The relationship between the North American summer monsoon, the Rocky Mountains and the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone in HadAM3

In this study the relationship between the North American monsoon, the Californian sea surface temperature (SST) cold pool, the Rocky Mountains and the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone is investigated using the Hadley Centre's atmospheric climate model, HadAM3. In 1996 Hoskins hypothesized that heating in the North American monsoon might be important for the maintenance of the summertime North Pacific subtropical anticyclone, since the monsoon heating may induce descent to the north-west of the monsoon in the descending eastern flank of the subtropical anticyclone. This descent is further enhanced by radiative cooling and is associated with equatorward surface winds parallel to the western coast of North America. These equatorward winds induce oceanic upwelling of cold water and contribute to the formation of the Californian SST cold pool, which may feed back on the anticyclone by further suppressing convection and inducing descent. More recently, Rodwell and Hoskins also investigated the global summer monsoon–subtropical anticyclone relationship. They examined the role that mountains play in impeding the progress of the low-level mid-latitude westerlies, either deflecting the westerlies northwards where they ascend along the sloping mid-latitude isentropes or deflecting them southwards forcing them to descend along the isentropes. In particular, the introduction of the Rockies into a primitive-equation model adiabatically induces descent in the eastern descending flank of the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone. These hypothesized mechanisms have been investigated using HadAM3, focusing on the possible suppression of convection by the Californian SST cold pool, the response of the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone to the strength of the North American monsoon and the ‘blocking’ of the mid-latitude westerlies by the Rocky Mountains. The role of the Rockies is examined by integrating the model with modified orography for the Rocky Mountains. Changing the height of the Rockies alters the circulation in a way consistent with the mechanism outlined above. Higher Rocky mountains force the westerlies southwards, inducing descent in the eastern flank of the subtropical anticyclone as the air descends along the sloping isentropes. The relationship between the North American monsoon and the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone is investigated by suppressing the monsoon in HadAM3. The suppression of the monsoon is accomplished by increasing the surface albedo over Mexico, which induces anomalous ascent on the eastward flank of the subtropical anticyclone and anomalous polewards surface winds along the western coast of the North American continent, also providing support for the above hypothesis. The removal of the Californian SST cold pool, however, has a statistically insignificant effect on the model, suggesting that in this model the feedback of the SST cold pool on the eastern flank of the anticyclone is weak.

Is the American Zebu really Bos indicus?

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fifth International conference of American states, special handbook for the use of the delegates,

Inserted: Table showing military and naval expenditures of the republics of the American continent, to accompany page 142 of the special handbook for the use of the delegates to the Fifth International conference of American states, prepared by the Pan American union. Washington ... January, 1923. [4] p.

Mesospheric influences on linkages between solar activity and lower atmospheric phenomena

Analyses of rocket data at mid- and high-latitude locations over the American Continent show a solar activity-dependent mesospheric heating effect in the 60 to 90 km altitude region. A study of the altitude dependence of the effect shows that the heating and associated processes propagating downwards through the mesosphere do not cause discernible effects, below the 50 to 60 km layer. At Thumba, a significant short-term heating effect attributable to varying solar ultraviolet fluxes causing variable heating of atmospheric ozone is observed. This effect does not seem to propagate downwards into the upper stratosphere.

Ichthyological ecoregions of Argentina

The Argentine Republic is situated in the southernmost portion of the American continent, occupying over 2,785,600 km2 not including the Antarctic territory. The country ranges from subtropical areas (21º46’S) to subantarctic regions (55º03’S), extending latitudinally over about 4,000 km. It possesses significant latitudinal and altitudinal variation (33º of latitudinal range, and heights from Bajo de San Julián in Santa Cruz province at 105 m below sea level, up to Mt. Aconcagua, 6,959 m over sea level), as well as two gradients of physical variability, extending in north-south and east-west directions. Owing to these features, the country presents a wide range of climates and soil types, being one of the countries with greatest diversity of biogeographical units (Lean et al., 1990, In: Bertonatti & Corcuera, 2000). There are four main hydrographic systems: Río de la Plata basin, the Atlantic and Pacific drainages, and several endorrheic systems. Within these basins, the ichthyofaunistic assemblage is well represented, with different magnitude in accordance with the different taxonomic groupings and regions considered. From an ichthyogeographic standpoint, and according to the works of Ringuelet (1975) and Arratia et al. (1983), Argentina is included in the Brasilic and Austral Subregions. The first of these is represented by two domains: the Andean Domain, comprising the southernmost portion of Titicaca Province, and the Paranensean Domain, including part of Alto Paraná and Paranoplatensean Provinces. The Austral Subregion is represented in Argentina by the Subandean-Cuyan and Patagonian Provinces. The present survey indicates that there are about 441 fish species in Argentina, distributed throughout the country; this number represents less than 10% of the total fish species occurring in the Neotropical Region. There is a recognizable trend of faunal impoverishment, both in North-South and East-West direction, reaching its maximum expression in the provinces of Tierra del Fuego (situated at approximately 52º30’S to 55ºS, and 65ºS to 68º50’W) and San Juan (approximately 28º50’S and 67ºW to 70º45’W), which have 4 and 5 fish species respectively. In north-south direction, one of the regional indicators of this phenomenon is the Salado river basin in Buenos Aires province, which constitutes the southern distributional boundary for the majority of the paranoplatensean ichthyofauna; 12 of the families occurring in the Paraná-Plata system are absent from this pauperized paranensean ichthyofaunal assemblage. Most of the continental fish fauna of Argentina belongs to the primary division of Myers (1949), while some elements are included in the secondary division and others in an amphibiotic or ‘marine penetration’ category. This ichthyofaunistic scope encompasses a wide range of morphological, biological, ecological and ethological types (benthic and pelagic, migrating and sedentary, haematophagous or parasites, annual species, inhabitants of plains or heights, estivation-adapted, etc.) inhabiting different regions within the national territory.

Gillraker analysis and speciation in the thread herring genus Opisthonema

ENGLISH: The thread herrings, genus Opisthonema, family Clupeidae, are marine fishes that occur only in tropical and subtropical waters off both coasts of the American continent. The genus is composed of one Atlantic species and four Pacific species. Opisthonema oglinum (LeSueur), the single species in the western Atlantic Ocean, occurs from Brazil to Massachusetts, at Bermuda, and throughout the West Indies. Opisthonema libertate (Günther), Opisthonema bulleri (Regan), and Opisthonema medirastre, new species, are Pacific coastal species which occur together from Peru to Mexico (with at least one occasionally in California). Opisthonema berlangai, new species, is confined to the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands. SPANISH: Los arenques de hebra, género Opisthonema, familia Clupeidae, son peces marinos que se encuentran sólo en aguas tropicales y subtropicales cerca a ambas costas del continente americano. El género está compuesto de una especie en el Atlántico y de cuatro en el Pacifico. Opisthonema oglinum (LeSueur), única especie que medra el Océano Atlántico occidental, se encuentra del Brasil a Massachusetts, en Bermuda, y las Indias Occidentales. Opisthonema libertate (Günther), Opisthonema bulleri (Regan), y Opisthonema medirastre, especie nueva, son especies costaneras del Pacífico que aparecen entremezcladas del Perú a México (ocasionalmente por lo menos una de ellas en California). Opisthonema berlangai, especie nueva, está confinada a la vecindad de las Islas Galápagos.

Estado e administração no Rio de Janeiro Joanino: a Secretaria do Estado de Negócios do Brasil (1808-1821)

A transmigração da Corte portuguesa para a América no ano de 1808 implicou na transferência de boa parte do aparato administrativo existente em Lisboa, de modo a permitir que o príncipe regente, D. João, pudesse governar o Império, a partir do Rio de Janeiro. Esta tese de doutorado analisa um dos órgãos então estabelecidos: a Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil. Partindo-se do princípio de que a dominação se estabelece pela administração, pretendeu-se, pelo estudo dessa instituição, atentar para determinados aspectos que envolveram a instalação dos órgãos de poder no continente americano. Nesse sentido, duas questões nortearam a estruturação e o desenvolvimento dos capítulos deste trabalho. Em um nível mais recortado, atentou-se para um exame sobre as principais caraterísticas da estrutura administrativa dessa instituição, percebendo quem eram os seus oficiais, os cargos ocupados e os seus respectivos ordenados, de modo a compreender as especificidades, o perfil do seu corpo burocrático; bem como a importância desse grupo de funcionários na configuração de um estilo administrativo na nova Corte. No tocante a um âmbito mais amplo, inseriu-se a Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios do Brasil no quadro que a relaciona a outros órgãos de poder então existentes. A partir deste aspecto, tentou-se apreender o eixo da política do príncipe regente para o Brasil. O exame dos tópicos de ação político-administrativa dessa instituição permitiu demonstrar o sentido da administração joanina, durante os quatro primeiros anos de permanência no Rio de Janeiro.

Dendroclimatic reconstructions of temperature, precipitation, and pressure patterns over the western and central USA, 1602-1961 [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Verified reconstructions of seasonal temperature, precipitation and sea-level pressure over North America and the North Pacific have been derived from 65 arid-site tree-ring chronologies in the North American West. Significant reconstructions were obtained for temperature for wide areas in the West and mid-continent. Precipitation reconstructions were significant only in the West, and pressure was reconstructed over wide areas of the North Pacific Ocean and the North American continent.

Echoes of existentialism in the works of Carlos Fuentes

In this thesis I have set out to trace the echoes of existentialism in the work of the Mexican novelist, Carlos Fuentes scrutinizing, in particular, La región más transparente, La muerte de Artemio Cruz and Cambio de piel. In the opening segment of the thesis I outline the essential tenets of existentialist thought and how it became the predominant philosophical and literary movement of the early part of the twentieth-century. Stemming from the work of Sören Kierkegaard in Denmark towards the end of the nineteenth-century, it challenged the arid philosophies of previous generations and provided a new way of looking at man and the human condition. In this opening chapter, I study the works of the more important philosophers in this regard such as Heidegger, Sartre, Jaspers, Marcel, Unamuno, and Ortega y Gasset and show how each in his own way contributed to the further development of the new philosophy. Chapter 2 is concerned with the spread of existentialism to the Latin American continent. In the early part of the twentieth-century, Mexico was emerging from a turbulent revolutionary period and seeking a solution to the fractured nature of its society. The Spanish philosopher, Ortega y Gasset, and the many Spanish intellectuals who sought refuge from Franco’s dictatorship in Mexico, helped to popularise the new philosophy and these lively debates about existentialism served to underpin ideas around mexicanidad or Mexican national identity. Carlos Fuentes was deeply immersed in the debate of his time, positioned as he was as a prominent public intellectual. In La muerte de Artemio Cruz he shows us how great wealth and power are a poor recompense for the loss of love and compassion and lead only to alienation and selfishness. In his other best known novel, La región más transparente, he explores the rise of modern Mexico and its society – an inauthentic society that is corrupted by a scramble for wealth and self-aggrandizement. The final chapter is devoted to the study of Cambio de piel which is concerned with violence and alienation as central pillars of existence. The violence depicted here precipitates a crisis in the human condition and an accompanying sense of alienation. The thesis seeks to establish that existentialism is central not only to Fuentes’s literary concerns but also forms a part of his ethics as an artist.

Plankton populations at the bifurcation of the North Pacific Current

As the eastward-flowing North Pacific Current approaches the North American continent it bifurcates into the southward-flowing California Current and the northward-flowing Alaska Current. This bifurcation occurs in the south-eastern Gulf of Alaska and can vary in position. Dynamic height data from Project Argo floats have recently enabled the creation of surface circulation maps which show the likely position of the bifurcation; during 2002 it was relatively far north at 53 degrees N then, during early 2003, it moved southwards to a more normal position at 45 degrees N. Two ship-of-opportunity transects collecting plankton samples with a Continuous Plankton Recorder across the Gulf of Alaska were sampled seasonally during 2002 and 2003. Their position was dependent on the commercial ship's operations; however, most transects sampled across the bifurcation. We show that the oceanic plankton differed in community composition according to the current system they occurred in during spring and fall of 2002 and 2003, although winter populations were more mixed. Displacement of the plankton communities could have impacts on the plankton's reproduction and development if they use cues such as day length, and also on foraging of higher trophic-level organisms that use particular regions of the ocean if the nutritional value of the communities is different. Although we identify some indicator taxa for the Alaska and California currents, functional differences in the plankton communities on either side of the bifurcation need to be better established to determine the impacts of bifurcation movement on the ecosystems of the north-east Pacific.

Échos d’une tradition mythologique américaine : Joseph Légaré et le tableau d’histoire (1825-1855)

Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Identité des Africains-Américains d'Atlanta : entre mémoire et histoire

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, nous nous familiarisons avec l’appellation d’Africains -Américains pour désigner les Noirs Américains. Cependant, dès son apparition, certaines personnes ont pensé que cette appellation ne serait pas acceptée par les membres du groupe. Pourtant, à leur arrivée sur le continent américain,les Noirs s’identifiaient comme Africains et cette référence est réapparue au XXe siècle. À travers des entrevues, effectuées à Atlanta en mars 2001, nous analysons le rôle joué par la mémoire collective et la mémoire sociale sur l’identité et nous interprétons les discours des individus concernant la nouvelle appellation instaurée en 1989. Ce mémoire est une analyse historique et anthropologique des discours identitaires chez des Africains-Américains d’Atlanta en 2001. Nous identifions deux axes du processus d’identification dont les racines remontent au XIXe siècle. La conscience de la situation unique des Africains en Amérique a toujours orienté l’identité «…and the Negro protest movement in two ways and has led in two directions simultaneously: wanting out and wanting in …» (Joanne Grant 1968, 1983, 1986: 9).

Hispanité, Hispanophonie : étude de la rhétorique des discours et de l'agir

Cette thèse de doctorat a été réalisée en cotutelle internationale entre l'Université de Montréal (Canada) et l'Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 (France).

Phylogénie et biogéographie du genre Bauhinia s.l. (Leguminosae)

Bauhinia s.l. est le plus vaste genre de la tribu des Cercideae (Ceasalpinioideae, Leguminoseae), avec plus de 300 espèces. Il présente une distribution pantropicale et une grande variabilité morphologique. Ces deux caractéristiques ont limité les études taxonomiques sur le genre complet, résultant en plusieurs études taxonomiques de certains groupes seulement. En 1987, Wunderlin et al. proposent une vaste révision taxonomique de la tribu des Cercideae, basée sur des données morphologiques, et divisent le genre Bauhinia en quatre sous-genres. En 2005, Lewis et Forest publient une nouvelle classification préliminaire basée sur des données moléculaires, mais sur un échantillonnage taxonomique restreint. Leurs conclusions remettent en question le monophylétisme du genre Bauhinia et suggèrent plutôt la reconnaissance de huit genres au sein du grade Bauhinia s.l. Afin de vérifier les hypothèses de Lewis et Forest, et obtenir une vision plus claire de l’histroire de Bauhinia s.l., nous avons séquencé deux régions chloroplastiques (trnL-trnF et matK-trnK) et deux régions nucléaires (Leafy et Legcyc) pour un vaste échantillonnage représentatif des Cercideae. Une première phylogénie de la tribu a tout d’abord été réalisée à partir des séquences de trnL-trnF seulement et a confirmé le non-monoplylétisme de Bauhinia s.l., avec l’inclusion du genre Brenierea, traditionnellement reconnu comme genre frère de Bauhinia s.l. Afin de ne pas limiter notre vision de l’histoire évolutive des Cercideae à un seul type de données moléculaires et à une seule région, une nouvelle série d’analyse a été effectuée, incluant toutes les séquences chloroplastiques et nucléaires. Une phylogénie individuelle a été reconstruite pour chacune des régions du génome, et un arbre d’espèce ainsi qu’un arbre de supermatrice ont été reconstruits. Bien que certaines contradictions apparaissent entre les phylogénies, les grandes lignes de l’histoire des Cercideae ont été résolues. Bauhinia s.l. est divisée en deux lignées : les groupes Phanera et Bauhinia. Le groupe Bauhinia est constitué des genres Bauhinia s.s., Piliostigma et Brenierea. Le groupe Phanera est constitué des genres Gigasiphon, Tylosema, Lysiphyllum, Barklya, Phanera et Schnella. Les genres Cercis, Adenolobus et Griffonia sont les groupes-frères du clade Bauhinia s.l. Au minimum un événement de duplication de Legcyc a été mis en évidence pour la totalité de la tribu des Cercideae, excepté Cercis, mais plusieurs évènements sont suggérés à la fois par Legcyc et Leafy. Finalement, la datation et la reconstruction des aires ancestrales de la tribu ont été effectuées. La tribu est datée de 49,7 Ma et est originaire des régions tempérées de l’hémisphère nord, probablement autour de la mer de Thétys. La tribu s’est ensuite dispersée vers les régions tropicales sèches de l’Afrique, où la séparation des groupes Bauhinia et Phanera a eu lieu. Ces deux groupes se sont ensuite dispersés en parallèle vers l’Asie du sud-est au début du Miocène. À la même période, une dispersion depuis l’Afrique de Bauhinia s.s. a permis la diversification des espèces américaines de ce genre, alors que le genre Schnella (seul genre américain du groupe Phanera) est passé par l’Australie afin de rejoindre le continent américain. Cette dispersion vers l’Australie sera également à l’origine des genres Lysiphyllum et Barklya

Lutte intégrée au roseau commun : prévention, confinement et éradication

Les plantes envahissantes menacent la biodiversité ainsi que les activités humaines. Afin de les maîtriser, la pulvérisation d'herbicides est une méthode fréquemment employée en Amérique du Nord. Cette approche ne fait pas toujours consensus et est même parfois interdite ou restreinte, ce qui justifie le recours à d'autres options. Les alternatives peuvent toutefois s'avérer rares, comporter d'importantes limitations ou sont peu documentées. Cette étude vise à tester l’efficacité de méthodes permettant de maîtriser et de prévenir les invasions de roseau commun (Phragmites australis), l'une des plantes envahissantes les plus problématiques sur le continent nord-américain, tout en limitant au minimum l'utilisation d'herbicides. Le potentiel de quatre méthodes de lutte aux petites populations de roseau bien établies a d'abord été évalué : l’excavation avec enfouissement sur place, le bâchage, l’excavation avec enfouissement sur place combinée au bâchage, et la fauche répétée. Les résultats ont montré que l'excavation avec enfouissement sur place, avec ou sans bâchage, a entraîné une élimination presque totale des populations visées, ce qui est comparable ou supérieur à l'effet généralement obtenu avec la pulvérisation d'herbicide. Le bâchage avec des toiles opaques, maintenues pendant un an, a pour sa part entraîné une maîtrise partielle du roseau, suggérant qu'une application prolongée serait nécessaire pour l'éradication de la plante. La fauche répétée, exécutée à raison de cinq fauches par été pendant deux ans, a fourni une efficacité mitigée. Les résultats suggèrent néanmoins que la fauche pendant plusieurs années contribue à affaiblir la plante, ce qui pourrait aider à son confinement. Une méthode additionnelle a été expérimentée afin de traiter les tiges éparses de roseau tout en limitant les risques d'effets hors cibles, soit le badigeonnage manuel d’herbicide. Suite à ces tests, les résultats ont montré une diminution importante de la densité des tiges, ce qui suggère que la méthode est efficace afin d'éliminer les repousses après un traitement initial, et pourrait également être employée sur de jeunes populations clairsemées. L'effet d'un ensemencement préventif de plantes herbacées sur l'établissement de semis de roseau a également été étudié, suite à des traitements sur de vastes parcelles de sol nu. Les résultats suggèrent que la méthode est efficace afin de limiter la propagation du roseau par semences et qu'un suivi périodique suite à l'intervention serait suffisant afin de maintenir l'effet préventif.