Petrologia do plúton granitico serra verde, porção lestre do domínio seridó

The study area is located at the eastern-central portion of the Seridó Belt, on the interface between the Seridó Group Metasediments and the crystalline basement rocks of the Caicó Complex (RN). Petrographic and geochemical data allow us to define aspects related to the genesis and evolution of the Serra Verde Pluton magmas, which composes the goal of this dissertation The Serra Verde Pluton is a stock with outcropping area of about 25 km², which is intrusive into metasedimentary sequence and the basement gneisses. The pluton intrusion is sintectonic to the Brasiliano event, elongated along the NE direction, developing a cornue geometry. The rock is a monzogranite mainly composed by K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz, which usually compose more than 85% of the modal analisys. The main mafic mineral is the biotite, while amphibole, sphene, epidote, opaque minerals, allanite, zircon and apatite occur as accessory minerals. It features still a latemagmatic paragenesis composed by chlorite, granular epidote, carbonates and muscovite, developed through the percolation of late CO2 and H2O rich fluids. Chemically, the Serra Verde Pluton rocks may be classified as metaluminous, of calc-alkaline affiliation, sometimes showing trondhjemític characteristics, with high Na2O (>4,5%), Sr (>400ppm) and Ba (>800ppm) and low K2O (≤3,0%), MgO (<1,0%), TiO2 (<0,5%), Rb (<90ppm), Y (≤16ppm) and Zr (≤13ppm). Micropetrographic evidences (mineral assembly and microtextures) indicate that the magma evolution occurred in moderated to high fO2 conditions, above the FMQ buffer. Thermo-barometric data obtained by minor elements geochemistry and the CIPW data, suggest a final/minimal pressure crystallization for the Serra Verde Pluton samples of about 3 to 5 kbar, liquidus temperature around 800o C, solidus temperature between 680o and 660o C. This data is compatible with those observed by many authors for the Neoproterozoic granites of the Seridó Belt. The group of analyzed data (Petrographic, microtextural and geochemical), suggests that the dominant process of the generation and evolution of the Serra Verde Granite magma was the fractional crystallization, probably from basement quartz-dioritic and tonalitic orthogneisses source

The late precambrian K-alkaline magmatism in the Ribeira Fold Belt: a case study of the Piracaia Pluton, State of São Paulo, SE Brazil, and its potential mineralization (Cu, Zn, Gd)

The Pluriserial Ribeira Magmatic System-590 of the Late Precambrian Ribeira Fold Belt comprises seven groups of high-K rocks of crustal or mantle origin with ages ranging between 620 and 570 Ma. One of these groups is represented by transalkaline suites akin to appinitic lamprophyres. The suites assemble one or more of following lithologies: (+/- quartz) gabbros and monzogabbros, (+/- quartz) diorites and monzodiorites, (+/- quartz) monzonites and syenites in addition to rare granites. All these rocks occur together in the Piracaia pluton, State of São Paulo. The mineralogy of the Piracaia suite comprises variable amounts of plagioclase (An 60-10), alkali-feldspars (orthoclase, microcline, albite), ortho- (Fe-hypersthene) and clinopyroxenes (augite), amphiboles (hornblende and rare late Fe-hastingsite), abundant biotite, quartz, opaques, sphene, allanite and zircon. Several magmatic pulses constructed the pluton. The Piracaia magma bulk trend evolved initially along the silica-undersaturation plane with simultaneous fractionation of accessory, mafic and felsic minerals. These are segregated in feldspar-rich cumulates. In the late stage, the evolutionary trend followed two distinct paths: one along the or-ab thermal barrier with the crystallization of syenites; the second one along the thermal valley in the or-ab-qz subsystem, producing quartz-syenites and granites. The source of the Piracaia magma was a 'vein-plus-wall-rock-system '. Together the pulses reflect increasing and decreasing participation of peridotites and mica pyroxenites, respectively, in the magmatogenic process. The magmatic pulses were stored in magma chambers, several drained by deep faults or fractures, which were successively reactivated and recharged. Each new pulse underwent mixing with earlier residual magma, followed by fractionation. During ascent through the hot and thickened post-collisional crust, the magma pulses underwent minor compositional changes by crustal contamination. The concentration of valuable elements (Cu, Zn, Gd) in the Piracaia pluton occurred during two phases of the magmatic evolution. Cu and Zn were enriched in cumulates and Gd was concentrated in residual quartz-syenitic veins. Due to their homogeneous dark colour and texture, the monzodiorites are exploited both for polished dimension stones and supports for sensitive scientific instruments. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estudos isotópicos (Pb, O, H, S) em zonas alteradas e mineralizadas do depósito cupro-aurífero Visconde, Província Mineral de Carajás

O depósito cupro-aurífero Visconde está localizado na Província Mineral de Carajás, a cerca de 15 km a leste do depósito congênere de classe mundial Sossego. Encontra-se em uma zona de cisalhamento de direção WNW-ESE, que marca o contato das rochas metavulcanossedimentares da Bacia Carajás com o embasamento. Nessa zona ocorrem outros depósitos hidrotermais cupro-auríferos com características similares (Alvo 118, Cristalino, Jatobá, Bacaba, Bacuri, Castanha), que têm sido enquadrados na classe IOCG (Iron Oxide Copper-Gold), embora muitas dúvidas ainda existam quanto a sua gênese, principalmente no que diz respeito à idade da mineralização e fontes dos fluidos, ligantes e metais. O depósito Visconde está hospedado em rochas arqueanas variavelmente cisalhadas e alteradas hidrotermalmente, as principais sendo metavulcânicas félsicas (2968 ± 15 Ma), o Granito Serra Dourada (2860 ± 22 Ma) e gabros/dioritos. Elas registram diversos tipos de alteração hidrotermal com forte controle estrutural, destacando-se as alterações sódica (albita + escapolita) e sódico-cálcica (albita + actinolita ± turmalina ± quartzo ± magnetita ± escapolita), mais precoces, que promoveram a substituição ubíqua de minerais primários das rochas e a disseminação de calcopirita, pirita, molibdenita e pentlandita. Dados isotópicos de oxigênio e hidrogênio de minerais representativos desses tipos de alteração mostram que os fluidos hidrotermais foram quentes (410 – 355°C) e ricos em ¹⁸O (δ¹⁸O_H2O= +4,2 a 9,4‰). Sobreveio a alteração potássica, caracterizada pela intensa biotitização das rochas, a qual ocorreu concomitantemente ao desenvolvimento de foliação milonítica, notavelmente desenhada pela orientação de palhetas de biotita, que precipitaram de fluidos com assinatura isotópica de oxigênio similar à dos estágios anteriores (δ¹⁸O_H2O entre +4,8 e +7,2‰, a 355°C). Microclina e alanita são outras fases características desse estágio, além da calcopirita precipitada nos planos da foliação. A temperaturas mais baixas (230 ± 11°C), fluidos empobrecidos em ¹⁸O (δ¹⁸O_H2O = -1,3 a +3,7‰) geraram associações de minerais cálcico-magnesianos (albita + epidoto + clorita ± calcita ± actinolita) que são contemporâneas à mineralização. Valores de δ¹⁸D_H2O e δO_H2O indicam que os fluidos hidrotermais foram inicialmente formados por águas metamórficas e formacionais, a que se misturou alguma água de fonte magmática. Nos estágios tardios, houve considerável influxo de águas superficiais. Diluição e queda da temperatura provocaram a precipitação de abundantes sulfetos (calcopirita ± bornita ± calcocita ± digenita), os quais se concentraram principalmente em brechas tectônicas - os principais corpos de minério - que chegam a conter até cerca de 60% de sulfetos. Veios constituídos por minerais sódico-cálcicos também apresentam comumente sulfetos. A associação de minerais de minério e ganga indica uma assinatura de Cu-Au- Fe-Ni-ETRL-B-P para a mineralização. Os valores de δ³⁴S (-1,2 a +3,4‰) de sulfetos sugerem enxofre de origem magmática (proveniente da exsolução de magmas ou da dissolução de sulfetos das rochas ígneas pré-existentes) e precipitação em condições levemente oxidantes. Datação do minério por lixiviação e dissolução total de Pb em calcopirita forneceu idades de 2736 ± 100 Ma e 2729 ± 150 Ma, que indicam ser a mineralização neoarqueana e, a despeito dos altos erros, permite descartar um evento mineralizador paleoproterozoico. A idade de 2746 ± 7 Ma (MSDW=4,9; evaporação de Pb em zircão), obtida em um corpo granítico não mineralizado (correlacionado à Suíte Planalto) que ocorre na área do depósito, foi interpretada como a idade mínima da mineralização. Assim, a formação do depósito Visconde teria relação com o evento transpressivo ocorrido entre 2,76 e 2,74 Ga, reponsável pela inversão da Bacia Carajás e pela geração de magmatismo granítico nos domínios Carajás e de Transição. Esse evento teria desencadeado reações de devolatilização em rochas do Supergrupo Itacaiúnas, ou mesmo, provocado a expulsão de fluidos conatos salinos aprisionados em seus intertícios. Esses fluidos teriam migrado pelas zonas de cisalhamento e reagido com as rochas (da bacia e do embasamento) pelas quais se movimentaram durante a fase dúctil. As concentrações subeconômicas do depósito Visconde devem ser resultado da ausência de grandes estruturas que teriam favorecido maior influxo de fluidos superficiais, tal como ocorreu na formação dos depósitos Sossego e Alvo 118.

Petrography, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry of the Rio Branco Granite, Carajás Province, southeast of Pará, Brazil

Petrografia, suscetibilidade magnética e geoquímica do Granito Rio Branco, Província Carajás, sudeste do Pará, Brazil. O Granito Rio Branco é um stock paleoproterozoico intrusivo no biotita-monzogranito arqueano Cruzadão. Ocorre a oeste da cidade de Canaã dos Carajás, nas proximidades da mina de cobre do Sossego na Província Carajás. É constituído por sienogranitos não deformados e isotrópicos, hololeucocráticos, em geral de granulação média. A mineralogia é formada por feldspato alcalino pertítico, quartzo e plagioclásio. A biotita, intensamente cloritizada, é a principal fase máfica, acompanhada por flluorita, allanita, zircão, pirita e calcopirita como minerais acessórios. Albitização e, com menor intensidade greisenização, afetaram o granito, sendo a mineralogia secundária albita, fluorita, topázio, clorita, muscovita, siderofilita e óxidos e/ou hidróxidos de ferro. O Granito Rio Branco apresenta valores sistematicamente baixos de suscetibilidade magnética (SM) variando de 1,3 x 10^-5 a 6,96 x 10^-4 (SI). Geoquimicamente, é metaluminoso a peraluminoso, possui altas razões FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) e mostra afinidades com granitos ferrosos, tipo-A do subtipo A2. Os padrões dos ETR revelam um ligeiro enriquecimento de ETR leves em relação ao ETR pesados e anomalia negativa acentuada de Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0,08 - 0,13), resultando feição em "gaivota", característica de granitos evoluídos. O conjunto de dados obtidos demonstra o caráter evoluído do Granito Rio Branco e sua derivação a partir de líquidos reduzidos e enriquecidos em voláteis, causadores das transformações hidrotermais tardias. O estudo comparativo deste corpo com aqueles das suítes anorogênicas da Província Carajás sugere que o Granito Rio Branco possui maior afinidade com os granitos das suítes Velho Guilherme e, em menor grau, Serra dos Carajás. Por outro lado, é claramente distinto da Suíte Jamon. Embora apresente características similares às dos granitos especializados em estanho, não há mineralizações desta natureza associadas ao corpo.

Petrologia magnética dos granodioritos Água Azul e Água Limpa, porção sul do Domínio Carajás - Pará

Os granodioritos Água Azul (GrdAA) e Água Limpa (GrdAL) afloram no extremo sul do Domínio Carajás como dois corpos alongados segundo o trend regional E-W, anteriormente inseridos no Complexo Xingu. O GrdAL é formado essencialmente por biotita-anfibólio granodioritos e muscovita-biotita granodioritos, além de anfibólio-biotita tonalitos subordinados; no GrdAA, epídoto-anfibólio-biotita granodioritos são dominantes, epídoto-anfibólio-biotita tonalitos e (anfibólio)-epídoto-biotita monzogranitos, subordinados. Essas rochas mostram assinaturas geoquímicas afins dos sanukitoides arqueanos. O estudo de suscetibilidade magnética (SM) mostrou valores relativamente baixos para o GrdAL (média de 17,54 × 10^-4 SIv) e o GrdAA (média de 4,19 × 10^-4 SIv). Os estudos dos minerais opacos mostram que a magnetita e a hematita são as fases comuns e que a ilmenita está ausente nessas rochas. O GrdAL contém titanita associada à magnetita, enquanto o GrdAA contém pirita, calcopirita e goethita. No GrdAL, a magnetita é mais abundante e desenvolvida que no GrdAA, justificando, assim, sua SM mais elevada. A martitização da magnetita e a oxidação dos sulfetos, gerando goethita, ocorreram a baixas temperaturas. A correlação positiva entre os valores de SM e os conteúdos modais de opacos, anfibólio, epídoto + allanita e quartzo + K-feldspato, assim como a correlação negativa de SM com biotita e máficos observadas nessas unidades, denunciam uma tendência no aumento de SM no sentido anfibólio tonalitos/anfibólio granodioritos à biotita granodioritos/biotita monzogranitos. Os dados geoquímicos corroboram esse comportamento, com correlação negativa entre os valores de SM e Fe₂O₃T, FeO e MgO, refletindo para as duas unidades uma tendência de aumento nos valores de SM paralelamente à diferenciação magmática. As afinidades geoquímicas e mineralógicas entre essas rochas e os sanukitoides do Domínio Rio Maria sugerem condições de fugacidade de oxigênio entre os tampões HM e FMQ para os granitoides estudados.

Geologia, Petrografia e Geoquímica do Batólito Seringa, Província Carajás, SSE do Pará

O Granito Seringa, com cerca de 2250 km² de superfície afl orante, representa o maior batólito da Província Carajás. É intrusivo em unidades arqueanas do Terreno Granito-Greenstone de Rio Maria, sudeste do Cráton Amazônico. É constituído por dois grandes conjuntos petrográficos: a) rochas monzograníticas, representadas por bitotita-anfibólio monzogranito grosso (BAMGrG) e anfibólio-bitotita monzogranito grosso (ABMGrG); b) rochas sienograníticas, representadas por anfibólio-biotita sienogranito porfirítico (ABSGrP), leucosienogranito heterogranular (LSGrH), leucomicrosienogranito (LMSGr) e anfibólio-biotita sienogranito heterogranular (ABSGrH). Biotita e anfibólio são os minerais varietais e zircão, apatita, minerais opacos e allanita, os acessórios. O Granito Seringa mostra caráter subalcalino, metaluminoso a fracamente peraluminoso e possui altas razões FeO_t/FeO_t+MgO (0,86 a 0,97) e K₂O/Na₂O (1 a 2). Os ETR mostram padrão de fracionamento moderado para os ETRL e sub-horizontalizado para os ETRP. As anomalias negativas de Eu são fracas nas rochas monzograníticas e moderadas a acentuadas nas sienograníticas e leucomonzograníticas, respectivamente, com exceção dos ABSGrP. Mostra afinidades geoquímicas com granitos intraplacas ricos em ferro, do subtipo A₂ e do tipo A oxidados. As relações de campo e os aspectos petrográficos e geoquímicos não são coerentes com a evolução das fácies do Granito Seringa a partir da cristalização fracionada de um mesmo pulso magmático. O Granito Seringa apresenta maiores semelhanças petrográficas, geoquímicas e de suscetibilidade magnética com as rochas da Suíte Serra dos Carajás, podendo ser enquadrado nesta importante suíte granitoide.

Caracterização petrográfica estrutural e metamorfica das rochas da região de Indiara (GO)

The region Indiara (GO) is located in southwestern of São Francisco Craton in the Internal Zone of the Brasília Belt, western part of the Tocantins Province. In this locality outcrop rocks of the Goiás Magmatic Arc. These rocks are muscovite gneiss with biotite, muscovite-biotite gneiss, biotite gneiss with muscovite and garnet, biotite-muscovite gneiss, muscovite porfiroclastic gneiss, biotite porfiroclastic gneiss, muscovite-quartz schists, garnetquartz schists, and metamafic rock (hornblende schists) as metric or kilometric lenses. The gneisses have granodioritic composition, granoblastic texture, with some portions with lepidoblastic texture, constituting a discontinuous centimeter to millimeter banding; the structure is anisotropic, marked by the preferred orientation of all the minerals. These gneisses are leucocratic, generally are inequigranular and fine to medium grained. The hornblende schists have nematoblastic texture, are inequigranular and fine to medium grained and have anisotropic structure that is given by a foliation, marked by a strong preferential orientation of the crystals of amphibole and other minerals present in the rock. The gneisses of the area are composed of plagioclase (oligoclase/andesine), quartz, microcline, muscovite, biotite, epidote, apatite, zircon, garnet, kyanite, oxides and hydroxides of iron and opaque minerals. And the metamafic rocks of Indiara region are composed mainly of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase/andesine), quartz, titanite, biotite, allanite, garnet, oxides and hydroxides of iron, apatite, epidote, rutile, muscovite and opaque minerals. At least three phases of deformation were observed in the rocks of area of study (Dn-1, Dn and Dn +1). The Dn phase and represented by a well-marked foliation Sn having low dip angle (average dip of 20 °) and dip direction to SW (210/21) and to NE (18/20); the Dn-1 phase is represented by a compositional banding (Sn- 1), this banding is generally...

Micro-structural and compositional variations of hydrothermal epidote-group minerals from a peralkaline granite, Corupá Pluton, Graciosa Province, South Brazil, and their petrological implications

Epidote-group minerals, together with albite, quartz, fluorite, Al-poor and Fe-rich phyllosilicates, zircon, and minor oxides and sulphides, are typical hydrothermal phases in peralkaline alkali-feldspar granites from the Corupá Pluton, Graciosa Province, South Brazil. The epidote-group minerals occur as single crystals and as aggregates filling in rock interstices and miarolitic cavities. They display complex recurrent zoning patterns with an internal zone of ferriallanite-(Ce), followed by allanite-(Ce), then epidote-ferriepidote, and an external zone with allanite-(Ce), with sharp limits, as shown in BSE and X-ray images. REE patterns show decreasing fractionation degrees of LREE over HREE from ferriallanite to epidote. The most external allanite is enriched in MREE. LA-ICP-MS data indicate that ferriallanite is enriched (>10-fold) in Ti, Sr and Ga, and depleted in Mg, Rb, Th and Zr relative to the host granite. Allanite has lower Ga and Mn and higher Zr, Nb and U contents as compared to ferriallanite, while epidote is enriched in Sr, U and depleted in Pb, Zr, Hf, Ti and Ga. The formation of these minerals is related to the variable concentrations of HFSE, Ca, Al, Fe and F in fluids remaining from magmatic crystallization, in an oxidizing environment, close to the HM buffer. L-MREE were in part released by the alteration of chevkinite, their main primary repository in the host rocks.

A 300 million year-long history. The metamorphic evolution of the Northern Apennine Variscan basement

The Variscan basement of Northern Apennines (Northern Italy) is a polymetamorphic portion of continental crust. This thesis investigated the metamorphic history of this basement occurring in the Cerreto Pass, in the Pontremoli well, and in the Pisani Mountains. The study comprised fieldwork, petrography and microstructural analysis, determination of the bulk rock and mineral composition, thermodynamic modelling, conventional geothermobarometry, monazite chemical dating and Ar/Ar dating of muscovite. The reconstructed metamorphic evolution of the selected samples allowed to define a long-lasting metamorphic history straddling the Variscan and Alpine orogenesis. Some general petrological issues generally found in low- to medium-grade metapelites were also tackled: (i) With middle-grade micaschist it is possible to reconstruct a complete P-T-D path by combining microstructural analysis and thermodynamic modelling. Prekinematic white mica may preserve Mg-rich cores related to the pre-peak stage. Mn-poor garnet rim records the peak metamorphism. Na-rich mylonitic white mica, the XFe of chlorite and the late paragenesis may constrain the retrograde stage. (ii) Metapelites may contain coronitic microstructures of apatite + Th-silicate, allanite and epidote around unstable monazite grains. Chemistry and microstructure of Th-rich monazite relics surrounded by this coronitic microstructure may suggest that monazite mineral was inherited and underwent partial dissolution and fluid-aided replacement by REE-accessory minerals at 500-600°C and 5-7 kbar. (iii) Fish-shaped white mica is not always a (prekinematic) mica-fish. Observed at high-magnification BSE images it may consist of several white mica formed during a mylonitic stage. Hence, the asymmetric foliation boudin is a suitable microstructure to obtain geochronological information about the shearing stage. (iv) Thermodynamic modelling of a hematite-rich metasedimentary rock fails to reproduce the observed mineral compositions when the bulk Fe2O3 is neglected or determined through titration. The mismatch between observed and computed mineral compositions and assemblage is resolved by tuning the effective ferric iron content by P-XFe2O3 diagrams.

Mössbauer, X-ray and Magnetic Studies of Black Sand from the Italian Mediterranean Sea

The study of natural magnetic sands is instrumental to investigate the geological aspects of their formation and of the origin of their territory. In particular, Mössbauer spectroscopy provides unique information on their iron content and on the oxidation state of iron in their mineral composition. The Italian coast on the Mediterranean Sea near Rome is known for the presence of highly magnetic black sands of volcanic origin. A study of the room temperature Mössbauer spec- trum, powder X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements of a sample of black magnetic sand collected on the seashore of the town of Ladispoli is performed. This study reveals magnetite as main constituent with iron in both tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Minor constituents are the iron minerals hematite and ilmenite, the iron containing minerals diopsite, gossular, and allanite, as well as ubiquitous sanidine, quartz, and calcite.

Multiple metamorphic stages within an eclogite-facies terrane (Sesia Zone, Western Alps) revealed by Th-U-Pb petrochronology

Convergent plate margins typically experience a transition from subduction to collision dynamics as massive continental blocks enter the subduction channel. Studies of high-pressure rocks indicate that tectonic fragments are rapidly exhumed from eclogite facies to midcrustal levels, but the details of such dynamics are controversial.To understand the dynamics of a subduction channel we report the results of a petrochronological study from the central Sesia Zone, a key element of the internalWestern Alps.This comprises two polymetamorphic basement complexes (Eclogitic Micaschist Complex and Gneiss Minuti Complex) and a thin, dismembered cover sequence (Scalaro Unit) associated with pre-Alpine metagabbros and metasediments (Bonze Unit). Structurally controlled samples from three of these units (Eclogitic Micaschist Complex and Scalaro-Bonze Units) yield unequivocal petrological and geochronological evidence of two distinct high-pressure stages. Ages (U-Th-Pb) of growth zones in accessory allanite and zircon, combined with inclusion and textural relationships, can be tied to the multi-stage evolution of single samples.Two independent tectono-metamorphic ‘slices’ showing a coherent metamorphic evolution during a given time interval have been recognized: the Fondo slice (which includes Scalaro and Bonze rocks) and the Druer slice (belonging to the Eclogitic Micaschist Complex).The new data indicate separate stages of deformation at eclogite-facies conditions for each recognized independent kilometer-sized tectono-metamorphic slice, between ~85 and 60 Ma, with evidence of intermittent decompression (∆P~0.5 GPa) within only the Fondo slice. The evolution path of the Druer slice indicates a different P-T-time evolution with prolonged eclogite-facies metamorphism between ~85 and 75Ma. Our approach, combining structural, petrological and geochronological techniques, yields field-based constraints on the duration and rates of dynamics within a subduction channel.

Holocene sedimentation in the Strait of Otranto, Mediterranean Sea

An extensive radiograph study of 24 undisturbed, up to 206-cm long box and gravity cores from the western part of the Strait of Otranto revealed a great variety of primary bedding structures and secondary burrowing features. The regional distribution of the sediments according to their structural, textural, and compositional properties reflects the major morphologic subdivisions of the strait into shelf, slope, and trough bottom (e.g., the bottom of the northern end of the Corfu-Kephallinia Trough, which extends from the northeastern Ionian Sea into the Strait of Otranto): (1) The Apulian shelf (0 to -170m) is only partly covered by very poorly sorted, muddy sands without layering. These relict(?) sands are rich in organic carbonate debris and contain glauconite and reworked (?Pleistocene) ooids. (2) The slope sediments (-170 to -1,000 m) are poorly sorted, sandy muds with a high degree of burrowing. One core (OT 5) is laminated and shows slump structures. An origin of these slumped sediment masses from older deposits higher on the slope was inferred from their abnormal compaction, color, texture, organic content, and mineral composition. (3) Cores from the northern end of the Corfu-Kephallinia Trough (-980 to -1,060 m) display a few graded sand layers, 2-5 cm (maximum 30 cm) thick with parallel and ripple-cross-laminations, deposited by oceanic bottom or small-scale turbidity currents. They are intercalated with homogeneous lutite. (4) Hemipelagic sediments prevail in the more southerly part of the Corfu-Kephallinia Trough and on the "Apulian-Ionian Ridge", the southern submarine extension of the Apulian Peninsula. Below a core depth of 160 cm, these cores have a laminated ("varved") zone, representing an Early Holocene (Boreal-Atlanticum) "stagnation layer" (14C age approximately 9,000 years). The terrigenous components of the surface sediments as well as those of the deeper sand layers can be derived from the Apulian shelf and the Italian mainland (Cretaceous Apulian Plateau and Gargano Mountains, southern Apennines, volcanic province of the Monte Vulture). Indicated by the heavy mineral glaucophane, a minor proportion of the sedimentary material is probably of Alpine origin. If this portion is considered to be first-cycle clastic material it reaches the Strait of Otranto after a longitudinal transport of 700 km via the Adriatic Sea. The lack of phyllosilicates in the coarse- to medium-grained shelf samples might be explained by the activity of the "Apulian Current" (surface velocities up to 4 knots) which in the past possibly has affected the bottom almost down to depths of the shelf edge. The percentage of planktonic organisms, and also the plankton: benthos ratio in the sediments is a useful indicator for bathymetry (depth zonation).

Heavy minerals from Paleogene sediments at DSDP Leg 81 Holes

Five heavy mineral associations occur in the Paleocene and Eocene sediments recovered during Leg 81 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) in the SW Rockall area. Association 1, consisting of augite, iddingsite, and olivine, was derived from the basaltic rocks of the northern part of the Rockall Plateau. Association 2 consists of epidote group minerals, including piedmontite, and amphiboles of actinolite, actinolitic hornblende, and magnesio-hornblende compositions, and was derived from the metamorphic basement of south Greenland. Association 3 comprises garnet, augite, apatite, and edenitic and pargasitic amphiboles and has a provenance in the southern Rockall Plateau. Associations 4 (garnet, apatite, edenitic/pargasitic amphiboles) and 5 (garnet, apatite) are intrastratal solution derivatives of Association 3, with successive removal of first pyroxene and then amphibole with increasing depth of burial. Throughout the SW Rockall Plateau area there is a significant change in the spectrum of the above assemblages in the lower part of the Eocene. This change has been noted at Sites 403, 404, 553, and 555 and is defined by the last appearance of Association 2. This level therefore marks the cessation of sediment supply from southern Greenland and is the result of the final separation of Rockall and Greenland immediately prior to magnetic Anomaly 24.

Geochemical analysis of minerals from sediment core CRP-2 in the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Distribution patterns, petrography, whole-rock and mineral chemistry, and shape and fabric data are described for the most representative basement lithologies occurring as clasts (granule to bolder grain-size class) from the 625 m deep CRP-2/2A drillcore. A major change in the distribution pattern of the clast types occurs at c. 310 mbsf., with granitoid-dominated clasts above and mainly dolerite clasts below; moreover, compositional and modal data suggest a further division into seven main detrital assemblages or petrofacies. In spite of this variability, most granitoid pebbles consist of either pink or grey biotite±hornblende monzogranites. Other less common and ubiquitous lithologies include biotite syenogranite, biotite-hornblende granodiorite, tonalite, monzogranitic porphyries (very common below 310 mbsf), microgranite, and subordinately, monzogabbro, Ca-silicate rocks, biotite-clinozoisite schist and biotite orthogneiss (restricted to the pre-Pliocene strata). The ubiquitous occurrence of biotite±hornblende monzogranite pebbles in both the Quaternary-Pliocene and Miocene-Oligocene sections, apparently reflects the dominance of these lithologies in the onshore basement, and particularly in the Cambro-Ordovician Granite Harbour Igneous Complex which forms the most extensive outcrop in southern Victoria Land. The petrographical features of the other CRP-2/2A pebble lithologies are consistent with a supply dominantly from areas of the Transantarctic Mountains facing the CRP-2/2A site, and they thus provide further evidence of a local provenance for the supply of basement clasts to the CRP-2/2A sedimentary strata.