48 resultados para Alçamento vocálico


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No português brasileiro (PB) há basicamente dois tipos de nasalidade: a nasalidade dita fonológica é a marca de nasalidade obrigatória que recebe a vogal quando seguida por uma consoante nasal na mesma sílaba (como em ‘campo’); a nasalidade dita fonética é a marca de nasalidade que recebe a vogal de uma rima vazia seguida de uma consoante nasal no onset da sílaba seguinte (como em ‘cama’). Em língua espanhola (LEsp), considera-se que o traço [+ nasal] não tem relevância fonológica, apenas fonética. Entretanto, mesmo que ocorra alguma nasalização, esta é praticamente imperceptível para um falante nativo e também não é auditivamente relevante para os falantes não-nativos em geral. Devido à proximidade entre português e espanhol e considerando a grande quantidade de brasileiros estudantes de LEsp que nasalizam a vogal oral /a/ em LEsp quando seguida de consoante nasal, desejamos verificar se o estudante de graduação tem dificuldade em perceber esse segmento. Para isso, os sujeitos da pesquisa – estudantes do Curso de Graduação em Letras-Licenciatura da UFRGS de diferentes semestres e falantes nativos de LEsp (grupo de controle) – foram submetidos a dois testes de percepção – um constituído por um texto e outro por uma lista de palavras -, nos quais deveriam identificar se um som vocálico era nasal [ã] ou oral [a]. Com esses instrumentos e baseados nos estudos de Sampson (1999), Moraes (1997) e Beddor (1993) sobre nasalidade e percepção vocálica, desejamos verificar se os estudantes percebem categoricamente a distinção entre vogal nasal e não-nasal e também se os estudantes em níveis médio e avançado mostram uma percepção melhor do que a dos estudantes dos níveis básicos. Falantes nativos de LEsp foram submetidos aos testes para fins de controle da confiabilidade dos mesmos e para verificarmos até que ponto a nasalização indevida das vogais pode prejudicar a comunicação.

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A Região Sul do Brasil, do ponto de vista da diversidade lingüística, caracteriza-se, entre diversos outros aspectos, pelo contato do português com as línguas dos imigrantes europeus que colonizaram a região desde o século XIX. Monolíngües no início, esses imigrantes tornaram-se bilíngües ao adquirir o português ao longo dos anos e, atualmente, a tendência é serem monolíngües em português. Em tal contexto, os italianos assumem posição de destaque, não só pelo número de falantes, mas também pelas áreas ocupadas e pela influência no contexto lingüístico, sociocultural e econômico. O português falado nas regiões em que ocorre o contato com o italiano assumiu traços específicos que refletem a constituição social e étnica dessas áreas, distinguindo-se, assim, do português falado em outras regiões e da variedadepadrão subjacente. Considerando esse cenário, o objetivo deste estudo é explicitar a dinâmica de difusão do português no espaço pluridimensional de contato com o italiano, mais especificamente em oito pontos (municípios) do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. A linha teórica da pesquisa segue a perspectiva da dialetologia pluridimensional e relacional, a qual busca constituir uma ciência da variação lingüística que corrija as deficiências da geolingüística tradicional e acrescente à sociolingüística uma importância maior ao valor do espaço no debate sobre a variação: “o conceito das interrelações no espaço”, segundo Harald Thun. Os dados foram coletados através de trinta e duas entrevistas, nos estilos conversa semidirigida, resposta a questionário e leitura, nas quais foram controladas dimensões sociais e geográficas, visando a verificar a pronúncia variável do ditongo nasal tônico [A)w)], do [r] forte, da vogal [a] seguida de consoante nasal, do alçamento das vogais átonas finais [e] e [o], da africação de [t] e [d] diante de [i], da realização das fricativas [S] e [Z]. Os resultados, demonstrados através de tabelas estatísticas e de mapas pluridimensionais, evidenciam que a difusão dos traços associados ao português varia no modo e na intensidade. No plano diatópico, ocorre difusão mais intensa em Orleans (SC) e Caxias do Sul (RS), ao passo que a maior resistência à inovação lingüística foi detectada em Rodeio (SC) e Sananduva (RS). Na perspectiva diassocial, o uso de variantes sem interferência do italiano é liderado, sucessivamente, pelos falantes urbanos, pelos mais jovens e mais escolarizados.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The Borborema Province (BP) is a geologic domain located in Northeastern Brazil. The BP is limited at the south by the São Francisco craton, at the west by the Parnaíba basin, and both at the north and east by coastal sedimentary basins. Nonetheless the BP surface geology is well known, several key aspects of its evolution are still open, notably: i)its tectonic compartmentalization established after the Brasiliano orogenesis, ii) the architecture of its cretaceous continental margin, iii) the elastic properties of its lithosphere, and iv) the causes of magmatism and uplifting which occurred in the Cenozoic. In this thesis, a regional coverage of geophysical data (elevation, gravity, magnetic, geoid height, and surface wave global tomography) were integrated with surface geologic information aiming to attain a better understanding of the above questions. In the Riacho do Pontal belt and in the western sector of the Sergipano belt, the neoproterozoic suture of the collision of the Sul domain of the BP with the Sanfranciscana plate (SFP) is correlated with an expressive dipolar gravity anomaly. The positive lobule of this anomaly is due to the BP lower continental crust uplifting whilst the negative lobule is due to the supracrustal nappes overthrusting the SFP. In the eastern sector of the Sergipano belt, this dipolar gravity anomaly does not exist. However the suture still can be identified at the southern sector of the Marancó complex arc, alongside of the Porto da Folha shear zone, where the SFP N-S geophysical alignments are truncated. The boundary associated to the collision of the Ceará domain of the BP with the West African craton is also correlated with a dipolar gravity anomaly. The positive lobule of this anomaly coincides with the Sobral-Pedro II shear zone whilst the negative lobule is associated with the Santa Quitéria magmatic arc. Judging by their geophysical signatures, the major BP internal boundaries are: i)the western sector of the Pernambuco shear zone and the eastern continuation of this shear zone as the Congo shear zone, ii) the Patos shear zone, and iii) the Jaguaribe shear zone and its southwestern continuation as the Tatajuba shear zone. These boundaries divide the BP in five tectonic domains in the geophysical criteria: Sul, Transversal, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, and Médio Coreaú. The Sul domain is characterized by geophysical signatures associated with the BP and SFP collision. The fact that Congo shear zone is now proposed as part of the Transversal domain boundary implies an important change in the original definition of this domain. The Rio Grande do Norte domain presents a highly magnetized crust resulted from the superposition of precambrian and phanerozoic events. The Ceará domain is divided by the Senador Pompeu shear zone in two subdomains: the eastern one corresponds to the Orós-Jaguaribe belt and the western one to the Ceará-Central subdomain. The latter subdomain exhibits a positive ENE-W SW gravity anomaly which was associated to a crustal discontinuity. This discontinuity would have acted as a rampart against to the N-S Brasiliano orogenic nappes. The Médio Coreaú domain also presents a dipolar gravity anomaly. Its positive lobule is due to granulitic rocks whereas the negative one is caused by supracrustal rocks. The boundary between Médio Coreaú and Ceará domains can be traced below the Parnaíba basin sediments by its geophysical signature. The joint analysis of free air anomalies, free air admittances, and effective elastic thickness estimates (Te) revealed that the Brazilian East and Equatorial continental margins have quite different elastic properties. In the first one 10 km < Te < 20 km whereas in the second one Te ≤ 10 km. The weakness of the Equatorial margin lithosphere was caused by the cenozoic magmatism. The BP continental margin presents segmentations; some of them have inheritance from precambrian structures and domains. The segmentations conform markedly with some sedimentary basin features which are below described from south to north. The limit between Sergipe and Alagoas subbasins coincides with the suture between BP and SFP. Te estimates indicates concordantly that in Sergipe subbasin Te is around 20 km while Alagoas subbasin has Te around 10 km, thus revealing that the lithosphere in the Sergipe subbasin has a greater rigidity than the lithosphere in the Alagoas subbasin. Additionally inside the crust beneath Sergipe subbasin occurs a very dense body (underplating or crustal heritage?) which is not present in the crust beneath Alagoas subbasin. The continental margin of the Pernambuco basin (15 < Te < 25 km) presents a very distinct free air edge effect displaying two anomalies. This fact indicates the existence in the Pernambuco plateau of a relatively thick crust. In the Paraíba basin the free air edge effect is quite uniform, Te ≈ 15 km, and the lower crust is abnormally dense probably due to its alteration by a magmatic underplating in the Cenozoic. The Potiguar basin segmentation in three parts was corroborated by the Te estimates: in the Potiguar rift Te ≅ 5 km, in the Aracati platform Te ≅ 25 km, and in the Touros platform Te ≅ 10 km. The observed weakness of the lithosphere in the Potiguar rift segment is due to the high heat flux while the relatively high strength of the lithosphere in the Touros platform may be due to the existence of an archaean crust. The Ceará basin, in the region of Mundaú and Icaraí subbasins, presents a quite uniform free air edge effect and Te ranges from 10 to 15 km. The analysis of the Bouguer admittance revealed that isostasy in BP can be explained with an isostatic model where combined surface and buried loadings are present. The estimated ratio of the buried loading relative to the surface loading is equal to 15. In addition, the lower crust in BP is abnormally dense. These affirmations are particularly adequate to the northern portion of BP where adherence of the observed data to the isostatic model is quite good. Using the same above described isostatic model to calculate the coherence function, it was obtained that a single Te estimate for the entire BP must be lower than 60 km; in addition, the BP north portion has Te around 20 km. Using the conventional elastic flexural model to isostasy, an inversion of crust thickness was performed. It was identified two regions in BP where the crust is thickened: one below the Borborema plateau (associated to an uplifting in the Cenozoic) and the other one in the Ceará domain beneath the Santa Quitéria magmatic arc (a residue associated to the Brasiliano orogenesis). On the other hand, along the Cariri-Potiguar trend, the crust is thinned due to an aborted rifting in the Cretaceous. Based on the interpretation of free air anomalies, it was inferred the existence of a large magmatism in the oceanic crust surrounding the BP, in contrast with the incipient magmatism in the continent as shown by surface geology. In BP a quite important positive geoid anomaly exists. This anomaly is spatially correlated with the Borborema plateau and the Macaú-Queimadas volcanic lineament. The integrated interpretation of geoid height anomaly data, global shear velocity model, and geologic data allow to propose that and Edge Driven Convection (EDC) may have caused the Cenozoic magmatism. The EDC is an instability that presumably occurs at the boundary between thick stable lithosphere and oceanic thin lithosphere. In the BP lithosphere, the EDC mechanism would have dragged the cold lithospheric mantle into the hot asthenospheric mantle thus causing a positive density contrast that would have generated the main component of the geoid height anomaly. In addition, the compatibility of the gravity data with the isostatic model, where combined surface and buried loadings are present, together with the temporal correlation between the Cenozoic magmatism and the Borborema plateau uplifting allow to propose that this uplifting would have been caused by the buoyancy effect of a crustal root generated by a magmatic underplating in the Cenozoic

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The Portalegre shear zone (ZCPa), which is located in the Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba states (Northeastern Brazil), is na important right-lateral, northeast-trending lineament formed during the Brazilian Orogenic Cicle). The ZCPa experienced na important brittle reactivation from the Mesozoic until the present. This reactivation led to the formation of the Gangorra, Pau dos Ferros, Coronel João Pessoa, Icozinho and Rio do Peixe basins. The reactivation northern parto f the ZCPa that marks the boundary of the Potiguar Basin is denominated Carnaubais Fault. Several fracture patterns were mapped along the ZCPa. Samples were collected in Neoproterozoic granite outcrops, along the ZCPa. These samples yielded AFT ages from 86±13 to 376±57 Ma, and the mean track length from 10.9±0.8 to 12.9±1.5 mm. Samples from the East block yielded mean ages of 103 Ma, mean track lengtn 12,1mm, and mean altitude 250m, whereas samples from West block yielded mean ages of 150 Ma, which reach 345 Ma and 220 Ma in the Pau dos Ferros and Coronel João Pessoa basins, respectively. Thermal history models were sorted out for each crustal block. Samples from West block recorded a thermal history from Carboniferous Period until the Permiano, when the block experienced gradual uplift until the Cretaceous, when it underwent downfaulting and heating until the Tertiary, and it eventually experienced a rapid uplift movement until recent times. Samples from the East block presented the same cooling and heating events, but at they occurred different times. The East block thermal record started ~140 Ma, when this block experienced cooling until ~75 Ma. Both blocks show a denundacion/erosional history more similar in the Tertiary. The AFT data indicate an important tectonic event ~140 Ma, when the West block experienced downfaulting and the East block experienced uplift. This tectonic process led to the generation of several sedimentary basins in the region, including the Potiguar basin. This tectonic event is also interpreted as a rift process caused by an E-W-trending extension. It the Tertiary, some heating events can be tentatively attributed to the macau volcanic event

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos - IBILCE

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)