and the United States). Each relationship reveals a complex reality of a continuous negotiation between ideas of history, collective memory, nationalism and geopolitics. A detailed study of Armenia’s relations with these powers demonstrates how actors’ relations of amity and enmity are formed to constitute a regional security complex. Turkey represents the ultimate “other”, while both Europe and Iran are seen as ideational “others”, whose role in Armenia’s foreign policy, aside from pragmatic policy considerations, reflects a normative quest. Russia and the United States, on the other hand, represent the powerful structural forces that define the regional security complex, in which Armenia operates. This dissertation argues that although Armenia has been severely constrained in certain foreign policy choices, it was adept at carving a space for action that privileged the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh over other geopolitical imperatives.

Armenia's Foreign Policy, 1991-2004: Between History and Geopolitics

This dissertation is the first systematic study of Armenia’s foreign policy during the post-independence period, between 1991 and 2004. It argues that a small state’s foreign policy is best understood when looking at the regional level. Armenia’s geographic proximity to Iran, Russia and Turkey, places it in an area of heightened geopolitical interest by various great powers. This dissertation explores four sets of relationships with Armenia’s major historical ‘partners’: Russia, Iran, Turkey and the West (Europe and the United States). Each relationship reveals a complex reality of a continuous negotiation between ideas of history, collective memory, nationalism and geopolitics. A detailed study of Armenia’s relations with these powers demonstrates how actors’ relations of amity and enmity are formed to constitute a regional security complex. Turkey represents the ultimate “other”, while both Europe and Iran are seen as ideational “others”, whose role in Armenia’s foreign policy, aside from pragmatic policy considerations, reflects a normative quest. Russia and the United States, on the other hand, represent the powerful structural forces that define the regional security complex, in which Armenia operates. This dissertation argues that although Armenia has been severely constrained in certain foreign policy choices, it was adept at carving a space for action that privileged the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh over other geopolitical imperatives.

Morphometrics of seagrasses at species level, Moreton Bay, Australia determined from core samples collected in 2012-2013

Seagrass meadows are important marine carbon sinks, yet they are threatened and declining worldwide. Seagrass management and conservation requires adequate understanding of the physical and biological factors determining carbon content in seagrass sediments. Here, we identified key factors that influence carbon content in seagrass meadows across several environmental gradients in Moreton Bay, SE Queensland. Sampling was conducted in two regions: (1) Canopy Complexity, 98 sites on the Eastern Banks, where seagrass canopy structure and species composition varied while turbidity was consistently low; and (2) Turbidity Gradient, 11 locations across the entire bay, where turbidity varied among sampling locations. Sediment organic carbon content and seagrass structural complexity (shoot density, leaf area, and species specific characteristics) were measured from shallow sediment and seagrass biomass cores at each location, respectively. Environmental data were obtained from empirical measurements (water quality) and models (wave height). The key factors influencing carbon content in seagrass sediments were seagrass structural complexity, turbidity, water depth, and wave height. In the Canopy Complexity region, carbon content was higher for shallower sites and those with higher seagrass structural complexity. When turbidity varied along the Turbidity Gradient, carbon content was higher at sites with high turbidity. In both regions carbon content was consistently higher in sheltered areas with lower wave height. Seagrass canopy structure, water depth, turbidity, and hydrodynamic setting of seagrass meadows should therefore be considered in conservation and management strategies that aim to maximize sediment carbon content.

Gestión de la cadena de suministro de Bimbo

El presente trabajo es un informe final sobre los procesos de producción, logística y distribución de la empresa Bimbo. El informe está conformado por aspectos teóricos y prácticos, de esta manera, brinda información clara y concreta sobre los antecedentes más importantes de esta organización y su contribución a la productividad del país. La información presentada ha sido recolectada mediante una revisión teórica y una visita a sus instalaciones en Veracruz, México. De esta manera, se han estudiado sus procesos y logística de producción y cómo contribuyen en la eficiencia y calidad de la empresa; así mismo, son fundamentales para diagnosticar los aspectos a mejorar de la entidad. Por otro lado, gracias a la visita, se logró desarrollar habilidades administrativas que hasta el momento solo estaban en teoría. Llegar a un contexto real y con problemáticas evidentes permitió consolidar el aprendizaje que se obtuvo durante años en la carrera para plasmarlos en la labor. Así mismo, el detallar las instalaciones de Bimbo permitió alcanzar una mayor perspectiva con respecto a los aspectos importantes dentro del panorama organizacional; tales como la producción, la gestión y mejora de los procesos de la compañía. Esto se logró realizando labores correspondientes a la inspección, observación, revisión de logística y el análisis de los procesos productivos. El trabajo práctico indudablemente sirvió para acrecentar los conocimientos obtenidos en la universidad.