Segurança das condições de trabalho de tratorista em aplicações de herbicidas em soja e amendoim e eficiência de equipamentos de proteção individual

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação de tratamentos químicos e mecânicos no controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do algodão

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes combinações de tratamentos herbicidas integrado, aplicados em PPI, pré, pós, cultivo mecânico e jato dirigido em cultura de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L.). O experimento foi conduzido em campo, sendo a área experimental instalada na cultura de algodão cultivar IAC-20. Foram testados tratamentos com os seguintes produtos: trifluralina na dose de 1,068 kg i.a./ha; alachlor na dose de 1,584 kg i.a./ha; M.S.M.A. nas doses de 1,44 e 1,68 kg i.a./ha; nicosulfuron nas doses de 0,0201; 0,030 e 0,040 kg i.a./ha; diuron nas doses de 1,0 e 1,5 kg i.a./ha; lactofen na dose de 0,18 kg i.a./ha; cyanazine nas doses de 1,0 e 1,5 kg i.a./ha e diuron nas doses de 1,0 e 1,5 kg i.a./ha.Os tratamentos herbicidas foram efetuados em pré-plantio incorporado (PPI), pré-emergência (PRE), pós-emergência (POS), cultivo mecânico (CM) e jato dirigido (JD). Os resultados obtidos levaram a concluir que o sistema de trifluralina (PPI), alachlor (PRE), CM, M.S.M.A. + lactofen apresentaram a maior produtividade. Os sistemas herbicidas compostos por aplicação de trifluralina (PPI), alachlor (PRE), M.S.M.A. (POS), CM ao redor dos 50 a 60 D.A.P. (dias após o plantio) e a aplicação de jato dirigido de diuron, lactofen + cyanazine, lactofen + diuron, M.S.M.A. + cyanazine, M.S.M.A. + lactofen e M.S.M.A. + diuron, propiciaram de forma geral controle das principais plantas daninhas.

Potencial de lixiviação de herbicidas utilizados na cultura do algodão em colunas de solo

O intenso uso de herbicidas implica a necessidade de determinar o potencial dessas substâncias em contaminar fontes aquáticas subsuperficiais. Diante dessa preocupação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de água sobre o potencial de lixiviação de quatro herbicidas utilizados em pré-emergência na cultura do algodão, em dois solos provenientes de Campo Novo do Parecis-MT (RQ - textura arenosa) e Tangará da Serra-MT (LV - textura argilosa). No desenvolvimento deste trabalho utilizouse a técnica de bioensaio em colunas de solo, nas quais foram simuladas irrigações de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mm, após a aplicação de alachlor (RQ 2,40; LV 3,36 kg ha-1), oxyfluorfen (RQ 0,48; LV 0,72 kg ha-1), prometryne (RQ 0,75; LV 1,50 kg ha-1) e S-metolachlor (RQ 1,20; LV 1,44 kg ha-1). Nas amostras de solo com textura arenosa (RQ), evidenciou-se que lâminas de 80 e 100 mm de água proporcionaram lixiviação até a profundidade de 10-15 cm do alachlor e até 15-20 cm do S-metolachlor. Independentemente da lâmina de água aplicada, nas amostras de RQ oxyfluorfen não ultrapassou a camada de 5-10 cm, e o prometryne movimentou-se até a camada de 10-15 cm somente na lâmina de 100 mm de água. Nas amostras de solo com textura argilosa (LV), o oxyfluorfen não se movimentou além da camada superficial, mesmo sob as maiores lâminas de irrigação, e o prometryne atingiu 5-10 cm de profundidade sob lâminas de 80 e 100 mm. Os herbicidas alachlor e S-metolachlor atingiram 10-15 cm de profundidade sob lâminas de 80 e 100 mm no LV. Evidenciou-se uma maior movimentação efetiva das moléculas de herbicidas nas amostras de solo com textura arenosa (RQ), em relação às amostras de solo com textura argilosa (LV).

Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in water from rice cultures by on-line solid phase extraction followed by LC-DAD

An automated on-line solid phase extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography with diode array detection was investigated for the determination of different classes of pesticides in water samples containing varied amount of humic substances. The different pesticides used were: carbendazin, carbofuran, atrazine, diuron, propanil, molinate, alachlor, parathion-ethyl, diazinon, trifluralin and the degradation products deisopropylatrazine and deethylatrazine. Humic substances extracted from a Brazilian sediment were used from 5 to 80 mg/l and their influence on recoveries was evaluated in neutral and acidic media. Recoveries higher than 70% were obtained for all the pesticides, from the preconcentration of 75 mi of aqueous sample fortified at 2 ng/ml using precolumns packed with PLRP-S. Good recoveries were obtained at neutral pH for most of the analytes up to 40 mg/l of humic acid. Only at 80 mg/l the recoveries were significantly affected, both at acidic and neutral pH. The method was applied to the determination of pesticides in river water spiked at 0.1 to 1 ng/ml. Detection limits obtained for water containing 10 mg/l of humic acid were between 0.05 and 0.3 ng/ml.

Seletividade de herbicidas para gramíneas forrageiras tropicais aplicados em pré e pós-emergência

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Herbicide Safener-Binding Protein of Maize1 : Purification, Cloning, and Expression of an Encoding cDNA

Dichloroacetamide safeners protect maize (Zea mays L.) against injury from chloroacetanilide and thiocarbamate herbicides. Etiolated maize seedlings have a high-affinity cytosolic-binding site for the safener [3H](R,S)-3-dichloroacetyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-oxazol-idine ([3H]Saf), and this safener-binding activity (SafBA) is competitively inhibited by the herbicides. The safener-binding protein (SafBP), purified to homogeneity, has a relative molecular weight of 39,000, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and an isoelectric point of 5.5. Antiserum raised against purified SafBP specifically recognizes a 39-kD protein in etiolated maize and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), which have SafBA, but not in etiolated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), or Arabidopsis, which lack SafBA. SafBP is most abundant in the coleoptile and scarcest in the leaves, consistent with the distribution of SafBA. SBP1, a cDNA encoding SafBP, was cloned using polymerase chain reaction primers based on purified proteolytic peptides. Extracts of Escherichia coli cells expressing SBP1 have strong [3H]Saf binding, which, like binding to the native maize protein, is competitively inhibited by the safener dichlormid and the herbicides S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate, alachlor, and metolachlor. SBP1 is predicted to encode a phenolic O-methyltransferase, but SafBP does not O-methylate catechol or caffeic acid. The acquisition of its encoding gene opens experimental approaches for the evaluation of the role of SafBP in response to the relevant safeners and herbicides.

Sorption and desorption behaviour of acetochlor in surface, subsurface and size-fractionated soil

Pesticides leaching through a soil profile will be exposed to changing environmental sorption and desorption conditions as different horizons with distinct physical and chemical properties are encountered. Soil cores were taken from a clay soil profile and samples taken from 0.0 to 0.3 m (surface), 1.0-1.3 m (mid) and 2.7-3.0 m (deep) and treated with the chloroacetanilide herbicide, acetochlor. Freundlich isotherms revealed that sorption and desorption behaviour varied with each depth sampled. As soil depth increased, the extent and strength of sorption decreased, indicating that the potential for leaching was increased in the subsoils compared with the surface soil. Hysteresis was evident at each of the three depths sampled, although no significant correlations between soil properties and the hysteresis coefficients were evident. Desorption studies using soil fractions with diameters of > 2000, 250-2000, 53-250, 20-53, 2-20, 0-2 and 0-1 mum separated from each of the three soil depths showed that differential desorption kinetics occurred and that the retention of acetochlor significantly correlated (R-2 = 0.998) with organic matter content. A greater understanding of the influence of soil components on the overall sorption and desorption potential of surface and subsurface soils is required to allow accurate prediction of acetochlor retention in the soil. In addition, it is likely that the proportion of each size fraction in a soil horizon would influence acetochlor bioavailability and movement to groundwater.