Determination of thermal and optical parameters of melanins by photopyroelectric spectroscopy

Photopyroelectric spectroscopy (PPE) was used to study the thermal and optical properties of melanins. The photopyroelectric intensity signal and its phase were independently measured as a function of wavelength and chopping frequency for a given wavelength in the saturation part of the PPE spectrum. Equations for both the intensity and the phase of the PPE signal were used to fit the experimental results. From these fits we obtained for the first time, with great accuracy, the thermal diffusivity coefficient, the thermal conductivity, and the specific heat of the samples, as well as a value for the condensed phase optical gap, which we found to be 1.70 eV. (c) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

A compilation of global bio-optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications

A compiled set of in situ data is important to evaluate the quality of ocean-colour satellite-data records. Here we describe the data compiled for the validation of the ocean-colour products from the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI). The data were acquired from several sources (MOBY, BOUSSOLE, AERONET-OC, SeaBASS, NOMAD, MERMAID, AMT, ICES, HOT, GeP&CO), span between 1997 and 2012, and have a global distribution. Observations of the following variables were compiled: spectral remote-sensing reflectances, concentrations of chlorophyll a, spectral inherent optical properties and spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients. The data were from multi-project archives acquired via the open internet services or from individual projects, acquired directly from data providers. Methodologies were implemented for homogenisation, quality control and merging of all data. No changes were made to the original data, other than averaging of observations that were close in time and space, elimination of some points after quality control and conversion to a standard format. The final result is a merged table designed for validation of satellite-derived ocean-colour products and available in text format. Metadata of each in situ measurement (original source, cruise or experiment, principal investigator) were preserved throughout the work and made available in the final table. Using all the data in a validation exercise increases the number of matchups and enhances the representativeness of different marine regimes. By making available the metadata, it is also possible to analyse each set of data separately.

Design of logical topologies for wavelength-routed optical networks

his paper studies the problem of designing a logical topology over a wavelength-routed all-optical network (AON) physical topology, The physical topology consists of the nodes and fiber links in the network, On an AON physical topology, we can set up lightpaths between pairs of nodes, where a lightpath represents a direct optical connection without any intermediate electronics, The set of lightpaths along with the nodes constitutes the logical topology, For a given network physical topology and traffic pattern (relative traffic distribution among the source-destination pairs), our objective is to design the logical topology and the routing algorithm on that topology so as to minimize the network congestion while constraining the average delay seen by a source-destination pair and the amount of processing required at the nodes (degree of the logical topology), We will see that ignoring the delay constraints can result in fairly convoluted logical topologies with very long delays, On the other hand, in all our examples, imposing it results in a minimal increase in congestion, While the number of wavelengths required to imbed the resulting logical topology on the physical all optical topology is also a constraint in general, we find that in many cases of interest this number can be quite small, We formulate the combined logical topology design and routing problem described above (ignoring the constraint on the number of available wavelengths) as a mixed integer linear programming problem which we then solve for a number of cases of a six-node network, Since this programming problem is computationally intractable for larger networks, we split it into two subproblems: logical topology design, which is computationally hard and will probably require heuristic algorithms, and routing, which can be solved by a linear program, We then compare the performance of several heuristic topology design algorithms (that do take wavelength assignment constraints into account) against that of randomly generated topologies, as well as lower bounds derived in the paper.

Albedo enhancement of marine clouds to counteract global warming: impacts on the hydrological cycle

Recent studies have shown that changes in solar radiation affect the hydrological cycle more strongly than equivalent CO(2) changes for the same change in global mean surface temperature. Thus, solar radiation management ``geoengineering'' proposals to completely offset global mean temperature increases by reducing the amount of absorbed sunlight might be expected to slow the global water cycle and reduce runoff over land. However, proposed countering of global warming by increasing the albedo of marine clouds would reduce surface solar radiation only over the oceans. Here, for an idealized scenario, we analyze the response of temperature and the hydrological cycle to increased reflection by clouds over the ocean using an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed layer ocean model. When cloud droplets are reduced in size over all oceans uniformly to offset the temperature increase from a doubling of atmospheric CO(2), the global-mean precipitation and evaporation decreases by about 1.3% but runoff over land increases by 7.5% primarily due to increases over tropical land. In the model, more reflective marine clouds cool the atmospheric column over ocean. The result is a sinking motion over oceans and upward motion over land. We attribute the increased runoff over land to this increased upward motion over land when marine clouds are made more reflective. Our results suggest that, in contrast to other proposals to increase planetary albedo, offsetting mean global warming by reducing marine cloud droplet size does not necessarily lead to a drying, on average, of the continents. However, we note that the changes in precipitation, evaporation and P-E are dominated by small but significant areas, and given the highly idealized nature of this study, a more thorough and broader assessment would be required for proposals of altering marine cloud properties on a large scale.

Design of antenna-coupled lumped-element titanium nitride KIDs for long-wavelength multi-band continuum imaging

Many applications in cosmology and astrophysics at millimeter wavelengths including CMB polarization, studies of galaxy clusters using the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE), and studies of star formation at high redshift and in our local universe and our galaxy, require large-format arrays of millimeter-wave detectors. Feedhorn and phased-array antenna architectures for receiving mm-wave light present numerous advantages for control of systematics, for simultaneous coverage of both polarizations and/or multiple spectral bands, and for preserving the coherent nature of the incoming light. This enables the application of many traditional "RF" structures such as hybrids, switches, and lumped-element or microstrip band-defining filters.

Simultaneously, kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) using high-resistivity materials like titanium nitride are an attractive sensor option for large-format arrays because they are highly multiplexable and because they can have sensitivities reaching the condition of background-limited detection. A KID is a LC resonator. Its inductance includes the geometric inductance and kinetic inductance of the inductor in the superconducting phase. A photon absorbed by the superconductor breaks a Cooper pair into normal-state electrons and perturbs its kinetic inductance, rendering it a detector of light. The responsivity of KID is given by the fractional frequency shift of the LC resonator per unit optical power.

However, coupling these types of optical reception elements to KIDs is a challenge because of the impedance mismatch between the microstrip transmission line exiting these architectures and the high resistivity of titanium nitride. Mitigating direct absorption of light through free space coupling to the inductor of KID is another challenge. We present a detailed titanium nitride KID design that addresses these challenges. The KID inductor is capacitively coupled to the microstrip in such a way as to form a lossy termination without creating an impedance mismatch. A parallel plate capacitor design mitigates direct absorption, uses hydrogenated amorphous silicon, and yields acceptable noise. We show that the optimized design can yield expected sensitivities very close to the fundamental limit for a long wavelength imager (LWCam) that covers six spectral bands from 90 to 400 GHz for SZE studies.

Excess phase (frequency) noise has been observed in KID and is very likely caused by two-level systems (TLS) in dielectric materials. The TLS hypothesis is supported by the measured dependence of the noise on resonator internal power and temperature. However, there is still a lack of a unified microscopic theory which can quantitatively model the properties of the TLS noise. In this thesis we derive the noise power spectral density due to the coupling of TLS with phonon bath based on an existing model and compare the theoretical predictions about power and temperature dependences with experimental data. We discuss the limitation of such a model and propose the direction for future study.

Optimal recording wavelength for nonvolatile photorefractive holograms in Ce : Cu : LiNbO

Three wavelengths of red, green and blue of recording beams are systemically tested for the UV-assistant recording and optical fixing of holograms in a strongly oxidized Ce:Cu:LiNbO3 crystal. Three different photorefractive phenomena are observed. It is shown that the green beams will optimally generate a critical strong nonvolatile hologram with quick sensitivity and the optimal switching technique could be jointly used to obtain a nearly 100% high diffraction. Theoretical verification is given, and a prescription on the doping densities and on the oxidation/reduction states of the material to match a defined recording wavelength for high diffraction is suggested.

Condições de contorno albedo para cálculos globais de reatores nucleares térmicos com o modelo de ordenadas discretas a dois grupos de energia

Como eventos de fissão induzida por nêutrons não ocorrem nas regiões nãomultiplicativas de reatores nucleares, e.g., moderador, refletor, e meios estruturais, essas regiões não geram potência e a eficiência computacional dos cálculos globais de reatores nucleares pode portanto ser aumentada eliminando os cálculos numéricos explícitos no interior das regiões não-multiplicativas em torno do núcleo ativo. É discutida nesta dissertação a eficiência computacional de condições de contorno aproximadas tipo albedo na formulação de ordenadas discretas (SN) para problemas de autovalor a dois grupos de energia em geometria bidimensional cartesiana. Albedo, palavra de origem latina para alvura, foi originalmente definido como a fração da luz incidente que é refletida difusamente por uma superfície. Esta palavra latina permaneceu como o termo científico usual em astronomia e nesta dissertação este conceito é estendido para reflexão de nêutrons. Este albedo SN nãoconvencional substitui aproximadamente a região refletora em torno do núcleo ativo do reator, pois os termos de fuga transversal são desprezados no interior do refletor. Se o problema, em particular, não possui termos de fuga transversal, i.e., trata-se de um problema unidimensional, então as condições de contorno albedo, como propostas nesta dissertação, são exatas. Por eficiência computacional entende-se analisar a precisão dos resultados numéricos em comparação com o tempo de execução computacional de cada simulação de um dado problema-modelo. Resultados numéricos para dois problemas-modelo com de simetria são considerados para ilustrar esta análise de eficiência.

Condições de contorno tipo albedo para cálculos globais de reatores nucleares com o modelo de dois grupos de energia na formulação de transporte SN em geometria bidimensional cartesiana

Os eventos de fissão nuclear, resultados da interação dos nêutrons com os núcleos dos átomos do meio hospedeiro multiplicativo, não estão presentes em algumas regiões dos reatores nucleares, e.g., moderador, refletor, e meios estruturais. Nesses domínios espaciais não há geração de potência nuclear térmica e, além disso, comprometem a eficiência computacional dos cálculos globais de reatores nucleares. Propomos nesta tese uma estratégia visando a aumentar a eficiência computacional dessas simulações eliminando os cálculos numéricos explícitos no interior das regiões não-multiplicativas (baffle e refletor) em torno do núcleo ativo. Apresentamos algumas modelagens e discutimos a eficiência da aplicação dessas condições de contorno aproximadas tipo albedo para uma e duas regiões nãomultiplicativas, na formulação de ordenadas discretas (SN) para problemas de autovalor a dois grupos de energia em geometria bidimensional cartesiana. A denominação Albedo, palavra de origem latina para alvura, foi originalmente definida como a fração da luz incidente que é refletida difusamente por uma superfície. Esta denominação latina permaneceu como o termo científico usual em astronomia e, nesta tese, este conceito é estendido para reflexão de nêutrons. Estas condições de contorno tipo albedo SN não-convencional substituem aproximadamente as regiões de baffle e refletor no em torno do núcleo ativo do reator, desprezando os termos de fuga transversal no interior dessas regiões. Se o problema, em particular, não possui termos de fuga transversal, i.e., trata-se de um problema unidimensional, então as condições de contorno albedo, como propostas nesta tese, são exatas. Por eficiência computacional entende-se a análise da precisão dos resultados numéricos em comparação com o tempo de execução computacional de cada simulação de um dado problema-modelo. Resultados numéricos considerando dois problemas-modelo com de simetria são considerados para ilustrar esta análise de eficiência.

Measurement of the single-color three-photon resonant ionization spectrum of atomic uranium under the "equivalent wavelength effect laser" interaction

Using Nd: YAG laser (532 nm) pumped mixed-dye laser. we obtained the output of this dye enhanced at the wavelength interval equivalent to that given by the copper vapor laser pumped dye laser. This measure favored is with the measurement of single-color three-photon resonant ionization spectrum of atomic uranium in the range of 562-586 nm,which is otherwise not efficiently covered by Nd: YAG laser pumped dye laser with any single dye. Thus 140 U I energy levels were obtained and the peaks of interest 575.814 nm and 575.836 rim were well resolved and their relative intensity determined.